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Principles > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

a thick transparent membrane surrounding an ovum before implantation

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2
Q

what does sperm bind to during fertilisation?

A

the zona pellucida glycoprotein (ZP3)

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3
Q

where the acrosome?

A

at the head of the sperm

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4
Q

where are acrosomal enzymes released from?

A

the sperm head

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5
Q

what do acrosomal enzymes do when they are released from the sperm head?

A

they allow the sperm to digest into the egg

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6
Q

what does sperm entry trigger?

A

completion of meiosis 2 and the release of granules by oocyte

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7
Q

what do the granules released from oocytes do?

A

they cause the fertilised oocyte to harden up to prevent more sperm entering/polysperming and break down ZP3 receptor

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8
Q

many smaller daughter cells formed when the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions

A

blastomeres

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9
Q

blastomeres up to the 8 cell stage are thought to be…?

A

totipotent

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10
Q

what is mitotic nondisjunction?

A

The failure in mitosis for the two members of a chromosome pair to separate (to disjoin) normally so that both chromosomes go to one daughter cell while none go to the other daughter cell.

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11
Q

what are blastomeres?

A

the individual daughter cells from the zygote divisions

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12
Q

how many blastomeres make up a morula?

A

16+

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13
Q

name of outer cell mass

A

trophoblast

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14
Q

name of inner cell mass

A

embryoblast

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15
Q

when does the thing become a blastocyst?

A

when there is a separation between the inner and outer layer

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16
Q

what happens when the blastocyst gets so big?

A

it breaks free from the zona pellucida

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17
Q

where does implantation usually happen?

A

on the anterior or posterior uterine wall

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18
Q

typically, by what day does implantation happen?

A

day 6

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19
Q

as the trophoblast attaches to the uterine wall, the trophoblast separates into?

A

the cytotrophoblast and the syncytiotrophoblast

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20
Q

as the embryo attaches to the uterine wall, the embryo organises itself into what two layers? at what stage?

A

the epiblast and the hypoblast

day 7.5 - bilaminar embryo

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21
Q

epiblast

A

the dorsal surface of the embryo

22
Q

hypoblast

A

the ventral surface of the embryo

23
Q

what completes implantation?

A

closure by fibrin coagulum

24
Q

day 9 - two cavities are formed?

A

amniotic cavity (epiblast) and primitive yolk sac (hypoblast)

25
Q

epiblast cell shape?

A

tall columnar cells

26
Q

hypoblast cell shape?

A

cuboidal cells

27
Q

what does hCG stand for?

A

human chorionic gonadotropin

28
Q

what does hCG stimulate?

A

the corpus luteum which secretes oestrogen and progesterone

29
Q

what replaces the corpus luteum?

A

the placenta

30
Q

when does the bilaminar embryo need its own uteroplacental circulation?

A

day 12

31
Q

where do vacuoles appear in?

A

in the syncytiotrophoblast

32
Q

what happens when the vacuoles in the syncytiotrophoblast unite?

A

they form lacunae

33
Q

where does maternal blood flow into to establish the embryos uteroplacental circulation?

A

into lacunae to diffuse to the embryoblast

34
Q

where does the primitive streak appear from?

A

the midline at the caudal end of the epiblast

35
Q

three parts of the primitive streak

A

primitive pit, primitive node and primitive groove

36
Q

what is found at the cranial end of the primitive streak?

A

primitive pit and node

37
Q

what is gastrulation?

A

the movement of epiblast cells through the primitive streak to form the three primary germ layers

38
Q

what establishes the body axes?

A

the primitive streak

39
Q

how many days in does gastrulation happen?

A

14-15

40
Q

what replaces hypoblast cells?

A

definitive endoderm

41
Q

what replaces the epiblast cells?

A

ectoderm

42
Q

what are the names of the three germ layers?

A

ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm

43
Q

what is the fate of the ectoderm?

A

produces the epidermis of skin (also hair, nails and associated glands) and the nervous system (brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves)

44
Q

what is the fate of the mesoderm?

A

it becomes divided into three regions across both sides of the notochord

45
Q

what are the 3 mesoderm regions?

A

paraxial, intermediate and lateral (visceral and somatic)

46
Q

fate of the paraxial mesoderm?

A

axial skeleton, voluntary skeletal muscle, part of dermis (back)

47
Q

fate of the intermediate mesoderm?

A

urogenital systems such as kidney and ureter and gonads and associated structures

48
Q

fate of the somatic lateral plate of mesoderm

A

makes most of dermis, lining of body wall and part of limbs

49
Q

fate of visceral lateral plate of mesoderm

A

makes the cardiovascular system, mesothelial covering of organs and smooth muscle

50
Q

fate of the endoderm

A

lining of the gut tube, respiratory tract and bladder and urethra

Principles (11 decks)

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