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T1 - Integrated (Full Review) > Histology - Cellular Structure & Biomechanics Block (II) > Flashcards

Histology - Cellular Structure & Biomechanics Block (II) Flashcards

1
Q

From superficial to deep, what are the layers of epidermis?

(What mnemonic might be helpful in remembering these?)

A

Stratum corneum,

stratum lucidum (in thick skin only),

stratum granulosum,

stratum spinosum,

stratum basale

(Come, let’s get sunburned!)

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2
Q

What separates the epidermis from the dermis?

A

The basement membrane (basal lamina + reticular lamina)

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3
Q

From superficial to deep, what are the two layers of the dermis?

A

The papillary layer;

the reticular layer

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4
Q

Of what type of tissue is the dermal papillary layer composed?

A

Loose connective tissue (areolar)

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5
Q

Of what type of tissue is the dermal reticular layer composed?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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6
Q

Of what type of tissue is the dermal papillary layer (superficial) composed?

Of what type of tissue is the dermal reticular layer (deep) composed?

A

Loose connective tissue (areolar);

dense irregular connective tissue

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7
Q

The inferiorly oriented projections of the epidermis are called:

The superiorly oriented projections of the dermis are called:

A

Epidermal ridges;

dermal papillae

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8
Q

Name all the layers of thick skin from superficial to deep.

A

Stratum corneum (epidermis)

Stratum lucidum (epidermis)

Stratum granulosum (epidermis)

Stratum spinosum (epidermis)

Stratum basale (epidermis)

Basal lamina (basement membrane)

Reticular lamina (basement membrane)

Dermal papillary layer (dermis)

Dermal reticular layer (dermis)

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9
Q

What epidermal layer is found in thick skin but not thin skin?

A

The stratum lucidum

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10
Q

Hair follicles, sudoriferous glands, sebaceous glands, nails, and mammary glands are all derived from what layer of skin?

A

The epidermis

(although many project into the dermis)

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11
Q

What are some important functions of the integument?

A

Protection

Sensory

Thermoregulatory

Water maintenance

Endocrine

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12
Q

Identify the epidermis in this slide.

A
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13
Q

Identify the dermis in this slide.

A
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14
Q

Identify the subcutaneous tissue in this slide.

A
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15
Q

Identify the first deep layer in this slide that is not part of the integument.

A
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16
Q

Is the epidermal layer a part of the integument?

Is the dermal layer a part of the integument?

Is the subcutaneous layer a part of the integument?

Is the panniculus carnasus layer a part of the integument?

A

Yes

Yes

No

No

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17
Q

Which general portion of the skin is the thickest?

Which general portion of the skin is vascular and innervated?

A

The dermis;

the dermis

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18
Q

What is the primary cell of the epidermis?

A

The keratinocyte

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19
Q

Identify the structures indicated by the letters in this slide.

A

Stratum corneum;

stratum granulosum;

stratum spinosum;

epidermal projection;

dermal papilla;

stratum basale;

dermis

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20
Q

Which epidermal layer appears on histology as a dark line separating the keratinized cells from the normal, nucleated keratinocytes?

A

The stratum granulosum

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21
Q

Which epidermal layer is the primary creation point of the waterproofing layer of the skin?

A

The stratum granulosum

(the waterproofing layer then extending up into the stratum corneum)

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22
Q

What two cell junctions are especially important in the basal layer of the epidermis?

A

Desmosomes and hemidesmosomes

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23
Q

Name a few histologic appearances of the stratum basale.

A

Closely spaced nuclei

Basophilic

Melanin

(Note: B in image)

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24
Q

Describe the appearance of the stratum spinosum.

What cell junction is present in both the stratum spinosum and basale?

A

Larger and flatter cells than in the stratum basale;

desmosomes

(Note: the ‘spines’ on the cells are an artifact of slide preparation)

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25
Q

Is the stratum spinosum keratinized?

Is the stratum granulosum keratinized?

Is the stratum lucidum/corneum keratinized?

A

No;

no;

yes

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26
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is just superficial to the stratum basale?

A

The stratum spinosum

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27
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is just deep to the stratum lucidum?

A

The stratum granulosum

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28
Q

Which layer of the epidermis is just deep to the stratum spinosum?

A

The stratum basale

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29
Q

Why is the stratum granulosum named what it is?

