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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inner cytosol?

A

The cytoplasm - half way between a gel and fluid

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2
Q

What is the cytoskeleton?

And what is it made from?

A

A structure that determines the shape and fluidity of the cell made from thin and intermediate filaments and microtubules

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3
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Nutrients or pigments within the cell that do not have activity. They may or may not be bound by a membrane.

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4
Q

What is the plasmalemma?

A

The cell membrane which separates the cytoplasm from outside environment

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5
Q

Structure of the plasmalemma

A

Bimolecular layer of amphipathic phospholipid molecules

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6
Q

Chemical elements in hydrophilic heads

A

Choline and phosphate

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7
Q

Chemical molecules in hydrophobic tails

A

Fatty acid chains and cholesterol

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8
Q

Exocytosis

A

A form of active transport when the cell transports molecules out of the cell

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9
Q

Endocytosis

A

A form of active transport when the cell transports molecules into the cell

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10
Q

Molecules that are highly permeable through the cell membrane

A

Water, oxygen and small hydrophobic molecules

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11
Q

Molecules that are not highly permeable through the cell membrane

A

Charged ions

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12
Q

Mitochondria function

A

Energy production

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13
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum function

A

Protein synthesis

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14
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

A

For cholesterol and lipid synthesis/detoxification

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15
Q

Golgi apparatus function

A

For modification and packaging of secretions

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16
Q

Lysosomes (hydrologic enzymes) function

A

For intravenously digestion

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17
Q

Nucleus function

A

Contains genetic code

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18
Q

Inclusions

A

Components that have been synthesised by the cell itself or taken up from extracellular environment

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19
Q

Microfilaments are composed of?

A

Fine strands of the protein actin

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20
Q

Diameter of microfilaments

A

7nm

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21
Q

Intermediate filaments function

A

Bind intracellular elements together and to the plasmalemma

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22
Q

Diameter of intermediate filaments

A

10-15nm

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23
Q

Microtubles structure

A

Hollow tubules composed of two types of tubular subunits, alpha and beta

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24
Q

Where do microtubles originate from?

A

The centrosome (MTOC)

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25
Q

Microtubles allow … to produce motion

A

Cilia and flagella

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26
Q

Microtubles function

A

They serve as a motorway. Dynein and kinesin attach to the microtubles and move along them using ATP

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27
Q

Kinesin

A

An ATPase that moves towards the cell periphery

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28
Q

Dynein

A

An ATPase that moves towards the cell centre

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29
Q

What is the nucleus surround in?

A

A nuclear envelope (an inner and outer membrane)

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30
Q

Perinuclear cystern

A

Space between the inner and outer nuclear membrane

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31
Q

The nucleus is the region of

A

RNA synthesis

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32
Q

mRNA and tRNA are transcribed in what?

A

The nucleolus, a dense area within the nucleus

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33
Q

The nucleus contains two types of DNA, name them

A

Euchromatin and heterochromatin

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34
Q

Euchromatin is?

A

Partially unwound DNA undergoing transcription

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35
Q

Heterochromatin is?

A

Highly condensed DNA not undergoing transcription

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36
Q

Where are the ribosomes formed?

A

In the nucleolus

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37
Q

Ribosome function

A

Protein synthesis

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38
Q

What is each ribosome made up of?

A

A small subunit which binds to RNA and a large subunit which catalyses the formation of peptide bonds

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39
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

Network of interconnecting membrane bound compartments in the cell

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40
Q

Rough endoplasmic reticulum appearance and role

A

Studded with ribosomes. Helps to synthesise proteins destined for insertion into membranes or for secretion

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41
Q

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum role

A

Continues the processing of proteins produced in the RER and has a vital role in the site of synthesis of lipids

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42
Q

What does the Golgi complex do?

A

Modifies and packaged macromolecules that were synthesised in the endoplasmic reticulum

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43
Q

What modifications can the Golgi apparatus make to macromolecules?

A

Add sugars and cleave some proteins

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44
Q

The mitochondria structure

A

It has an inner and outer membrane. The inner membrane is extensively folded to form cristae to increase surface area

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45
Q

Function of Mitochondria

A

Power generators of the cell which produce ATP and contain their own DNA

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46
Q

Occluding Junctions Function

A

They link cells to prevent diffusion and are a focal region of close opposition between adjacent cell membranes

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47
Q

Anchoring Junctions Role

A

Provide mechanical strength

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48
Q

Types of anchoring junctions

A

Adherent junctions and desmosomes

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49
Q

Adherent junctions

A

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

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50
Q

Desmosomes

A

Link sub membrane intermediate filaments or adjacent cells (stronger)

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51
Q

Communicating junctions

A

Allow selective diffusions of molecules between adjacent cells

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52
Q

What do communicating junctions look like

A

Physical pores

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53
Q

What are the pores of communicating junctions produced by?

A

Connexion proteins

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54
Q

What are communicating junctions found in?

