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BDS Finals > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of connective tissue (3)

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Organ protection
  3. Structural integrity
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1
Q

What type of tissue is the most abundant

A

Connective

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2
Q

Examples of connective tissue (5)

A
  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Tendons and ligaments
  4. Adipose tissue
  5. Mesentery (connects intestine to abdomen)
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3
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue

A

Cells
ECM:
- Ground substance
- Fibres

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4
Q

ECM (2)

A

Extra-cellular matrix
Made up of ground substance and fibres

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5
Q

Ground Substance Function (3)

A
  1. Provides biochemical support
  2. Profound water binding ability
  3. Provides tissue volume
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6
Q

Fibres function

A

Provides structural support and tensile strength

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7
Q

Ground substance composition (3)

A

Glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates
Hyaluronic acid
Glucosamine

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8
Q

Types of fibres

A

Collagen
Elastin

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9
Q

Collagen fibres (4)

A

Strongest and most abundant
Provide tensile strength
Secreted by connective tissue cells
At least 28 different types

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10
Q

Elastin fibres (3)

A

Long and branched
Provide strength and recoil ability
Secreted by fibroblasts

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11
Q

Where is elastin found in large amounts (4)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Lungs
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Bladder
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12
Q

Blasts function

A

Synthesise

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13
Q

Cytes function

A

Maintain

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14
Q

Clasts

A

Breakdown

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15
Q

Is connective tissue vascularised

A

Yes except for cartilage

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16
Q

Classification of connective tissue

A

Loose or dense

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17
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Fewer fibres
More ground substance

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18
Q

Types of loose connective tissue (3)

A
  1. Areolar tissue
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Reticular tissue
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19
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

More fibres
Less ground substance

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20
Q

Types of dense connective tissue (3)

A
  1. Dense regular
  2. Dense irregular
  3. Elastic
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21
Q

What type of cells make up glands (2)

A

Epithelial cells
Ectodermal origin

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22
Q

Types of Glands (2)

A

Endocrine or exocrine
Sheets or acini

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23
Q

Endocrine Glands (4)

A
  1. Secretes hormones
  2. Secretions released into interstitial fluid then into blood stream
  3. Regulation of bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis
  4. No ducts
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24
Q
A
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25
Q

Types of glands (2)

A

Endocrine or exocrine
Sheets or acini

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26
Q

Endocrine Glands (4)

A
  1. Secretions released into interstitial fluid then bloodstream
  2. Secretes hormones
  3. Regulates bodily functions and maintains homeostasis
  4. No ducts
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27
Q

Chronic hormone secretion

A

Constant release
Only small differences

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28
Q

Episodic hormone secretion

A

Insulin good example
Stimulus applied - hormone released

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29
Q

Acute hormone secretion

A

Amplitude depends on stimulus
Adrenaline

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30
Q

What gland is both endocrine and exocrine

A

Pancreas

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31
Q

What has main control of hormones in the body

A

Hypothalamus

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32
Q

Thyroid Gland (2)

A
  1. 4 parathyroid glands
  2. Two lobs connected by isthmus
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33
Q

Hormones produced by thyroid gland (3)

A

Thyroxine T4
Tri-iodothyronine T3 (active)
Calcitonin (Clear cells)

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34
Q

What cells are sensitive to the parathyroid hormone

A

Osteoclasts
Bone resorbed when activated

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35
Q

What is released when bone is resorbed

A

Calcium

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36
Q

What is calcium metabolism controlled by (3)

A
  1. Calcitonin
  2. PTH (raises)
  3. Vitamin D
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37
Q

Exocrine Glands (2)

A
  1. Ducts that open onto epithelial surface
  2. Classified by structure or method of secretion
38
Q

Exocrine Glands classed by structure

A

Unicellular
Multicellular

39
Q

Shapes of glands (3)

A
  1. Tubular or acinar
  2. Simple, branched, coiled, compound
  3. Tubuloacinar
40
Q

Exocrine glands classed by secretion method (3)

A
  1. Merocrine
  2. Apocrine
  3. Holocrine
41
Q

Merocrine gland

A

Substance produced in vesicles which travel to surface of cells and open up to release product into lumen

42
Q

Merocrine gland example

A

Salivary gland

43
Q

Aprocine gland

A

Substance produced in vesicles then stored in uppermost part of cell, this then drops off into duct

44
Q

Apocrine gland example

A

Sweat glands

45
Q

Holocrine gland

A

Present within cell
Entire cell drops off into lumen of duct

46
Q

Types of gland secretion (3)

A
  1. Mucous
  2. Serous
  3. Mixed
47
Q

Parotid gland type

A

Serous

48
Q

Submandibular gland type

A

Mixed

49
Q

Sublingual gland type

A

Mucous

50
Q

Mucous acini (2)

A
  1. Light in colour due to presence of mucous
  2. Nuclei pushed to edge of cell and most of cell is used to store mucous
51
Q

Serous Acini (2)

