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Anatomy Test 4 > embryo 2 > Flashcards

embryo 2 Flashcards

1
Q

sources of bone forming tissue

A

mesoderm

neural crest

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2
Q

Mesoderm/Neural crest cells revert to ________ state

A

mesenchymal

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3
Q

Mesenchymal cells will differentiate into ________ and _______ to eventually form bone

A

osteoblasts or chondroblasts

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4
Q

during intremembranous ossification: At first, bone is arranged in ______ , which will reorganize as ______

A

spicules, osteons

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5
Q

joint formation begins when as condensed mesenchyme appears in _______

A

joint interzones

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6
Q

what will form the tissue that unites the bones of a joint

A

Mesenchyme

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7
Q

3 types of joints

A
  • Fibrous (ex: sutures)
  • Cartilaginous (ex: costochondral joints, symphyses)
  • Synovial (ex: knee joint)
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8
Q

during formation of synovial joints, Mesenchymal cells surrounding joint interzone form _______ and _______

A

form fibrous joint capsule & reinforcing ligaments

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9
Q

Condensed mesenchyme in joint inter zone gives rise to

A

Ligaments inside joint capsule, synovial membrane, menisci

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10
Q

Paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome) forms all of the ________ except for the _____ and portion of the ______

A

axial skeleton, sternum and portion of the skull

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11
Q

forming vertebrae and IV disc starts with what

A

Sclerotome cells surround neural tube and notochord

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12
Q

Each sclerotome segment has a _______ portion cranially and a ______ portion caudally

A

less dense, dense

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13
Q

half of dense forms what and other half combines with less dense and forms what

A

IV disc, vertebrea bodies

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14
Q

______ are formed from sclerotome of paraxial mesoderm. Grow out as lateral extensions of costal processes developing from thoracic vertebrae & wrap around anteriorly

A

Ribs

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15
Q

________forms where costal process meets vertebra

A

Synovial joint

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16
Q

Sternum is induced to form by ribs at ventral midline from ________

A

lateral plate somatic mesoderm

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17
Q

Develops as two sternal bars that will fuse cranially to caudally during _____ week

A

10th

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18
Q

Primary curvatures

A

(develop during fetal period): thoracic & sacral

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19
Q

secondary curvatures

A

(develop after birth): cervical (once can hold head up) & lumbar (once begins walking)

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20
Q

Neurocranial bones form from what and what are by what ossification process(s)

A

paraxial mesoderm and neural crest cells

intramembranous and endochondral ossification

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21
Q

visocranium bones form from what and by which ossification process(s)?

A

neural crest cells from first 2 pharyngeal arches, ONLY by intramembranous

22
Q

_______ forms by endochondral ossification (base of skull: sphenoid, clivus, petrous portion of temporal bone) (red + blue = chondrocranium)

A

“Chondrocranium”

23
Q

_______: forms by intramembranous ossification (all other parts of neurocranium)

A

“Membranous neurocranium”

24
Q

Fontanelles

A

enlarged membranous spaces where 2+ bones meet

25
Q

Sutures:

A

Fibrous joints uniting the flat bones of the skull

During fetal period, are membranous and flexible joints

26
Q

Craniosynostosis

A

Premature closure of suture(s)

27
Q

Scaphocephaly

A

(premature closure of sagittal suture)

28
Q

Brachycephaly

A

(premature closure of coronal suture)

29
Q

Lateral plate mesoderm –>

A

mesenchyme –> pectoral & pelvic girdles, limb bones, sternum (= appendicular skeleton + sternum)

30
Q

Paraxial mesoderm (sclerotome) –>

A

mesenchyme –>vertebral column, ribs, + portion of neurocranium (occipital & parietal bones, petrous portion of temporal bone, posterior half of sphenoid bone)

31
Q

Neural Crest –>

A

mesenchyme –> bones of face (viscerocranium) + portion of neurocranium (frontal bone, squamous portion of temporal bone, anterior half of sphenoid bone), hyoid bone

32
Q

skeletal muscle derived from what

A

-Derived from paraxial mesoderm

33
Q

cardiac muscle derived from what

A

Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm surrounding developing heart

34
Q

smooth muscle derived from what

A

Of G.I. tract: Derived from intraembryonic splanchnic mesoderm surrounding gut tube

35
Q

which smooth muscle is derived from ectoderm

A

Sphincter pupillae m. & dilator pupillae m. of iris: neuroectoderm
Myoepithelial cells of mammary, salivary & sweat glands: surface ectoderm

36
Q

skeletal muscle formation steps

A

paraxial mesoderm -> somites -> somites differentiate into sclerotome, MYOTOME, and dermatome

37
Q

_______ (paraxial mesoderm) give rise to most of the axial skeleton & associated musculature + overlying dermis of back

A

Somites

38
Q

limb skeletal muscle. _________ separates paraxial mesoderm from lateral plate somatic mesoderm

A

Lateral somitic frontier

39
Q

Some VLL ______ myoblasts will migrate across the frontier into lateral plate somatic mesoderm to form skeletal muscle of the limb

A

(ventrolateral lip)

40
Q

Each myotome divides into ______ and ______

A 
epaxial group (dorsal)
hypaxial group (ventral)
41
Q

Muscle tendons (or aponeuroses) form from ______ near myotomes

A

sclerotome cells

42
Q

Limb musculature is derived from the _____ of somite myotomes that migrates into lateral plate mesoderm

A

VLL

43
Q

limb bud

A

Core of mesenchyme, lined by surface ectoderm

44
Q

limb elongation: __________ sends signaling factors to nearby mesenchyme of ________ (keeps cells undifferentiated and rapidly dividing to form more limb tissue)

A

AER (apical ectodermal ridge), progress zone

45
Q

Limb buds initially grow straight out laterally, followed by:
UL _____ rotation by 90° & LL _____ rotation by 90°

A

lateral, medial

46
Q

By the end of 6th week, mesenchyme is condensing to form digital rays =

A

outlines of future digits

47
Q

Organized ______ of cells in AER divides paddle into 5 digits

A

apoptosis

48
Q

Meromelia

A

: absence of part of a limb

49
Q

Amelia:

A

absence of entire limb

50
Q

Polydactyly:

A

extra digits

51
Q

Syndactyly:

A

fewer digits

Anatomy Test 4 (11 decks)

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