A

Smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and epithelial tissue

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55
Q

Exocytosis

A

A form of active transport when the cell transports molecules out of the cell and is often receptor mediated

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56
Q

Phagocytosis process

A

Bacteria or larger particle binds to the cell surface receptors triggering extensions of the cell to engulf it forming a phagosome. The phagosome binds to lysosomes carrying digestive enzymes producing a phagolysome

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57
Q

two types of stains common stains used to bind to certain types of molecules

A

eosin and haematoxylin

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58
Q

haematoxylin is a —– dye with an affinity for ——- and stains them —-

A

basic, acidic molecules, purplish blue

nucleus dna and ribosomes

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59
Q

eosin is a —— dye with an affinity for —– and stains them

A

acidic, basic, pink or red

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60
Q

epithelia can form —– —— and –

A

solid organs (liver) and glands

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61
Q

what is always found between epithelial cells and what purpose does this serve?

A

adhesions allows strong sheets to be formed

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62
Q

what is found at the basal surface of epithelial cells?

A

basal lamina

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63
Q

what is basal lamina?

A

layer of extracellular matrix secreted by the epithelial cells, on which the epithelium sits

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64
Q

are epithelia cells vascular or non-vascular?

A

non-vascular

65
Q

how do nutrients from capillaries reach the basal lamina?

A

they must diffuse across the basal lamina

66
Q

squamous cell shape

A

flattened

67
Q

cuboidal cell shape

A

like a cube

68
Q

columnar cell shape

A

like a column, tall and thin

69
Q

simple. how many layers?

A

1

70
Q

stratified. how many layers?

A

two or more layers

71
Q

pseudostratified. how many layers?

A

1, looks like multiple layers but all cells are in contact with the basal lamina

72
Q

what do glandular epithelia produce?

A

secretory products such as milk sweat oil hormones etc

73
Q

where are secretory products secreted from?

A

endocrine glands and exocrine glands

74
Q

endocrine glands. where are products secreted? ducts or ductless

A

products are secreted towards the basal end of the cell and are then distributed throughout the body. ductless.

75
Q

exocrine glands. where are products secreted? ducts or ductless?

A

products are secreted towards the apical end of the cell either into the lumen of an internal space, into a duct, or onto the body surface. They are ducted glands

76
Q

three categories of connective tissue

A

soft connective tissue, hard connective tissue and blood and lymph

77
Q

soft connective tissue examples

A

tendons, ligaments, storm of organs, dermis of skin

78
Q

hard connective tissue examples

A

bone and cartilage

79
Q

what two components makes up connective tissue?

A

extracellular matrix and cells. the type of connective tissue is determined by the types and relatives amounts of these two components

80
Q

what does the extracellular matrix consist of?

A

fibres (collagen, reticular and elastic fibres|) tissue fluid and ground substance

81
Q

soft connective tissue: loose

A

loosely packed fibres separated by abundant ground substance. cells are relatively plentiful

82
Q

soft connective tissue: dense

A

densely packed bundles of collagen fibres. can be dense regular or dense irregular

83
Q

what causes the semi-rigid nature of the matrix

A

the highly hydrated nature of ground substance

84
Q

how does cartilage receive nutrients

A

it receives it from adjacent tissues by diffusion through its matrix

85
Q

three types of cartilage

A

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

86
Q

what defines the type of cartilage

A

the extracellular matrix

87
Q

two types of hard connective tissue

A

cartilage and bone

88
Q

type of bone that is the outer shell of dense cortical bone that makes up the shaft

A

diaphysis

89
Q

type of bone that looks like a thin mesh and is at either end of the bone

A

cancellous or trabecular

90
Q

the name of canals that penetrate bone

A

Haversian canals

91
Q

role of Haversian canals

A

to allow nerves and blood vessels to run through bones

92
Q

cells found living in bones are called

A

osteocytes

93
Q

how is forced produced my muscle

A

the movement of actin fibres over myosin fibres with the aid of accessory proteins allows force to be produced

94
Q

two other names for smooth muscle

A

involuntary or visceral

95
Q

why is smooth muscle called smooth muscle

A

it has no visible ridges

96
Q

why can smooth muscle be called visceral

A

because it is mostly found in organs

97
Q

general shape of muscle fibres

A

elongated cells with a great range in length

98
Q

what is found at the centre of each muscle fibre?

A

a cigar shaped nucleus

99
Q

other names for skeletal muscle

A

voluntary or striated (ridged)

100
Q

what do muscles of the body respond to?

A

conscious control

101
Q

shape of skeletal muscle cells

A

Giant multinucleate cylindrical cells

102
Q

nuclei within skeletal muscle fibres description

A

each fibre has many nuclei that are elongated and located at the periphery of the cell, just internal to the cell membrane

103
Q

difference in cardiac muscle compared with striated muscle

A

the striations in cardiac muscle are less prominent and the fibres are much shorter

104
Q

where is the nucleus located in cardiac muscle?

A

one singular nucleus located near the centre of the fibre

105
Q

sites of end-to-end attachment in cardiac muscle between adjacent cells

A

intercalated discs

106
Q

what does nervous tissue consist of?

A

neurons and support cells (glial cells)

107
Q

are there more neurons or glial cells?

A

glial cells outnumber neurons

108
Q

the surrounding connective tissue on nerves for the CNS

A

Meninges

109
Q

the surrounding connective tissue on nerves for the PNS

A

Epineurium

110
Q

multipolar neurons

A

they are the most commo, have many dendrites and only one axon

111
Q

bipolar neurons

A

they have one dendrite and one axon

112
Q

pseudounipolar

A

the axon is split into two branches, one branch runs to the spinal cord and the other runs to the periphery

113
Q

three types of principle glial cells of CNS

A

astrocytes, microglia and oligondenrocyes

114
Q

astrocytes

A

principle glial cell of CNS: support, ion transport, induce blood brain barrier

115
Q

microglia

A

principle glial cell of CNS: provide immune surveillance

116
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

principle glial cell of CNS: produce myelin in the brain and spinal cord

117
Q

Schwann cells

A

principle glia of PNS; produce myelin and support axons

118
Q

what are the four basic tissue types?

A

epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, nervous tissue

119
Q

where is most fluid absorbed in the digestive tract?

A

in the small intestine

120
Q

how much fluid reaches the colon?

A

about 1.5 litres

121
Q

name the three main salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

122
Q

why does the pancreas not digest itself?

A

the enzymes are produced in an inactive form

123
Q

what type of cartridge are tracheal rings?

A

hyaline cartilage

124
Q

what is the difference between bronchi and bronchioles

A

bronchi are surrounded in cartilage and bronchioles are surrounded by smooth muscle

125
Q

what are alveoli lined with?

A

simple squamous epithelium to provide the thinnest distance between blood and air

126
Q

4 major layers of the digestive tract - lumen and going outwards

A
  1. muscosa
  2. submucosa
  3. muscularis externa
  4. serosa or adventitia
127
Q

3 parts of the mucosa

A

a) epithelium: sits on a basal lamina
b) lamina propria: loose connective tissue
c) muscularis mucosae: thin layer of smooth muscle

128
Q

what is submucosa, the 2nd inner layer of the digestive tract?

A

loose connective tissue

129
Q

what is muscularis externa? the 3rd layer of the digestive tract

A

two thick layers of smooth muscle, an inner circular layer and an outer longitudinal layer

130
Q

what is the serosa or adventitia? 4th layer of the digestive tract

A

an outer layer of connective tissue that either suspends the digestive tract or attaches to other organs

131
Q

the name for the digestive tracts nervous system

A

the enteric nervous system

132
Q

where does the enteric nervous system receive input from?

A

from the autonomic nervous system

133
Q

what are ganglia?

A

groups of neurons between the two muscle layers that make up the muscularis externa (3rd layer of the digestive tract

134
Q

four sections of the trachea from airway outwards

A

airway, respiratory epithelium, lamina propria, hyaline carolinge of tracheal ring

135
Q

bronchi and bronchioles: which has the smaller airway?

A

bronchioles

136
Q

bronchi and bronchioles: which has hyaline cartilage in their walls?

A

bronci

137
Q

bronchi and bronchioles: which one has smooth muscle predominating their walls?

A

bronchioles

138
Q

columnar cells of the epithelium get shorter the…

A

further down the respiratory tract you go

139
Q

does gas exchange happen over the epithelia?

A

no

140
Q

general arrangement of lobules

A

hexagonal arrangement

141
Q

where are lobules found?

A

in the liver

142
Q

what is found at each corner of the lobule?

A

a branch of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery

143
Q

what do the hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery do?

A

deliver blood to the lobule

144
Q

what is at the centre of a lobule?

A

central vein

145
Q

where does the central vein drain to?

A

the hepatic vein

146
Q

blood travelling from a corner of a lobule to the centre does so via what?

A

hepatic sinusoids

147
Q

what are the sheets of liver called?

A

hepatocytes

148
Q

what are the spaces for blood flow in the liver called?

A

sinusoids

149
Q

combination of hepatic portal vein, bile duct and hepatic arteriole in the corner of a lobule is collectively called the…?

A

portal triad

150
Q

why is the pancreases unusual?

A

it is both an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland

151
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas produce?

A

about a litre each day of digestive juices which help to breakdown proteins, lipids, DNA/RNA etc

152
Q

the endocrine pancreas consists of small, scattered islands of tissue called…

A

islets of langerhans, which produce a number of hormones including insulin

153
Q

layers, inwards to outwards inc elastic membrane

A

Tunica intima, internal elastic membrane, tunica media, external elastic membrane, tunica adventitia

154
Q

which leukocyte is the most common and multi lobbed?

A

neutrophil

155
Q

which leukocyte has granules which stain red?

A

eosinophils

156
Q

which leukocyte is the rarest and is bi-lobed?

A

basophil

157
Q

what colour is a basophil

A

intensely stained blue-purple

158
Q

which leukocyte is a precursor of macrophages?

A

monocytes

Principles (11 decks)

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