histology 5- blood and hematopoesis Flashcards
(79 cards)
1
Q
blood volume of average male and female
A
male- 5-6 liters
female 4-5 liters
2
Q
functions of blood
A
- distribution
- regulation
- protection
3
Q
distribution
A
a. Delivery of oxygen and nutrients
b. Removal of metabolic wastes and carbon dioxide
c. Transportation of hormones and other regulatory substances
4
Q
regulation
A
a. Thermoregulation
b. Acts as buffer (acid-base balance)
c. Maintains correct proportion of blood to tissue fluid volume (osmotic
balance)
5
Q
protection
A
a. Participates in coagulation
b. Protects from pathogenic agents, foreign proteins, and transformed cells
6
Q
2 main compositions units of blood
A
formed elements
plasma
7
Q
formed elements..arise from?
A
all arise via hematopoiesis from a pluripotential stem cell, otherwise known as a hemopoietic stem cell.
8
Q
formed elements parts
A
- cells
2. cell fragments
9
Q
cells of formed elements in blood
A
- erythrocytes or red blood cells
2. leukocytes or white blood cells
10
Q
erythrocytes
A
• Not a true cell (no nucleus or organelles)
• Main function: transportation of respiratory gases
• Specific formation process: erythropoiesis
most numerous, bag of hemoglobin
11
Q
leukocytes
A
- True cell
- Main function: protection of body
- Specific formation process: leukopoiesis
12
Q
cell fragments
A
platelets or thrombocytes
13
Q
platelets or thrombocytes
A
- Not a true cell (just cell fragments)
- Main function: essential for clotting process
- Specific formation process: thrombopoiesis/thrombocytopoiesis
14
Q
hematocryte? males, females and what if its under this number
A
% of total volume of blood made up of erythrocytes
39-50% males, 35-45% females, if under this…said to be anemic
15
Q
if you centrifuge blood what do you get
A
plasma ~55%
buffer coat 1%- platelets, leukocytes
red blood cells
16
Q
function of plasma
A
mainly water, but buffer for a lot of things
17
Q
plasma contents
A
92% water
7% plasma proteins
18
Q
most numerous plasma proteins
A
albumins 58%
globulins 37%
fibrinogen 4%
19
Q
albumins…numbers…size…function..production site
A
- smallest and most numerous plasma proteins
- produced in the liver
- function as transport proteins for several steroid hormones and for fatty acids
20
Q
globulins site of production….function
A
- produced in liver and by plasma cells, which develop from B lymphocytes.
- antibodies (immunoglobins) help attack viruses and bacteria
- alpha and beta globulins help transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
21
Q
fibrinogen sit of production…function…size
A
- liver
- blood clotting
- largest
22
Q
other solutes in plasma (1.5%)
A
nutrients gases waste hormones enzymes
23
Q
white blood cells %
A
Never let monkeys eat bananas neutrophils 60-70% lymphocytes 20-25% monocytes 3-8% eosinophils 2-4% basophils .5-1%
24
Q
blood smear
A
wright’s stain. includes methylene blue and azures which are basic and eosin which is acidic
25
```
erythrocyte
Function:
• Diameter:
• Thickness:
• Rate of Release:
• Produced:
• Life Span:
• Structure:
```
Function: Bind oxygen for delivery to body tissues and (to an extent) bind carbon dioxide for removal from body tissues.
• Shape: Biconcave disc
• Diameter: 7.8μm
• Thickness: 2.6μm at edge; 0.8μm at center
• Rate of Release: 2 million/sec
• Produced: Via erythropoiesis in red bone marrow
• Life Span: 120 days
• Structure: Bag of hemoglobin
very strong and flexible
26
why are red blood cells biconcave disc?
increases surface area, lets distance for diffusion of gases, doesnt take as long
27
how to RBC make ATP
glycolysis, no mitochondria
28
fate of old RBC
90% phagocytosized in various organs
| 10% broken down in blood
29
why is it good RBC are flexible
so they can fix through capillaries that they are bigger than
30
hemoglobin is composed of what
1. 4 globin polypeptide chains- 2 alpha 2 beta
2. 4 heme pigment/group- each heme group contains 1 iron atom
1 heme group per chain
31
oxygen binds to iron
* one oxygen molecule binds reversibly with one iron atom
* four oxygen molecules bind per hemoglobin protein (since four chains per hemoglobin, each with one heme group containing one iron atom)
* approximately 250 million hemoglobin molecules per RBC, so a RBC can carry 1 billion oxygen molecules
32
how are leukocytes divided into their 2 classes
on whether they contain conspicuous cytoplasmic granules made visible by staining and the shape of their nuclei
33
two classes of leukocytes
1. polymorphonuclear granulocytes
| 2. mononuclear agranulocytes
34
polymorphonuclear granulocytes and what 3 make this class up
contain specific granules and nuclei with two or
more lobes; also contain azurophilic granules.
1. neutrophils
2. eosinophils
3. basophils
35
Mononuclear Agranulocytes and what 2 make this class up
do not contain specific granules and nuclei are rounded or indented; do contain azurophilic granules.
1. lymphocytes
2. monocytes
36
3 types of lymphocytes
1. B cells
2. T cells
3. NK cells
37
neutrophil function...cytoplasm..nucleus
- phagocytes- first cells in area of tissue damage
- small fait lavender granules
- darkish, serverl lobes (2-5)
38
eosinophil function...cytoplasm...nucleus
- defense against protozoans or parasites (flatworms). release histaminase-enzyme involved with allergic reactions. combat the affects of histamine.
- large course acidophilic granules
- light, bilobed
39
basophils function...cytoplasm...nucleus
- release histamine-dilation of small blood vessels. involved with allergic reactions. similar activity to mast cells in connective tissue. also contain heparin which is an anticoagulant.
- large course basophilic granules- obstruct view of nucleus
- light, bilobed
40
lymphocytes function...cytoplasm...nucleus
B – involved with the production of circulating antibodies
T – involved in cell-mediated immunity
NK – kill certain virus-infected cells and some types of tumor cells
- narrow rim of blue cytoplasm
- very dark, takes up all of the cell, round, slightly indented
41
monocyte function...cytoplasm...nucleus
- transform into macrophages; precursors of many mononuclear phagocytic cells in the body; second on scene after neutrophils
- grey "foamy" texture
- darkish; large, off- center; oval, kidney, or horseshoe shaped
42
process of producing platelets
thrombopoesis
43
where are platelets produces
red bone marrow
44
platelets are derived from large cells called what
megakaryocytes
45
function of platelets
Promote blood clotting and help repair minor tears or leaks in walls of blood vessels.
46
platelet basic characteristic
200k-400k platlets in microliter in blood. last about 10 days. much smaller
than red blood cells. usually appear in clumps in blood smear. lighter stain
on outside. darker in the middle
47
hematopoiesis function
To maintain constant level of different cell types in the blood
48
location/phase of hematopoiesis in fetus
yolk-sac phase- third week of gestationa
liver- hepatic phase- second trimester
bone marrow- bone marrow phase- third trimester
49
location of hematopoiesis after birth
red bone marrow
50
hematopoiesis includes what processes
erythropoiesis
leukopoiesis
thrombopoiesis
51
Monophyletic Theory
All blood cells arise from a single type of pluripotent/ pluripotential stem cell (PPSC), a pluripotent cell known as a hemopoietic stem cell (HSC)]
52
HSC characteristics
- capable of asymmetric divison
| - self renewal. each division they undergo they can produce new HSC cells.
53
Descendants of the HSC can give rise to cells with a more restricted potential and two major cell lineages
1. Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) Cells
| 2. Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP) Cells
54
Common Myeloid Progenitor (CMP) Cells, where do they develop
give rise to the myeloid cells (i.e. granulocytes, monocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes); develop in bone marrow.
55
Common Lymphoid Progenitor (CLP) Cells, where do they develop
give rise to lymphoid cells (i.e. lymphocytes); migrate from bone marrow to thymus or lymphoid tissue (e.g. lymph node, spleen) where they proliferate and differentiate.
56
progenitor cells develop into what
precursor cells or blast
57
precursor or blast cells
* Morphological characteristics begin to differentiate.
| * Large amount of mitosis – but only produce cells on the way to differentiation.
58
which phases have low mitosis activity
stem cells and progenitor
59
rate of mitosis and potentiality are _____ related
inversely
60
bone marrow consists of what and what
```
sinusoidal capillaries (sinusoids) and
hemopoietic cords (very leakly capillaries, lots of holes, things can pass easily.)
```
61
Hemopoietic Cords Consist Of:
developing blood cells, developing
| megakaryocytes, macrophages, mast cells, and adipose cells.
62
Adventitial Cell/Reticular Cells
• support cells; send sheet-like extensions into cords and produce reticular fibers • stimulate differentiation of progenitor cells
63
Clusters/Nests, near sinusoids, away from sinusoids
* Nest Near Sinusoids – Erythrocytes and Megakaryocytes
| * Nest Further Away from Sinusoids – Granulocytes
64
Bone Marrow Cellularity
* 100 – age + 10% = bone marrow cellularity
| * The ratio of hemopoietic cells to adipocytes
65
leukocytes produced via what and where
leukopoiesis in red bone marrow
66
lymphopoiesis can occur in what two places
red bone marrow and the lymphoid organs
67
the 3 different forms on leukopoiesis
* Granulopoiesis
* Monocytopoiesis
* Lymphopoiesis
68
last cell stage in granulopoiesis that can undergo mitosis
myelocytes
69
cell stage in granulopoiesis that has specific granules develop
metamyelocyte
70
extra cell stage in neutrophil development and what develops
band cell- where multi lope of nucleus forms
71
lymphocyte development path
HSC→CLP→→→→→lymphocytes
72
where T cells differentiate
pre-T lymphocytes leave bone marrow and travel to thymus to
complete differentiation and thymic cell education; then enter blood
stream as small T lymphocytes
73
where to B-cells differentiate
bone marrow, gut-associated lymphatic tissue, and spleen
74
where do NK cells differentiate
bone marrow
75
platelet formation is called what? and happens where? and from what kind of cells
thrombopoeisis
bone marrow
megakaryocytes
76
megakaryoblast and how to transform into megakaryocytes
30μm in diameter, homogenous and basophilic cytoplasm, nonlobed nucleus
undergo successive endomitoses to form megakaryocytes
77
megakaryocyte
50μm-70μm in diameter; cytoplasm less basophilic, multilobed
| nucleus, scattered azurophilic granules, near sinusoids, 64N (polyploid) cells
78
why do cells need platelet demarcation channels
to store extra cytoplasm because so much is needed to make platelets
79
what are proplatelets
extnsion of processes out into blood vessels, piece of proplatlets pinch off is how we get platelets. v
