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Anatomy Test 4 > histology 3- bone > Flashcards

histology 3- bone Flashcards

1
Q

functions of bone

A 
protection
support
mechanical basis for movement
storage
blood cell formation
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2
Q

blood cell formation happens where and is called what

A

in red bone marrow. hematopoiesis

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3
Q

storage function of bone

A

stores minerals. calcium, phosphate. yellow marrow store triglycerides.

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4
Q

classification of bone

A 
long
short
flat 
irregular
seasmoid
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5
Q

long bone location

A

femur, shaft portions and 2 ends, longer than wide.

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6
Q

short bone location

A

carpal and tarsal bones in wrist and ankles.

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7
Q

flat bone locatoin

A

very thin, plate like. sternum, ribs, scapula, skull bones

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8
Q

irregular bone locatoin

A

very complicated shape. pelvis, vertebrae

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9
Q

sesamoid bone locatoin

A

almost cube shape, very specific. form in tendon. largest is patella.

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10
Q

gross observation of bone tissue

A

compact

spongy- has trabeculae

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11
Q

long bone structure

A

epiphysis
metaphysis
diaphysis of shaft.

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12
Q

epiphysis

A

on ends of long bone. compact bone on outside, spongy bone on inside- spicules look random but are very particular.

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13
Q

during growth the epiphysis and metaphysis are separated by what

A

growth plate. (epiphyseal plate).

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14
Q

in adults, radiographs identify growth plate as what

A

epiphyseal line.

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15
Q

epiphyseal plate is responsible for what

A

lengthening of the long bone.

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16
Q

epiphyseal plate is made of what and is replaced by what after puberty

A

hyalin cartilage. replaced with bone. bone is done growing.

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17
Q

diaphysis

A

compact bone on outside, marrow on inside.

contains red/yellow marrow. as we age red turns to yellow marrow

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18
Q

periosteum

A
  • covers outer surface of bone
  • where muscle/tendon/ligament attaches
  • vascularized
  • contains osteoprogenitor cells.
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19
Q

2 layers of periosteum

A 
outer fiber layer- dense connective tissue
inner osteogenic (cellular) layer.
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20
Q

endosteum

A

lines marrow cavity.

consists of cells that belong to the stroma of the marrow or are derived from resting osteoblast

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21
Q

sharpys fibers

A

connect periosteum to bone. transfers force from muscle contraction.

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22
Q

short, flat, sesamoid, irregular bone structure

A

(layers) compact bone, dipole (spongy), compact bone.

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23
Q

bone composition (2)

A 
cells
extracellular matrix (ECM)
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24
Q

cells of bone

A

osteogenic cell- mesenchymal kind of cells
osteoblast- make osteocytes
osteocyte
osteoclast- very large

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25
Q

ECM of bone

A

organic- osteoid

inorganic- hydroxyapatite crystals

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26
Q

ECM- osteoid contains what

A
  • type one collagen fibers
  • bone matrix proteins (BMP)
  • glycoproteins
  • osteocalsin
  • osteonectin
27
Q

what lays down layer of osteoid

A

osteoblast

28
Q

what do BMP’s contain

A

GAG’s

29
Q

what is osteocalsin

A
  • vitamin K dependent polypeptide.
  • produced by osteoblast
  • important in promoting calcification of matrix giving us inorganic portion
30
Q

what helps give bones its inorganic (HA) portion.

A

osteocalsin

31
Q

what is responsible for hardness and resilience of bones?

A

HA crystals. (50% of dry weight).

32
Q

osteogenic cell

A
  • develop into osteoblast
  • basically mesenchymal stem cells
  • found in inner layers of periosteum or endosteum
33
Q

osteoblast main function

A

produce osteoid (bone matrix)- signal for calcification of the bone

34
Q

osteoblast structure and location

A

find on surface of bone matrix, right on interchange between matrix and periosteum. endosteum
when very active line up right next to each other, looks like epithelial, get larger when producing matrix

35
Q

osteoblast stain what and contain lots of what in their cells

A

basophilic, love hematoxylin. rough ER, golgi, ribosomes

36
Q

when osteoblast are completely surrounded by matrix they are called what and sit in what

A

osteocytes, sit in lacunae

37
Q

osteocyte main function

A

maintain matrix.

38
Q

osteocytes sit in what

A

lacunae- completely surrounded by calcified matrix

39
Q

how long to osteocytes live

A

a long time

40
Q

how to osteocytes exchange materials (waste/get nutrients from blood)

A

they have cytoplasmic extensions that sit in canals

41
Q

what are the canals called that have osteocyte cytoplasmic extensions in them

A

canilculi

42
Q

how to osteocytes in the middle get nutrients and get rid of waste

A

sends out little cytoplasmic extension before its completely surrounded and calcified. at end of cytoplasmic extensions has gap junctions to another which eventually one is near a blood vessels. so pass on from one osteocyte cytoplasmic extension to another. extensions sit in canals in the bone. canals called caniliculi.

43
Q

osteoclast main function

A

reabsorb bone

44
Q

osteoclast characteristic

A

large, motile, multinucleate.

45
Q

osteoclast are derived from what

A

same cells that make macrophages

46
Q

part of osteoclast they do their reabsorption

A

ruffled boarder

47
Q

ruffled boarder

A

invagination of plasma membrane, increases surface area, lots of protein pumps in that area. low pH.

48
Q

area where reabsorption takes place

A

reabsorption bay, (howship lacunae) a little depression.

49
Q

bone stains what color because of what

A

pink, lots of collagen

50
Q

how is HA formed in bone?

A
  1. osteoid starts secreting substances that bind calcium
  2. osteoblast secret vesicles that contain alkaline phosphatase.
  3. calcium and alkaline phosphatase get together and start forming HA crystals
51
Q

two types of bone tissue

A
  1. primary bone tissue (woven or immature bone)

2. secondary bone tissue (lamellar bone or mature)

52
Q

primary bone

A
  • not organized
  • lots of cells
  • first bone to develop in embryo
  • bone to repair breaks
  • replaced by mature bone
53
Q

secondary bone

A
  • much more organized.
  • ## osteon
54
Q

main structural unit of compact bone

A

osteon

55
Q

another name for osteon

A

haversian system

56
Q

osteon arrangement

A

like straws inside bigger straws. lamellae fibers alternate 90 degree pattern. this is what makes bones so strong

57
Q

middle of osteon is what

A

a canal, called haversian canal or central canal. where arteries, veins, and nerves are.

58
Q

about how many lamellae make up osteons

A

4-8, not any more than 10 because inside ones couldn’t get nutrients, it would be too hard.

59
Q

whats in between osteons

A

interstitial lamellae

60
Q

interstitial lamellae

A

made up of old osteocytes. part of build up break down cycle.

61
Q

what is the final layer that surrounds osteons

A

cement line

62
Q

lamellae that line medullary cavity

A

inner circumferentrial

63
Q

volkmann’s canal

A

runs 90 degree, allows for access to outside of bone or do medullary cavity. connect blood vessels to endosteum. nutrients come from middle medullary cavity, waste to outward.

Anatomy Test 4 (11 decks)

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