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Principles > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What time period is covered by the term conceptus?

A

Fertilisation to end of week 3

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2
Q

What time period is covered by the term embryo?

A

Week 4-week 8

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3
Q

What is happening with regards to organs in an embryo?

A

They are all present but not yet matured

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4
Q

What time period is covered by the term foetus?

A

Week 9- birth

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5
Q

What does gametogenesis phase comprise?

A

Germ cell formation (formation of egg and sperm)

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6
Q

What does the fertilisation phase comprise?

A

Formation of sperm and oocyte to form the zygote

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7
Q

What is a zygote?

A

Single cell embryo

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8
Q

What is the period of cell division with no size increase as a protein coat is forming known as?

A

Cleavage

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9
Q

What is a blastocyte?

A

First point where differentiation can be seen in cells

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10
Q

Which cells in the cluster of a blastocyte will form embryo structures?

A

Cells in the centre of the cluster

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11
Q

What happens in gastrulation?

A

Germ layers and formed and body axis determined

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12
Q

What are the 3 germ layers?

A

Ectoderm- outer
Mesoderm- middle
Endoderm- inner

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13
Q

What happens in organogenesis?

A

Formation of organs and organ systems

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14
Q

The basis of organs and organ systems will all be in place by ? and will continue developing through ?

A

Embryonic period/foetal period

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15
Q

What are 5 things which happen in the foetal period?

A
  • Growth and weight gain
  • Tissues mature and become functional
  • Sexual differentiation
  • Bone laid down
  • Connections made in CNS
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16
Q

When are you able to tell the sex of a foetus?

A

12 weeks

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17
Q

What is the ability of one cell type to cause another one to differentiate known as?

A

Induction

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18
Q

What 3 factors control development?

A

Genetic, epigenetic and environmental

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19
Q

What is the difference between genetic and epigenetic control?

A

Genetic- expression of genes

Epigenetic- preferential expression of maternal or paternal genes

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20
Q

What is Angelman syndrome?

A

Deletion of maternal chromosome 15 which leads to mental retardation and poor motor development

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21
Q

What is Prader-Willi syndrome?

A

Deletion of paternal chromosome 15 which leads to mental retardation, obesity and hypogonadism

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22
Q

Where does fertilisation take place?

A

Ampulla of the fallopian tube

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23
Q

What does the sperm first bind with?

A

Glycoproteins of the zona pellucida

24
Q

What happens before the sperm nucleus enters the egg?

A

Sperm and zona pellucida membranes fuse

25
Q

What does sperm entry trigger?

A

Completion of meiosis 2 and release of cortical granules to prevent fertilization from a second sperm

26
Q

After fertilisation, the zygote undergoes mitotic divisions to produce daughter cells known as what?

A

Blastomeres

27
Q

What is the point where are cells are confined within the zona pellucida known as?

A

Compaction

28
Q

What will the outer cells closer to the zona pellucida form?

A

Extensive gap junctions

29
Q

Is the zona pellucida impermeable?

A

No

30
Q

As early events of week 1 take place, where is the embryo moving towards?

A

Uterine cavity

31
Q

How long does it take the embryo to reach the uterine cavity and what forms when it does?

A

About 4-5 days, forms the blastocyte

32
Q

What is the function of the zona pellucida?

A

Protection

33
Q

When is the zona pellucida lost?

A

When the embryo reaches the uterine cavity and it blocks entry to here

34
Q

Where are the normal sites of implantation?

A

Middle/upper dorsal uterine wall

35
Q

Where are abnormal sites of implantation?

A

Ovary, ampulla, uterine tube, lower uterus, cervix, peritoneum

36
Q

What does implantation in abnormal sites lead to?

A

Ectopic pregnancy

37
Q

Implantation is an active process driven by what?

A

Trophoblast

38
Q

At around 7.5 days, the embryo divides into 2 cell layers, what are these?

A

Epiblast- dorsal surface of an embryo

Hypoblast- ventral surface of an embryo

39
Q

What else begins to form during implantation, and when does implantation finish?

A

Amniotic cavity

Finishes around day 9

40
Q

What do the epiblast and hypoblast become during gastrulation?

A

Hypoblast- endoderm

Epiblast- ectoderm

41
Q

What does the endoderm become?

A

Lining of GI tract, respiratory tract, bladder and urethra

42
Q

What does the ectoderm become?

A

Epidermis of skin, hair, nails, associated glands, nervous system

43
Q

Somatic and visceral coverings of organs are derived from what?

A

Mesoderm

44
Q

What does lateral folding create?

A

Thoracic and abdominal cavities

45
Q

What does lateral folding close?

A

Foregut and hindgut

46
Q

Which gut is the last to close?

A

Midgut

47
Q

What happens during cranial folding?

A

Formation of the foregut and defines the thoracic cavity, developing heart tube is displaced into the thoracic cavity

48
Q

What is formed during caudal folding?

A

Hindgut, anus and umbilical cord

49
Q

When does the heart begin to develop?

A

Week 4

50
Q

What is the normal development of the atrial septum?

A

Grows as 2 septa (primum/secundum),

51
Q

When does communication between the 2 atrial septa continue until and what does this communication occur through?

A

Continues until birth through the foramen ovale

52
Q

What are the relative pressures of the atria before and after birth?

A

Before: right higher, left lower
After: right lower, left higher

53
Q

What are three causes of an atrial septal defect?

A

Excessive resorption of septum primum
Absent septum secundum
Patent foramen ovale

54
Q

What are the 2 different types of ventricular septal defect?

A

Muscular defect- most common and least severe

Membranous defect- less common and most severe

55
Q

What happens in transposition of the great vessels?

A

Aorta exits right ventricle and pulmonary trunk exits left ventricle causing deoxygenated blood to be carried around the body

56
Q

What are the 4 factors in Tetralogy of Fallot?

A

Pulmonary stenosis, hypertrophy of right ventricle, VSD, overriding aorta

Principles (11 decks)

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