Anatomy Flashcards by Lindsay Crawford

What are the three layers of the heart?

Epicardium (external)
Myocardium (middle) cardiac muscle layer
Endocardium (internal) continuous with endothelium of the blood vessels connecting with the heart

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Left atrium position

Forms posterior surface of the heart

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Left ventricle position

Forms left border of the heart

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Right ventricle position

Forms most the anterior surface of the heart

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Right atrium position

Forms right border of the heart

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Three layers in blood vessels

Tunica intima - endothelium (internal)
Tunica media- smooth muscle and elastic fibres (middle)
Tunica adventitia (external) - connective tissue

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Arteries supply a ??? Region of the body supplied by a single artery and its branches

A territory

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Vasodilation

Relaxation of smooth muscle and widening of lumen to increase blood flow to organs/tisse

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Vasoconstriction

Contraction of smooth muscle to reduce blood flow to the organ/tissue

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Anastomoses

An anastomosis is where arteries connect with each other without an intervening capillary network

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Collateral

An alternative route in any given anastomosis

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An end artery

The only arterial blood supply to a given area of the body (no collaterals)

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occlusion

Blockage in a blood vessel or hollow organ

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Infarction

Irreversible cell death due to hypoxia (lack of oxygen) caused by loss of arterial blood supply

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4 parts of the aorta

Ascending aorta (2 branches, left and right coronary artery)
Arch of the aorta (3 branches)
Thoracic aorta (numerous branches)
Abdominal Aorta (3 unpaired midline branches, &amp; 3 paired, bilateral branches)

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Venous blood is pumped back to the heart by: (3)

Venous valves to prevent the back blow of blood caused by gravity
Skeletal muscle pump. Skeletal muscles contract in the lower limb
Accompanying veins. Small veins run in pairs or more with in an artery in a sheath. Artery pulsation pushes venous blood along

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Superficial veins

They are smaller and run within superficial fascia then drain into deep veins

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Deep veins

They are larger and run deep to the deep fascia and in cavities often in NVBs

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Two main venous systems

Hepatic portal venous system and systemic venous system

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Systemic venous system

Drains venous blood from organs that aren’t absorptive parts of the GI tract and into the superior or inferior vena cavae

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Hepatic portal venous system

Drains blood from the absorptive parts of the GI tract and associated organs to the liver for cleaning

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Capillary structure

Lined with a single layer of endothelium and have a narrow lumen allowing only one red blood cell through at a time

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Function of capillaries

Allow for exchange of gases, metabolites and waste products

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What do lymphocytic capillaries collect?

Tissue fluid - fluid that leaks out when blood runs through capillary bed

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Where do lymphatic capillaries carry lymph through?

Lymph nodes

Function of lymph nodes

Contain white blood cells to filter our foreign particles and fight infection/cancer

Where is lymph returned into the central veins?

In the venous angles in the root of the neck

The axial skeleton included bones of what? (x3)

Bones of the skull, bones of the neck and bones of the trunk

The appendicular skeleton contains bones of the ..? (x4)

Bones of the pectoral girdle, bones of the upper limbs, bones of the pelvic girdle and bones of the lower limb

The long bone in the arm

The humerus

The two long bones in the forearm

Radius and ulna

The three types of bones in the hand, promixal to distal

Carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges

The long bone in the thigh

The femur

The two long bones in the leg

Tibia and fibula

The three types of bones in the foot, proximal to distal

Tarsal bones, metatarsals and phalanges

When do bony features develop?

During bone growth

How does a bony feature mould it’s shape?

An adjacent structure applies a force to the developing bone. The adjacent structure is developing at the same time as the bone so the bone has to grow around the other structure.

What is the hole called that is formed in the production of a bony feature?

A foramen

What two components make up the skeleton?

Bones and cartilage

what type of tissue is bone made up of?

hard, connective tissue

four functions of bone

- support and protection of the body - calcium metabolism - red blood cell formation - attachment for skeletal muscles

Difference in cartilage compared with bone

It is less rigid

where is cartilage located?

where mobility is required (at articulations/ joints)

How do bones move?

skeletal muscles contract to move the bones

what is a tuberosity

a large prominence on a bone and is the point where muscles attach

name the three types of joint in order of most to least movability

synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous

why does it hurt so much when a joint is dislocated?

there is an excellent sensory nerve supply around joints

sensations detected by sensory receptors of the joint nerves are:

- pain - touch - temperature - proprioception

what is proprioception?

joint position sense. awareness of the position and movement of the body

where are skeletal muscles found in relation to deep fascia?

skeletal muscles are usually found deep to deep fascia

what is fascia?

connective tissue outside the epimysium that surrounds and separates msucles

what is epimysium?

a tough fibrous connective tissue covering

the longer the muscle fibres, the ------ the ---- of ------

greater the range of shortening

the longer the muscle, the ---- the ---- of

greater the potential range of movement produced at joint

fusiform muscles

wider and cylindrically shaped in the centre and taper off at the end (biceps brachii)

circular muscles

circular shape

example of circular muscle

orbicularis oculi

pennate muscle example (obliqueness)

deltoid. like feather

there are at least how many attachments of skeletal muscle to bone?

usually at least 2 points

the two attachment points

the origins and insertions

the only thing a skeletal muscle can do is...

move the origin and insertion closer together during contraction as muscle fibres shorten along the long axis

muscles ---- during contraction

shorten

what attaches muscle to bone?

tendons

where are tendons found?

found at either end of the msucle

are tendons contractile or non-contractile?

non-contractile

what is an aponeurosis?

a flattened tendon most commonly associated with flat muscles and attach to soft tissue rather than bone

the direction of movement of the muscle depends on what?

it depends on which side of the joint the muscle spans

what are protective reflexes?

rapid, predictable, involuntary reactions to 'danger'

what are automatic reflexes?

movement made unconsciously by nervous system and muscles

what are the two main reflexes involving skeletal muscles?

the stretch relflex and the flexion withdrawal reflex

when does the flexion withdraws reflex happen and what happens?

it happens when you touch something potentially damaging and there is a sudden flexion to withdraw from the danger

how are reflex reactions so fast?

the nerve connections are at spinal cord level so the brain is not involed

The stretch reflex (myotatic reflex) is a muscle contraction in response to........

stretching within the muscle via its tendon

what is a normal strech flex response?

for the muscle to contract

what do deep tendon reflexes protect against?

overstretching

the name of the synapse where the motor nerve communicates with the skeletal muscle

the neuromuscular junction

the route taken by action potentials in deep tendon reflexes is called the?

the reflex arc

a normal stretch reflex indicates that what is working properly? (x6)

- the muscle - the muscle's sensory nerve fibres - the muscles motor nerve fibres - the spinal cord connections between the two - the neuromuscular junction - descending controls from the the brain

Paralysis

when there is a muscle without a functioning motor nerve supply and the muscle cannot contract. The muscle would have reduced tone

spasticity

the muscle has an intact and functioning motor nerve but descending controls from the brain are not working. the muscle would have increased tone

what is muscle tone?

the tension in a muscle at rest

what is atrophy?

atrophy is wasting of the muscles as muscle fibres become smaller, reducing muscle bulk

what causes atrophy?

inactivity due to immobilisation, damage to motor nerve supply or a couch potato

muscle hypertrophy?

skeletal muscle enlarges as each individual myocyte enlarges

what is a myocyte?

a muscle fibre

what is cell hyperplasia?

an increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue