Ethics, Human Factors, Public Heath Flashcards
What are the 3 levels of medical ethics?
Laws, guidelines and recommendations, ethics
What medical ethics comprise minimum practice?
Laws and guidelines and recommendations
What medical ethics comprise best practice for excellence?
Medical ethics- ability to critically and morally reason
What is morality?
A system of accepted beliefs which control behaviour
What are ethics?
The study of what is morally right and wrong
What are the 4 principles of medical ethics?
Autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice
What is autonomy?
The right for an individual to make his/her own choice
What is beneficence?
The principle of acting with the best interest of others in mind
What is non-maleficence?
Above all, do no harm
What is justice?
Emphasises fairness and equality among individuals
What is an adult in Scotland?
16+
What is deontology?
Is the act right or wrong in itself?
What is consequentialism/utilitarianism?
Will the act increase overall wellbeing?
What is communitarianism?
Is the act good for everyone that will be affected?
What is virtue ethics?
Am I being honest to myself and consistent?
What are religious theories?
Does the act respect the value of sanctity of human life
What is a system?
A set of interacting and interdependent elements that function as a whole towards a goal
What are the 3 domains in human factors/ergonomics?
Physical, cognitive, organisational
What are the 4 major and 1 minor parts of a system, acting on a person?
Tools and technology, organisation, internal environment, tasks
External environment
What is an error of commission?
When a mistaken action harms a patient either because it was the wrong action or it was the right action performed incorrectly
What are errors of omission?
When an obvious action was needed to heal a patient but it was not performed
What do active holes in the swiss cheese model mean?
An individual has made an error
What do latent holes in the swiss cheese model mean?
Weakness inherent to the system
What are the 7 main non-technical skills?
Situation awareness, decision making, stress and fatigue management, task management, communication, team working and leadership
What is the basis of the SEIPS model?
Work system to processes to outcomes
What are the 3 principles of SEIPS?
1) systems orientation
2) person centredness
3) design-driven improvements
What is puerperal fever?
Infection of the uterus 3 days after giving birth mostly caused by strep but sometimes staph
What is phase 1 of a clinical trial?
Clinical pharmacology (dosage/safety)
What is phase 2 of a clinical trial?
Initial clinical assessment (effectiveness, adverse effects)
What is phase 3 of a clinical trial?
Randomised control trial
What is phase 4 of a clinical trial?
Post marketing surveillance (less common adverse effects)
Why are trials randomised?
To reduce bias
What are the two factors to consider when selecting patients for a trial?
They should benefit from the treatment and be unlikely to be harmed
What is life expectancy?
The average lifespan a newborn can expect
What cuts life expectancy short?
high rates of child mortality
What is the difference between communicable and non-communicable diseases?
Communicable is caused by a microorganism while non-communicable are not
What cancers does physical activity decrease risk of?
Post-menopausal breast, endometrial and colorectal
What cancers does high body fat increase risk of?
Oesophageal, post-menopausal breast, colorectal, gallbladder, kidney, pancreatic, endometrial and ovarian
What are examples of primary prevention?
Childhood vaccines
What are examples of secondary prevention?
Screening, BCG vaccination
What are examples of tertiary prevention?
Medication post MI, pulmonary rehab
What else do vaccinations increase in terms of public health?
Herd immunity
What is epidemiology?
The study of frequency, distribution and determinants of a disease in populations
What is the incidence rate?
The number of new cases of a disease occurring in a population during a specific period of time / number of persons exposed to the risk of developing the disease during that particular time
What is the prevalence rate?
Number of cases of a disease present in a population at a specific point in time / the number of persons at risk of having the disease at that time
What is the biological model?
The body is a machine- if it’s broken, find what’s wrong with it and fix it
What is the psychosocial model?
Internal (psychological) and external (social) factors can influence health ad wellbeing too
What are the psychological statistics post-MI?
20% of patients will develop depression and 15% PTSD
What is the psychological statistic post stroke?
25-30% of patients will develop depression
What are the biggest risk factors for adult mental illness?
Childhood neglect and abuse
What is food insecurity?
Restricted access to nutrient dense food
What is over-consumption?
High volumes of food that are high in energy but low in other vitamins
What does increased severity of diarrhoea and infections as well as blindness suggest?
Vitamin A deficiency
What does iodine deficiency cause?
Poor cognitive development
What causes anaemia, poor cognitive development and increased susceptibility to infection suggest?
Iron deficiency