A

It is a site of plentiful keratohyalin granules

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30
Q

Release of what substance in what layer of the epidermis results in cornification?

A

Filaggrin;

stratum granulosum

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31
Q

What is strange and very poorly understood about the apoptosis that occurs in the stratum granulosum?

A

It has typical apoptotic changes with no cellular fragmentation

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32
Q

Describe the intracellular makeup of the stratum corneum.

A

Mostly filled with keratin;

no nucleus or cytoplasmic organelles

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33
Q

Where is thick skin found in the body?

A

The volar surfaces (soles of the hands and feet)

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34
Q

The subcutaneous tissue loosely binds what structures together?

Why?

A

The skin and adjacent organs;

to allow movement

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35
Q

What are two reasons a person might have naturally darker skin?

A

The person produces more melanin and/or degrades melanin at a slower rate

(melanocyte:keratinocyte ratios are constant from person to person and from skin color to skin color)

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36
Q

How does the ratio of keratinocytes to melanocytes change from person to person?

A

It doesn’t

(relatively constant among individuals)

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37
Q

What cell junctions are relevant in melanocytes when compared with basal cells?

A

Hemidesmosomes

(NOT desmosomes)

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38
Q

What cell of the skin is of neural crest origin?

A

Melanocytes

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39
Q

Starting with tyrosine, how is melanin made?

A

Tyrosine – (tyrosinase) –> DOPA —-> melanin

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40
Q

What enzyme converts tyrosine to DOPA? This then becomes what?

A

Tyrosinase;

melanin

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41
Q

The tyrosine-to-DOPA reaction occurs in what organelle?

A

The promelanosome

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42
Q

What are melanosomes?

A

Precursors to melanin granules

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43
Q

How do keratinocytes get melanin from melanocytes?

A

They envelop melanocyte projections

(cytocrine secretion by melanocytes)

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44
Q

What is the purpose of melanin?

A

To protect nucleic acid from UV rays

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45
Q

How do melanocytes appear on histology?

A

As very translucent cells with dark centers

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46
Q

What are the APCs of the skin?

A

Langerhans cells

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47
Q

The dermis comes from what embryonic derivative?

A

The dermatomyotome

(a portion of the somite, which is derived from para-axial mesoderm)

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48
Q

What is the dermis like in regards to innervation, vascularization, and lymphatic supply?

A

Highly supplied in all 3

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49
Q

Where can postganglionic sympathetic fibers be easily found clustering in the skin?

A

Surrounding hair follicles

(Note: I would assume, some can be found around arteries and sweat glands as well)

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50
Q

Describe the papillary layer of the dermis.

A

Loose connective tissue:

collagen types I and III, some elastic fibers

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51
Q

Hemidesmosomes anchor what cytoskeletal component to the basal lamina?

A

Intermediate filaments

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52
Q

What two fiber types are most prevalent in the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Type I collagen;

elastic fibers

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53
Q

What are the purpose of the collagen fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis?

What are the purpose of the elastic fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis?

What are the purpose of the reticular fibers in the reticular layer of the dermis?

A

Strength;

flexibility and recoil;

there are very few (reticular layer = misnomer)

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54
Q

Where are apocrine sweat glands found in the body?

A

The axillary and perineal regions

(also, the eyelids)

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55
Q

Is the stratum lucidum often very thick when compared to the stratum corneum?

A

No;

it is a thin, grayish-white layer superficial to the stratum granulosum

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56
Q

What type of secretion do both eccrine and apocrine sweat glands use?

A

Merocrine secretion

(confusingly, apocrine sweat glands do NOT use apocrine secretion)

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57
Q

What type of sweat glands use merocrine secretion?

What type of sweat glands use apocrine secretion?

What type of sweat glands use holocrine secretion?

A

Eccrine, apocrine;

none;

none

(Note: apocrine sweat glands due not use apocrine secretion)

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58
Q

What type of cell is found in all epidermal layers?

A

Keratinocytes

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59
Q

What three cell types are predominantly found in the stratum basale?

A

Melanocytes, germinating keratinocytes, merkel cells

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60
Q

Which cell type is predominantly found in the stratum spinosum (amongst keratinocytes)?

A

Langerhan’s cells

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61
Q

Identify each layer of epidermis in this image.

A
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62
Q

What is another name for the stratum basale of the epidermis?

A

The stratum germinativum

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63
Q

What structure of stratum lucidum creates its lighter appearance?

A

The protein eleidin

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64
Q

Which cell type(s) of the non-keratinized epidermis has hemidesmosomes and desmosomes?

Which cell type(s) of the non-keratinized epidermis has hemidesmosomes but no desmosomes?

Which cell type(s) of the non-keratinized epidermis has desmosomes but no hemidesmosomes?

A

Stratum basale keratinocytes and merkel cells;

melanocytes;

stratum spinosum keratinocytes

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65
Q

Promelanosomes are derived from what organelle?

What reaction takes place in promelanosomes?

A

The Golgi apparatus;

tyrosine to DOPA via tyrosinase

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66
Q

Where do melanocytes send melanin?

A

Into their cytoplasmic projections which keratinocytes engulf

(cytocrine secretion)

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67
Q

What two structures are almost always associated with hair follicles?

A

A sebaceous gland, an arrector pili muscle

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68
Q

Melanin provides pigment to what bodily tissues in particular?

A

The skin, hair, and irises

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69
Q

Describe the life of a keratinocyte.

A

It beings as a basal cell in the stratum basale;

it moves into the stratum spinosum and begins making keratin;

it enters the stratum granulosum and filaggrin is released from keratohyalin granules as lipid-rich organelles are extruded to form a water-proofing barrier;

the cells move into the stratum corneum and become keratinized, they lose their desmosomes and flake off the surface

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70
Q

What are lamellar bodies and from where are they secreted?

A

Secreted lipid-rich organelles;

type II pneumocytes, keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum

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71
Q

What do keratinocytes of the stratum granulosum secrete to water-proof the skin?

A

Lamellar bodies (lipid-rich organelles)

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72
Q

Is the epidermis:dermis ratio near-constant throughout the body surface?

A

No

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73
Q

What are the two plexi supplying blood to the integument?

A

Larger vessels between the dermis and subcutaneous layers;

smaller vessels infiltrating the papillary layer of the dermis

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74
Q

What is the importance of the shunts between the deep and superficial blood vessels of the skin?

A

This is the site of autonomic regulation of blood flow to the skin

(and associated temperature regulation)

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75
Q

A pacinian corpusle has a capsule made up of what type of cell?

How does this corpuscle appear on histology?

A

Schwann cells;

cross-section of an onion

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76
Q

What type of sensation do pacinian corpuscles detect?

A

Vibration, deep pressure

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77
Q

How does a pacinian corpuscle detect any coarse pressure or vibration?

A

Distension of its capsule

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78
Q

A Meissner corpusle has a capsule made up of what type of cell?

How does it appear on histology?

A

Schwann cells;

a stack of ethereal coins

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80
Q

What type of sensation do Meissner corpuscles detect?

A

Light touch

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81
Q

How does a Meissner corpuscle detect light touch?

A

Distension of its capsule

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82
Q

Where are Meissner corpuscles found?

A

The papillary dermis

(perpendicular to the epidermis)

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83
Q

What non-encapsulated sensory fibers are found extensively in the dermis?

A

Free nerve endings

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84
Q

What are the only two sensory receptors easily seen on an H&E stain of the dermis?

A

Pacinian corpuscles;

Meissner’s corpuscles

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85
Q

What type of sensory receptor senses torque and stretching of the dermis?

(e.g. during an ‘Indian burn’ on the arm)

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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86
Q

How do Ruffini corpuscles sense twisting and torsion of the dermis?

A

Collagen fibers extend into the Ruffini corpuscle, connecting it to other structures of the dermis

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87
Q

What do Ruffini corpuscles sense?

A

Twisting/torsion of the dermis

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88
Q

What do Krause end bulbs sense?

A

Low frequency vibration

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89
Q

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information as to extreme temperatures and/or damage?

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of light touch?

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of twisting and/or torsion?

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of vibration and deep pressure?

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of low frequency vibration?

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of fine-detail touch and two-point discrimination?

A

Free nerve endings;

Meissner’s corpuscles;

Ruffini corpuscles;

Pacinian corpuscles;

Krause end bulbs;

Merkel cells

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90
Q

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information as to extreme temperatures and/or damage?

A

Free nerve endings

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91
Q

What type of sensory receptor transmits information of dermal light touch?

A

Meissner’s corpuscles

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92
Q

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of stretching and/or torsion?

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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93
Q

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of vibration and deep pressure?

A

Pacinian corpuscles

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94
Q

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of low frequency vibration?

A

Krause end bulbs

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95
Q

What type of sensory receptor transmits dermal information of fine-detail touch and two-point discrimination?

A

Merkel cells

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96
Q

For what type of dermal sensory information are Merkel cells responsible?

A

Finely detailed touch, two-point discrimination

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97
Q

For what type of dermal sensory information are Pacinian corpuscles responsible?

A

Deep pressure, vibration

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98
Q

For what type of dermal sensory information are Meissner corpuscles responsible?

A

Light touch

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99
Q

For what type of dermal sensory information are free nerve endings responsible?

A

Noxious stimuli

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100
Q

For what type of dermal sensory information are Ruffini corpuscles responsible?

A

Torsion and stretching

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101
Q

For what type of dermal sensory information are Krause end bulbs responsible?

A

Low frequency vibrations

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102
Q

What type of sensory cell lines the basal laminar surface to provide finely detailed tactile sensation and two-point discrimination to the skin?

A

Merkel cells

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103
Q

When stimulated, calcium enters Merkel cells and what happens?

A

Neurosecretory granules are released

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104
Q

What is the basic structure of a Ruffini corpuscle?

A

A fluid filled space through which collagen fibers pass

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105
Q

Where are Ruffini corpuscles located?

A

The junction of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue

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106
Q

Krause end bulbs are primarily found in skin covering what regions of the body?

A

Skin of the clitoris and penis

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107
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

A

Superficial to the basal lamina

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108
Q

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found?

A

The papillary dermis

109
Q

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

A

The dermis/subcutaneous tissues

110
Q

Where are Ruffini corpuscles found?

A

Between the dermis and subcutaneous tissues

111
Q

Where are free nerve endings found?

A

The dermis/subcutaneous tissues

112
Q

Where are Krause end bulbs found (area of the body)?

A

Skin of the clitoris and penis

113
Q

Where are Merkel cells found?

Where are Meissner’s corpuscles found?

Where are Pacinian corpuscles found?

Where are Ruffini corpuscles found?

Where are free nerve endings found?

Where are Krause end bulbs found (area of the body)?

A

Superficial to the basal lamina;

the papillary dermis;

the dermis/subcutaneous tissues;

between the dermis and subcutaneous tissues;

the dermis/subcutaneous tissues;

skin of the clitoris and penis

114
Q

Where is(are) the hair follicle(s) in this slide?

A
115
Q

Where is(are) the sebaceous gland(s) in this slide?

A
116
Q

Where is(are) the arrector pili muscle(s) in this slide?

A
117
Q

What is the purpose of the arrector pili?

A

To straighten the hair (and slow down air movement –> resulting in warming);

to help empty sebaceous glands

118
Q

What connective tissue structure rises up into and supplies each hair follicle?

A

A dermal papilla

119
Q

What is the inner part of a hair follicle called?

What is the outer part of a hair follicle called?

A

Medulla (M);

cortex (CO)

  • (Note: obliquely cut hair follicle on left;*
  • cross-section of a hair follicle on right)*
120
Q

What thin layer of keratin follows up the outside of the hair follicle cortex?

A

A cuticle (CU)

  • (Note: obliquely cut hair follicle on left;*
  • cross-section of a hair follicle on right)*
121
Q

Which part of the hair follicle contains the hardest keratin?

Which part of the hair follicle contains the softest keratin?

(Of the medulla, cortex, and cuticle)

A

Cuticle (CU);

Medulla (M)

  • (Note: obliquely cut hair follicle on left;*
  • cross-section of a hair follicle on right)*
122
Q

The epidermal matrix at the root of each hair follicle is producing keratin and extending upwards cellularly to create what layer around the hair follicle that contains keratinocytes and melanocytes?

This portion of the root sheath ends mid-way up the root shaft.

A

The internal root sheath (IRS)

  • (Note: obliquely cut hair follicle on left;*
  • cross-section of a hair follicle on right)*
123
Q

What layer of the hair follicle root sheath extends upwards and is continous with the other cells of the epidermis at the integument’s surface?

A

The external root sheath (ERS)

  • (Note: obliquely cut hair follicle on left;*
  • cross-section of a hair follicle on right)*
124
Q

What separates the epidermally derived root of the hair follicle matrix from the surrounding dermis?

