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Principles > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is euchromatin?

A

DNA actively undergoing transcription

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2
Q

What is heterochromatin?

A

DNA that is condensed and not undergoing transcription

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3
Q

What is the rough ER coated with?

A

Ribosomes

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4
Q

What happens at the smooth ER?

A

Site of lipid synthesis

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5
Q

What are inclusions?

A

Components which are synthesised by a cell e.g. pigments or lipid droplets

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6
Q

What are microfilaments composed of?

A

Actin

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7
Q

What is the role of a cellular junction?

A

To link individual cells together to form a functional unit

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8
Q

What do occluding (tight) junctions do?

A

Link cells to form a diffusion barrier

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9
Q

What are the two types of anchoring junctions?

A

Adhering and desmosomes

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10
Q

What do adherent junctions do?

A

Link submembrane actin bundles of adjacent cells

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11
Q

What do desmosomes do?

A

Link submembrane intermediate filaments

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12
Q

Where are desmosomes common?

A

Skin

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13
Q

What do communicating (gap) junctions do?

A

Allow movement of molecules through adjacent cells

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14
Q

What is the combination of dyes most commonly used?`

A

Haematoxylin and eosin

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15
Q

What type of dye is haematoxylin and what does this have affinity for?

A

Basic dye- has affinity for acid molecules and stains them blue/purple

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16
Q

What type of dye is eosin and what does this have affinity for?

A

Acidic dye- has affinity for basic molecules and stains them pink

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17
Q

What are the 4 main tissue types?

A

Epithelium, connective, muscle and nervous

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18
Q

Where is epithelia found and what can it form?

A

Surface of body and lining hollow organs- forms glands

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19
Q

What does muscle tissue do?

A

Generates force by contracting

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20
Q

What does nervous tissue allow?

A

Rapid communication between body parts

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21
Q

What do all epithelial cells have at their basal surface?

A

Basal lamina to which other cells are attached

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22
Q

Are epithelial cells vascularised?

A

No

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23
Q

How do nutrients enter epithelial cells?

A

Diffusion through basal lamina

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24
Q

Are epithelial cells polarised or not?

A

Yes

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25
Q

What are the 3 different shapes of epithelial cells?

A

Squamous (flattened), cuboidal and columnar

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26
Q

What do simple, stratified and pseudostratified epithelia mean?

A

Simple- 1 layer
Stratified- 2+ layers
Pseudostratified- looks like more layers but all are in contact with basal lamina

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27
Q

What is prominent microvilli on epithelial cells known as?

A

Brush border

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28
Q

What are cell surface specialisations on epithelia?

A

Microvilli, cilia, keratin

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29
Q

What are goblet cells?

A

Single cell mucus glands

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30
Q

What does glandular epithelia produce?

A

Secretory hormones

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31
Q

Where are substances secreted out of endocrine glands?

A

Basal end through the vascular system

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32
Q

What is a name for endocrine glands?

A

Ductless glands

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33
Q

Where are substances secreted out of exocrine glands?

A

Towards the apical end into a lumen, duct or body surface

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34
Q

What is a name for exocrine glands?

A

Ducted glands

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35
Q

What are the different types of connective tissue?

A

Hard, soft and blood/lymph

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36
Q

Where is soft connective tissue found?

A

Tendons, ligaments, mesentery, dermis

37
Q

Where is hard connective tissue found?

A

Bone and cartilage

38
Q

What are the two types of soft connective tissue?

A

Loose or dense

39
Q

What are the types of dense connective tissue?

A

Aligned (tendon)
Irregular (dermis)
Regarding collagen

40
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients since it is avascular?

A

Adjacent tissues through diffusion

41
Q

What are the 3 types of hard connective tissue?

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

42
Q

What is the most common type of hard connective tissue and where is it found?

A

Hyaline- tracheal rings, costal cartilage and epiphyseal growth plates

43
Q

What type of bone is the outer shell and what does this make up?

A

Cortical bone, makes up the shaft (diaphysis)

44
Q

What does the cancellous or trabecular bone make up?

A

Ends of bone (epiphysis)

45
Q

What are the 3 major types of muscle?

A

Skeletal, smooth and cardiac

46
Q

Where is smooth muscle predominantly sound?

A

Organs

47
Q

How would you describe skeletal muscle?

A

giant, striated, multi-nucleated, cylindrical cell

48
Q

Where is the nucleus located in skeletal muscle?

A

Peripheries

49
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

Cell membrane of muscle cells

50
Q

Does cardiac muscle have striations?

A

Yes but not as prominent

51
Q

Is cardiac muscle multi-nucleated?

A

No

52
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of?

A

Neurones and glia

53
Q

What are glia?

A

Support cells

54
Q

What is nervous tissue surrounded by?

A

A coat of connective tissue

55
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Glia which support and aid ion transport

56
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Glia which produce myelin

57
Q

What are microglia?

A

Glia which provide immune surveillance

58
Q

Which types of secreting cells of salivary glands stain intensely and which stain a little amount?

A

Serous secreting- stain intensely

Mucous secreting- little stain

59
Q

What type of ducts are found in salivary glands, and what do these contain lots of?

A

Straited ducts with lots of mitochondria

60
Q

Where in the GI tract is non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium found and what is the function of this?

A

Oral cavity, pharynx, oesophagus and anal canal- this is protective

61
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the stomach?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with extensive tubular glands- secretory

62
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the small intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with villi and tubular glands- absorptive

63
Q

What type of epithelium is found in the large intestine?

A

Simple columnar epithelium with tubular glands- protective and absorptive

64
Q

In the large intestine, the longitudinal smooth muscle is not continuous. How would it be described?

A

Found in 3 muscular strips known as teniae coli

65
Q

Where do most of the neurones of the GI tract exist?

A

Between the two muscle layers which make up the muscularis externa

66
Q

What two parts produce the mucus which traps particles and takes them out of the airway?

A

Epithelial goblet cells and submucosal glands

67
Q

What type of cartilage does bronchi have in their walls?

A

Hyaline

68
Q

Do bronchioles have cartilage?

A

No

69
Q

What happens to the columnar cells of the epithelium as you move further down the respiratory tract?

A

They get shorter

70
Q

Can gas exchange occur across columnar epithelium?

A

No

71
Q

What are alveoli lined by?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

72
Q

Where do central veins of liver lobules drain to?

A

hepatic vein

73
Q

What is the space for blood flow between hepatocytes known as?

A

Sinusoids

74
Q

What are erythrocytes and what do they lack?

A

Red blood cells (99% of blood cells)- they lack a nucleus

75
Q

What are the 5 principle types of leukocytes which make up around 1% of blood cells?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

76
Q

What type of blood cells are collectively called granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils

77
Q

How do you distinguish a neutrophil?

A

Multi-lobed nucleus

78
Q

What are the 3 layers of a muscular artery?

A

Tunica intima, tunica media and tunica adventitia

79
Q

What separates the tunica media and tunica adventitia?

A

External elastic membrane

80
Q

What type of epithelium do blood vessels have and what is this known as?

A

Simple squamous epithelium- known as endothelium

81
Q

What are the very largest arteries often termed?

A

Elastic arteries

82
Q

What are venous valves extensions of?

A

Tunica intima

83
Q

What is significant about the nucleus of neutrophils?

A

Multi-lobed

84
Q

Granules in the cytoplasm of eosinophils have a high affinity for what?

A

Eosin

85
Q

What is significant about the nucleus of eosinophils?

A

Bi-lobed

86
Q

What do granules in basophils have a high affinity for?

A

Basic dye

87
Q

What are monocytes?

A

Precursors of macrophages

88
Q

What shape is the nucleus of monocyte?

A

Kidney bean shaped

89
Q

Do platelets have a nucleus?

A

No

Principles (11 decks)

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