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BDS Finals > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Function of connective tissue (3)

A
  1. Energy storage
  2. Organ protection
  3. Structural integrity
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1
Q

What type of tissue is the most abundant

A

Connective

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2
Q

Examples of connective tissue (5)

A
  1. Bone
  2. Cartilage
  3. Tendons and ligaments
  4. Adipose tissue
  5. Mesentery (connects intestine to abdomen)
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3
Q

What are the 3 main components of connective tissue

A

Cells
ECM:
- Ground substance
- Fibres

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4
Q

ECM (2)

A

Extra-cellular matrix
Made up of ground substance and fibres

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5
Q

Ground Substance Function (3)

A
  1. Provides biochemical support
  2. Profound water binding ability
  3. Provides tissue volume
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6
Q

Fibres function

A

Provides structural support and tensile strength

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7
Q

Ground substance composition (3)

A

Glycoproteins and complex carbohydrates
Hyaluronic acid
Glucosamine

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8
Q

Types of fibres

A

Collagen
Elastin

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9
Q

Collagen fibres (4)

A

Strongest and most abundant
Provide tensile strength
Secreted by connective tissue cells
At least 28 different types

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10
Q

Elastin fibres (3)

A

Long and branched
Provide strength and recoil ability
Secreted by fibroblasts

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11
Q

Where is elastin found in large amounts (4)

A
  1. Skin
  2. Lungs
  3. Blood vessels
  4. Bladder
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12
Q

Blasts function

A

Synthesise

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13
Q

Cytes function

A

Maintain

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14
Q

Clasts

A

Breakdown

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15
Q

Is connective tissue vascularised

A

Yes except for cartilage

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16
Q

Classification of connective tissue

A

Loose or dense

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17
Q

Loose connective tissue

A

Fewer fibres
More ground substance

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18
Q

Types of loose connective tissue (3)

A
  1. Areolar tissue
  2. Adipose tissue
  3. Reticular tissue
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19
Q

Dense connective tissue

A

More fibres
Less ground substance

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20
Q

Types of dense connective tissue (3)

A
  1. Dense regular
  2. Dense irregular
  3. Elastic
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21
Q

What type of cells make up glands (2)

A

Epithelial cells
Ectodermal origin

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22
Q

Types of Glands (2)

A

Endocrine or exocrine
Sheets or acini

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23
Q

Endocrine Glands (4)