A

The glassy membrane (G)

  • (Note: obliquely cut hair follicle on left;*
  • cross-section of a hair follicle on right)*
125
Q

Name the portions of the hair follicle root from innermost to outermost.

A

Medulla (M);

cortex (CO);

cuticle (CU);

internal root sheath (IRS);

external root sheath (ERS);

glassy membrane (G)

  • (Note: obliquely cut hair follicle on left;*
  • cross-section of a hair follicle on right)*
126
Q

What protein is the main structural component of hair and nails?

A

Keratin

127
Q

Sebaceous glands are outgrowths of what portion of the hair follicle?

A

The external root sheath (ERS)

128
Q

Where do arrector pili originate?

A

The subcutaneous layer

129
Q

What pattern does the hair cuticle have?

A

A shingle-like pattern

130
Q

What are the portions of nail that we can see when we look down at our hands?

A

The nail plate (main portion);

the cuticle (eponychium)

131
Q

The nail cuticle (eponychium) is an extension of what?

A

The nail matrix (DNM)

132
Q

The portion of the nail plate that is still inside the finger (arising from the nail matrix) is called what?

A

The nail root (NR)

133
Q

The nail root sits deep to the cuticle (eponychium) and superficial to what surface?

A

The nail bed

134
Q

What type of secretion do sebaceous glands use?

What type of secretion do eccrine sweat glands use?

What type of secretion do apocrine sweat glands use?

A

Holocrine;

merocrine;

merocrine

135
Q

What type of secretion do sebaceous glands use?

A

Holocrine

136
Q

What do sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Sebum

137
Q

What three types of cells are found in an sweat glands?

A

Clear cells (sweat), dark cells (proteinous), myoepithelial cells (contractile)

138
Q

Describe the epithelial arrangement of sweat glands.

A

Stratified cuboidal

139
Q

Eccrine sweat glands are innervated by ________ nerve endings.

Apocrine sweat glands are innervated by ________ nerve endings.

A

Cholinergic;

adrenergic

140
Q

Describe the size of apocrine sweat gland lumens.

A
141
Q

What are the first and second stages of integument healing of an open wound?

A

Clot formation;

leukocyte cleaning of debris

142
Q

What are the third and fourth stages of integument healing of an open wound?

A

Angiogenesis and granulation tissue formation;

epithelium regenerates, connective tissue fibrosis occurs

143
Q

Melanin is mainly derived from what amino acid?

A

Tyrosine

144
Q

Describe, in detail, the spatial protein arrangement that allows basal keratinocytes and basement membrane layers to adhere to one another.

Use the following terms:

  • Type VII collagen*
  • BPAG1, BPAG2*
  • keratin 5, keratin 14*
  • β4-integrin*
  • Type IV collagen*
  • anchoring filaments*
A
145
Q

What stains were used in preparing this slide of the pancreas?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin

147
Q

Which portion of H&E is postively charged (i.e., a basic dye)?

A

Hematoxylin

148
Q

What are structures stained with basic dyes called?

A

Basophilic

149
Q

What cellular component(s) of a cell have a high affinity for basic dyes?

Why?

A

Nucleic acids;

phosphate groups

150
Q

Which portion of H&E is negatively charged (i.e., an acidic dye)?

A

Eosin

151
Q

What are structures stained with acidic dyes called?

A

Acidophilic (or eosinophilic)

152
Q

What cellular component(s) of a cell have a high affinity for acidophilic dyes?

Why?

A

Proteins (cytoplasm and collagen intensely stained);

arginine and lysine side chains

153
Q

What are the two types of chromatin found in the nucleus?

A

Euchromatin;

heterochromatin

154
Q

These dormant lymphocytes found in a lymph node contain predominantly what type of chromatin?

What does the small amount of cytoplasm suggest about these cells?

A

Heterochromatin;

very little protein synthesis

155
Q

What are the nuclei of adipocytes like?

A

Round nuclei at the periphery of the cells

156
Q

How large are the nuclei of the adipocytes in this image?

A

8 - 10 micrometers

157
Q

What is the diameter of the lymphocytes in this image?

A

6 - 10 micrometers

158
Q

Which component(s) of the nucleus stains intensely with basophilic dyes?

A

Heterochromatin (DNA) and the nucleolus (RNA)

159
Q

What is the diameter of this motor neuron?

What is the diameter of its nucleus?

What is the diameter of the nuclei of nearby glial cells?

