Histology

Question 1

What are muscle fibres grouped into?

Answer 1

Fascicles

Question 2

What is the connective tissue surrounding the muscle called?

Answer 2

Epimysium

Question 3

What is the connective tissue around a single fascicle called?

Answer 3

Perimysium

Question 4

What is the connective tissue around a single muscle fibre called?

Answer 4

Endomysium

Question 5

Sarcomeres are built up to form?

Answer 5

A myofibril

Question 6

What is a motor unit comprised of?

Answer 6

One motor neurone and all of the muscle fibres that it innervates - fewer the muscle fibres the finer the control

Question 7

Where does the axon of the motor neurone branch?

Answer 7

Nearing its termination and each branch ends in a special type of synapse called the neuromuscular junction

Question 8

What are the three types of skeletal muscle?

Answer 8

Type I, Type IIA and Type IIB

Question 9

Tell me about skeletal muscle type I

Answer 9

Relatively slow contracting fibres that depend on oxidative metabolism. Abundant mitochondria, resistant to fatigue and produce relatively less force. “red” fibres

Question 10

Tell me about skeletal muscle type IIA

Answer 10

Relatively fast contracting, reasonably resistant to fatigue, relatively uncommon

Question 11

Tell me about skeletal muscle type IIB

Answer 11

Fast contracting fibres than depend on anaerobic metabolism. Few mitochondria, fatigue relatively easily and produce relatively greater force. “white fibres”

Question 12

Is the cartilage permeable??

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What are the cells in cartilage called?

Answer 13

Chondrocytes

chondroblasts when immature

Question 14

Where do chondrocytes live?

Answer 14

Lacuna

Question 15

What is the most common form of cartilage?

Answer 15

ECM (hyaline)

Question 16

Tell me about Type I collagen

Answer 16

Most common form found in most connective tissue

Question 17

Tell me about type II collagen

Answer 17

Finer, forms a 3D meshwork

Question 18

What are proteoglycan aggregates made of?

Answer 18

GAGs - most commonly keratan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate

Question 19

What are all the types of cartilage and tell me about them

Answer 19

Hyaline - blue white, translucent, most common form
Elastic - light yellow in colour
Fibrocartilage - hybrid between tendon and hyaline. Densely packed type I collagen - appears white

Question 20

What is haemopoiesis?

Answer 20

Blood cell production

Question 21

What are the two types of bone recognised by the naked eye

Answer 21

Cortical bone - outer shell, dense

Cancellous or trabecular bone - the end of bones, fine meshwork

Question 22

What are the living bone cells called?

Answer 22

Osteocytes

Question 23

Name the types of canals in bones

Answer 23

Haversion and Volkmann’s

Question 24

What are cement lines?

Answer 24

Often visible surrounding the osteon - only found in osteons that have formed during remodelling

Question 25

Tell me about Trabecular bone

Answer 25

Has osteocytes and is lamellar but lacks haversian canals because osteocytes can survive from contact with marrow spaces

Question 26

What are the cells of bone

Answer 26

Osteoprogenitor - located on bone surfaces, cells serve as a pool of reserve osteoblasts
Osteoblasts - bone forming cells, plentiful RER and prominent mitochondria
Osteocytes - a bone cells trapped within the bone matrix
Osteoclasts - large multinucleated cells - responsible for bone resorption

Question 27

The collection of osteoclasts and blasts that participate in the process of bone remodelling is called???

Answer 27

The basic multicellular unit or BMU

Question 28

What do osteoblasts secrete??

Answer 28

Collagen, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans and other organic components of the matrix, termed osteoid

Question 29

During bone development or following a break the collagen fibres are laid down in a haphazard fashion. What is this type of bone called?

Answer 29

Woven bone - not as strong as lamellar bone, is remodelled by being broken down by osteoclasts and reformed by osteoblasts