A
  1. Darker in colour as they contain granules and enzymes
  2. Nuclei quite large and not as squashed
52
Q

Pancreas - Beta cells

A

Produce insulin

53
Q

Pancreas - Alpha cells

A

Produce glucagon

54
Q

Pancreas - Delta cells

A

Produce somastatin and gastrin

55
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (2)

A

Destruction of beta cells
No insulin produced

56
Q

Diabetes Mellitus Type 2

A

Insulin resistant

57
Q

Endocrinopathies (3)

A
  1. Hypofunction
  2. Hyperfunction
  3. Hormone resistance
58
Q

Types of tissue (4)

A
  1. Epithelial
  2. Connective
  3. Muscle
  4. Nervous
59
Q

Histology Definition

A

Microscopic study of normal cells and tissues

60
Q

Pathology definition

A

Microscopic study of diseased cells and tissues

61
Q

Types of microscopy

A

Light
Electron

62
Q

Specimen Collection Methods (4)

A
  1. Incision or punch biopsy
  2. Needle biopsy
  3. Endoscopic biopsy
  4. Imaging techniques (X-ray, MRI) often used to guide biopsy
63
Q

Histology Stains (3)

A
  1. H&E
  2. PAS
  3. Masson trichome
64
Q

H & E (4)

A

Haematoxylin and Eosin
Stains acids purple
Stains bases red or pink
Most commonly used

65
Q

PAS (2)

A

Periodic Acid-Schiff reactions
Complex carbs magenta

66
Q

Masson Trichome (4)

A
  1. Stains connective tissues
  2. Nuclei and basophilic blue
  3. Collagen green/blue
  4. Cytoplasm, muscle, RBC and keratin red
67
Q

Immunohistochemistry (2)

A

Uses antibodies specificity for antigens
Antibody conjugated to an indicator (enzymatic or fluorescent)

68
Q

Rests of Malassez

A

Remnants of Hertwigs epithelial root sheath

69
Q

Rests of Serres

A

Remnants of dental lamina

70
Q

Reduced enamel epithelium

A

Remnants of the enamel organ

71
Q

What type of cyst is formed from Hertwigs root sheath

A

Radicular cyst

72
Q

What cysts/tumours are formed from rests of serres (3)

A

Ameloblastoma
OKC
Gingival cyst

73
Q

What cysts are formed from reduced enamel epithelium (2)

A

Dentigerous
Eruption

74
Q

Radicular cyst histology (3)

A
  1. Epithelial lining
  2. Connective tissue capsule
  3. Inflammation in capsule
75
Q

What mediates the growth of radicular cysts

A

Cytokines

76
Q

What do cholesterol clefts look like

A

Long thin spaces in tissue

77
Q

Dentigerous cyst histology (2)

A
  1. Thin non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
  2. May resemble radicular cyst if inflamed
78
Q

OKC Histology (4)

A
  1. Basal palisading
  2. Parakeratosis
  3. Thin friable lining
  4. Loss of keratin if inflamed
79
Q

Basal palisading

A

Comparative to soldiers standing in a line at bottom of epithelium

80
Q

Nasopalatine duct histology (3)

A

Variable epithelial lining
Non-keratinised stratified squamous and modified respiratory

81
Q

Epithelium of sinuses

A

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

82
Q

Where are most salivary gland tumours found (2)

A
  1. Parotid
  2. Submandibular and minor second most likely
83
Q

Histological Classification of tumours (4)

A

Epithelial neoplasms
- Benign - Adenoma - 11 Types
- Malignant - Adenocarcinoma - 20 Types
Non-epithelial
- Lymphoma
- Sarcoma

84
Q

Problems in salivary gland tumour diagnosis (4)

A
  1. Number of types
  2. Variation within a tumour
  3. Common features between types
  4. Not all tumours fit classification
85
Q

Pleomorphic adenoma (4)

A
  1. 75% of all salivary gland tumours
  2. Varied histology
  3. Recurrence common
  4. Malignant transformation 5%
86
Q

Varied histology of pleomorphic adenoma (4)

A
  1. Duct epithelium
  2. Myoepithelial cells
  3. Myxoid and ‘chondroid’ areas
  4. Capsule variable
87
Q

Warthins Tumour - Adenolymphoma (3)

A
  1. 15% of salivary gland tumours
  2. Related to smoking
  3. Occasionally multiple/bilateral
88
Q

Warthins Tumour - Histology (3)

A
  1. Cystic
  2. Distinctive epithelium (pattern)
  3. Lymphoid tissue
89
Q

Where is salivary gland carcinoma more common

A

Minor glands

90
Q

Which type of tumour has perineurial infiltration (2)

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma
Polymorphous adenocarcinoma

91
Q

Which type of tumour has Swiss cheese appearance on histology

A

Adenoid cystic carcinoma

92
Q

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma - Histology (2)

A

2 Types
- Squamous (epidermoid)
- Glandular (mucous)

93
Q

Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (2)

A
  1. Cystic or Solid
  2. Unpredictable

BDS Finals (23 decks)

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