A

80 - 120 micrometers;

20 - 30 micrometers;

6 - 10 micrometers

160
Q

What is the diameter of these hepatocytes?

And their nuclei?

A

~30 micrometers;

~10 micrometers

163
Q

How does cartilage stain, eosinophilic or basophilic?

A

Basophilic

166
Q

What is the average diameter of a red blood cell?

A

~7.5 micrometers

169
Q

Are RBCs eosinophilic or basophilic?

A

Eosinophilic (acidophilic)

170
Q

What is the range of diameters of white blood cells?

A

9 to 25 µm

172
Q

What part of cartilage does hematoxylin stain?

A

The sulfated polysaccharides in the ECM

(negatively charged sulfate groups instead of nucleic acid’s negatively charged phosphate groups)

173
Q

What type of epithelium lines the anterior surface of the cornea?

And the posterior surface?

A

Stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium;

simple squamous epithelium

174
Q

What type of epithelium covers mesentery?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

(this mesenteric covering is mesothelium)

175
Q

What type of epithelium covers the outer surface of the ovary?

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

176
Q

What type of epithelium lines the oviduct?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

177
Q

What type of epithelium lines the small intestine?

What surface specialization does it have?

What is the point of this specialization?

A

Simple columnar epithelium;

brush border (microvili);

increased surface area

178
Q

In this slide of the small intestine, what is the dark line beneath the brush border called?

What type of cells have clusters of granules in their apical region?

What do these cells secrete?

A

Terminal web

goblet cells;

mucous

179
Q

What type of epithelium makes up the epidermis?

(Be specific)

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

180
Q

Describe the general staining of collagen, eosinophilic or basophilic?

A

Eosinophilic

181
Q

What part of proteins tend to stain eosinophilically (acidophilically)?

A

Arginine and lysine side chains

182
Q
A

Cilia

(EM image)

183
Q
A

Microvilli;

euchromatin;

heterochromatin;

mitochondria

(EM image)

184
Q
A

Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

185
Q

What type of tissue is indicated?

Where is this tissue typically found?

A

Stereociliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium;

the epididymis

186
Q

Identify the indicated structure.

A

Microvillous border of simple columnar epithelium

187
Q
A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

188
Q
A

Simple squamous epithelium

189
Q
A

Stratified columnar epithelium

190
Q
A

Stratified cuboidal epithelium

191
Q
A

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

192
Q
A

Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium

(mucosal epithelium)

Note: nuclei are present in surface layers, unlike in keratinized layers

193
Q
A

Transitional epithelium (relaxed)

(dome-shaped)

194
Q
A

Desmosome (macula adherens)

(EM image)

195
Q
A

Zona occludens (tight junction);

zona adherens;

macula adherens (desmosome)

196
Q

Which one of the following statements best explains why the composition of digested food on the gastrointestinal tract is different from the composition of tissue fluid on the basal side of the enteric epithelium?

A. Selective filtration of food particles occur across the structure labeled B

B. The structure labeled C forms the primary intercellular diffusion barrier between cells

C. Selective permeability due to the structure labeled A

D. The structures labeled A, B and C prevent exchange of fluid between cells

E. The structure labeled C regulates cellular transport of digested food

A

C

Tight junctions permit selective permeability so that fluids with different compositions can exist on separate sides of an epithelial layer

197
Q

A 20-year-old man is brought to hospital with first-degree burns to his right arm. Which one of the following statements best describes the condition of the affected skin on this patient’s arm?

A. The basal lamina is affected

B. Mitotically active cells remain viable in the superficial layers of the epithelium of the skin

C. Only the middle layer of cells in the stratified squamous epithelium of the skin is affected

D. The deepest layer of cells (bottom arrows) is damaged

E. The superficial layer of cells (top arrows) is damaged

A

E

198
Q

A 29-year-old female comes into hospital with reccurent lower respiratory tract infections. Further tests show that the patient has a genetic abnormality for the protein dynein in the structure labeled C in the diagram. This finding is consistent with which one of the following below?

A. Increased ciliary beating

B. Decreased rate of the cell cycle in males

C. Increased fertility in females

D. Absence of ciliary arms in the axonemes

E. Tumor of the respiratory epithelium

A

D. Absence of ciliary arms in the axonemes

199
Q

Whilst examining a biopsy sample, a pathologist finds parts of the biopsy that appear disorganized and parts of the tissue that appear normal (left). On the basis of the appearance of the normal parts of the tissue, this biopsy was mostly likely taken from:

A. Respiratory tract

B. Skin of the uper arm

C. Intestine

D. Blood vessel

E. Urinary tract

A

E

200
Q

What three features are used to classify epithelia?

A

Shape

Single /or/ multiple layers

Specializations

201
Q

What are the two specialized forms of epithelia?

A

Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Transitional epithelium

202
Q

What separates the epithelium from underlying connective tissue?

A

Basement membrane

203
Q

Are epithelia polarized?

A

Yes

204
Q

What type of epithelium lines blood vessels (i.e. what type of epithelium is the endothelium)?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

205
Q

What type of epithelium lines the common bile duct?

A

Simple columnar epithelium

207
Q
A

Adipocytes

(strange stain)

208
Q
A

Dense irregular connective tissue;

elastic fibers (requires special stain)

209
Q
A

Dense regular connective tissue

210
Q
A

Eopsinophils;

lymphocytes

211
Q
A

Fibroblasts

212
Q
A

Loose/areolar connective tissue

213
Q
A

Loose/areolar connective tissue;

elastic fibers;

mast cells

214
Q
A

Macrophages

215
Q
A

Mesenchyme and mesenchymal cells

216
Q
A

Plasma cells

217
Q
A

Reticular fibers

(silver stained)

220
Q

Examine the staining of the muscular artery in mesentery.

What stain was used in this slide?

What color do collagen fibers stain in the outer wall?

What type of collagen forms these fibers?

A

H&E;

pink;

type I

221
Q

Examine the staining (H&E) of the muscular artery in mesentery.

What color does smooth muscle stain in the inner wall?

What color do elastic fibers stain in the crenulated structure in the inner wall?

What cell produces collagen fibers?

A

bluish-pink;

colorless or translucent pink;

fibroblasts (and arterial smooth muscle)

226
Q

The epithelium is keratinized to protect against what?

The epithelium is lubricated with glycolipids to protect against what?

A

Abrasian;

dehydration

227
Q

What structure of the skin primarily helps protect against abrasians?

What structure of the skin primarily helps protect against dehydration?

A

Keratin;

glycolipids

228
Q

What dye was used in staining this slide of a lymph node?

How can you tell?

A

Silver stain;

black reticular fibers illuminated throughout

236
Q

Knowing this is a tendon, what stain was used in preparing this slide?

A

H&E

237
Q

What type of connective tissue are tendons?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

238
Q

What type of tissue is this?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

(e.g. from a tendon)

241
Q

What stain was used to make this slide of integument and subcutaneous tissue?

A

H&E

243
Q

Elastic fibers stain intensely black on with what type of stain?

A

Vorhoeff’s

246
Q

What type of stain is here shown and stains elastic fibers red and collagen fibers dark blue?

A

Azan stain

249
Q

What type of tissue is shown in this H&E stain?

How can you tell?

A

Embryonic (mesenchymal) connective tissue;

mesenchyme appears bluish-pink (sparse collagen fibers (pink) and abundant ground substance (blue))

252
Q

Here is a slide a showing adipose tissue next to a portion of lymph node.

What stain was used in preparing this slide?

A

Toluidine blue

253
Q

What is staining a different color than the dye known as?

(e.g. the purple cells in this slide prepared with toluidine blue)

A

Metachromasia

254
Q

What are the metachromatic cells in this slide prepared with toluidine blue?

Why?

A

Mast cells;

intense staining of heparin granules

256
Q

This slide of the small intestine was prepared with what stain?

What cells are very apparent in the connective tissue here shown?

A

Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E);

plasma cells

257
Q

What stain was used to prepare this slide of a lymph node?

What large cell is very apparent here among the lymphocytes?

A

H&E;

macrophages

258
Q

How do macrophages appear on staining with H&E?

Are they larger or smaller than lymphocytes?

A

Round to oval shape’

eosinophilic cytoplasm has a “foamy” appearance

260
Q

What is shown in this electron micrograph?

A

Gap junctions

261
Q

What is shown in this electron micrograph?

A

Golgi apparatus

262
Q

What is the purpose of the zona adherens and macula adherens?

A

To serve as anchoring junctions

263
Q

What is the purpose of the zona occludens?

A

To serve as a permeability barrier

264
Q

Plakogoblins and desmoplakins are involved in assembly of:

A

Desmosomes

265
Q

Contractility in the microvilli is due to the presence of what proteins in the terminal web?

A

Myosin and tropomyosin

266
Q

What proteins cross-link actin in microvilli?

A

Fascin, espin, and fimbrin

267
Q

Cholera toxin and cytomegalovirus make cell junctions permeable by acting on proteins in what cell junction?

A

The zona occludens

268
Q

The proteins ZO1 and ZO3 allow for interaction between what two types of protein of microvillous epithelial cells?

A

Microfilaments and the zona occludens

280
Q

Name the three types of connective tissue fibers.

A

Reticular, elastic, collagen

(REC)

281
Q

Name the major types of connective tissue.

A

Dense (regular and irregular);

loose;

elastic;

embryonic (mesenchymal)

284
Q

What color does smooth muscle stain in an H&E stain?

What color does smooth muscle stain in an azan stain?

What color does smooth muscle stain in a Verhoeff stain?

A

Pink-red;

pink-red;

brown

285
Q

What color does collagen stain in an H&E stain?

What color does collagen stain in an azan stain?

What color does collagen stain in a Verhoeff stain?

A

Pink;

blue;

red

286
Q

What type of collagen is found in bulk in muscular arteries?

A

Type I

287
Q

What cells produce elastic fibers?

A

Fibroblasts (and arterial smooth muscle)

288
Q

What cells produce collagen fibers?

What cells produce elastic fibers?

(In smooth muscle?)

A

Fibroblasts

(and arterial smooth myocytes)

289
Q

True/False.

The azan stain is a trichrome stain?

A

True.

291
Q

Describe reticular fibers.

A

Small, branching type 3 collagen fibers that crosslink to form a fine meshwork

292
Q

What type of collagen fiber is described here: small, branching fibers that crosslink to form a fine meshwork.

A

Reticular fibers

293
Q

What type of cell produces reticular fibers?

A

Reticular cells

(specialized fibroblasts)

294
Q

What type of connective tissue is mesentery?

A

Loose connective tissue

295
Q

What is the main type of connective tissue fiber in the mesentery?

A

Type I collagen

296
Q

What type of connective tissue is here described: Highly cellular with loosely packed, small collagen fibers that provide support for other structures.

A

Loose connective tissue

297
Q

What are some large structures one might find in loose connective tissue?

A

Adipocytes

Blood vessels

Nerves

Lymph nodes

301
Q

What type of tissue is here described: Densely packed collagen fibers arranged in parallel bundles with few cells.

A

Dense regular connective tissue

302
Q

What is the main type of connective tissue fiber in dense regular connective tissue?

What is the most common cell type?

A

Type I collagen;

(enlarged) fibroblasts

304
Q

What type of connective tissue provides the skin’s support and strength?

What is the main connective tissue fiber involved?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue;

type I collagen

306
Q

What type of connective tissue are the ligamentum nuchae and the ligamentum flava?

A

Elastic tissue

307
Q

What type of connective tissue is here described?

Densely packed mixture of elastic and collagen fibers orientated in the same direction

A

Elastic tissue

309
Q

What type of connective tissue is the umbilical cord?

A

Embryonic connective tissue

310
Q

What are two examples of elastic connective tissue that support the head and spine, respectively?

A

Ligamentum nuchae;

ligamentum flava

312
Q

Why does mesenchyme appear bluish-pink in an H&E stain?

A

Blue - abundant ground substance;

pink - sparse, interwoven collagen fibers (type I)

313
Q

What is the main type of collagen found in mesenchymal tissue?

What is the main type of cell found in mesenchymal tissue?

A

Type I;

mesenchymal cells

317
Q

Why do plasma cells present with a ‘clock-face’ pattern?

A

Peripherally dispersed heterochromatin

321
Q

What form of secretion do sebaceous glands use?

A

Holocrine

324
Q

How common are sex chromosome abnormalities?

A

~1 per 1000 live births

325
Q

In what cellular organelle is plasmalogen produced?

A

Peroxisomes

326
Q

Where are lamin A and B found?

Where is laminin found?

A

The nuclear membrane;

the basement membrane

327
Q

What enzyme is defective in Tay-Sachs disease?

A

Hexosaminidase A

328
Q

Hexosaminidase A is defective in what disease?

A

Tay-Sachs disease

T1 - Integrated (Full Review) (29 decks)

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