A
  1. Secretes hormones
  2. Secretions released into interstitial fluid then into blood stream
  3. Regulation of bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis
  4. No ducts
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24
25
Types of glands (2)
Endocrine or exocrine Sheets or acini
26
Endocrine Glands (4)
1. Secretions released into interstitial fluid then bloodstream 2. Secretes hormones 3. Regulates bodily functions and maintains homeostasis 4. No ducts
27
Chronic hormone secretion
Constant release Only small differences
28
Episodic hormone secretion
Insulin good example Stimulus applied - hormone released
29
Acute hormone secretion
Amplitude depends on stimulus Adrenaline
30
What gland is both endocrine and exocrine
Pancreas
31
What has main control of hormones in the body
Hypothalamus
32
Thyroid Gland (2)
1. 4 parathyroid glands 2. Two lobs connected by isthmus
33
Hormones produced by thyroid gland (3)
Thyroxine T4 Tri-iodothyronine T3 (active) Calcitonin (Clear cells)
34
What cells are sensitive to the parathyroid hormone
Osteoclasts Bone resorbed when activated
35
What is released when bone is resorbed
Calcium
36
What is calcium metabolism controlled by (3)
1. Calcitonin 2. PTH (raises) 3. Vitamin D
37
Exocrine Glands (2)
1. Ducts that open onto epithelial surface 2. Classified by structure or method of secretion
38
Exocrine Glands classed by structure
Unicellular Multicellular
39
Shapes of glands (3)
1. Tubular or acinar 2. Simple, branched, coiled, compound 3. Tubuloacinar
40
Exocrine glands classed by secretion method (3)
1. Merocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine
41
Merocrine gland
Substance produced in vesicles which travel to surface of cells and open up to release product into lumen
42
Merocrine gland example
Salivary gland
43
Aprocine gland
Substance produced in vesicles then stored in uppermost part of cell, this then drops off into duct
44
Apocrine gland example
Sweat glands
45
Holocrine gland
Present within cell Entire cell drops off into lumen of duct
46
Types of gland secretion (3)
1. Mucous 2. Serous 3. Mixed
47
Parotid gland type
Serous
48
Submandibular gland type
Mixed
49
Sublingual gland type
Mucous
50
Mucous acini (2)
1. Light in colour due to presence of mucous 2. Nuclei pushed to edge of cell and most of cell is used to store mucous
51
Serous Acini (2)
1. Darker in colour as they contain granules and enzymes 2. Nuclei quite large and not as squashed
52
Pancreas - Beta cells
Produce insulin
53
Pancreas - Alpha cells
Produce glucagon
54
Pancreas - Delta cells
Produce somastatin and gastrin
55
Diabetes Mellitus Type 1 (2)
Destruction of beta cells No insulin produced
56
Diabetes Mellitus Type 2
Insulin resistant
57
Endocrinopathies (3)
1. Hypofunction 2. Hyperfunction 3. Hormone resistance
58
Types of tissue (4)
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous
59
Histology Definition
Microscopic study of normal cells and tissues
60
Pathology definition
Microscopic study of diseased cells and tissues
61
Types of microscopy
Light Electron
62
Specimen Collection Methods (4)
1. Incision or punch biopsy 2. Needle biopsy 3. Endoscopic biopsy 4. Imaging techniques (X-ray, MRI) often used to guide biopsy
63
Histology Stains (3)
1. H&E 2. PAS 3. Masson trichome
64
H & E (4)
Haematoxylin and Eosin Stains acids purple Stains bases red or pink Most commonly used
65
PAS (2)
Periodic Acid-Schiff reactions Complex carbs magenta
66
Masson Trichome (4)
1. Stains connective tissues 2. Nuclei and basophilic blue 3. Collagen green/blue 4. Cytoplasm, muscle, RBC and keratin red
67
Immunohistochemistry (2)
Uses antibodies specificity for antigens Antibody conjugated to an indicator (enzymatic or fluorescent)
68
Rests of Malassez
Remnants of Hertwigs epithelial root sheath
69
Rests of Serres
Remnants of dental lamina
70
Reduced enamel epithelium
Remnants of the enamel organ
71
What type of cyst is formed from Hertwigs root sheath
Radicular cyst
72
What cysts/tumours are formed from rests of serres (3)
Ameloblastoma OKC Gingival cyst
73
What cysts are formed from reduced enamel epithelium (2)
Dentigerous Eruption
74
Radicular cyst histology (3)
1. Epithelial lining 2. Connective tissue capsule 3. Inflammation in capsule
75
What mediates the growth of radicular cysts
Cytokines
76
What do cholesterol clefts look like
Long thin spaces in tissue
77
Dentigerous cyst histology (2)
1. Thin non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium 2. May resemble radicular cyst if inflamed
78
OKC Histology (4)
1. Basal palisading 2. Parakeratosis 3. Thin friable lining 4. Loss of keratin if inflamed
79
Basal palisading
Comparative to soldiers standing in a line at bottom of epithelium
80
Nasopalatine duct histology (3)
Variable epithelial lining Non-keratinised stratified squamous and modified respiratory
81
Epithelium of sinuses
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
82
Where are most salivary gland tumours found (2)
1. Parotid 2. Submandibular and minor second most likely
83
Histological Classification of tumours (4)
Epithelial neoplasms - Benign - Adenoma - 11 Types - Malignant - Adenocarcinoma - 20 Types Non-epithelial - Lymphoma - Sarcoma
84
Problems in salivary gland tumour diagnosis (4)
1. Number of types 2. Variation within a tumour 3. Common features between types 4. Not all tumours fit classification
85
Pleomorphic adenoma (4)
1. 75% of all salivary gland tumours 2. Varied histology 3. Recurrence common 4. Malignant transformation 5%
86
Varied histology of pleomorphic adenoma (4)
1. Duct epithelium 2. Myoepithelial cells 3. Myxoid and 'chondroid' areas 4. Capsule variable
87
Warthins Tumour - Adenolymphoma (3)
1. 15% of salivary gland tumours 2. Related to smoking 3. Occasionally multiple/bilateral
88
Warthins Tumour - Histology (3)
1. Cystic 2. Distinctive epithelium (pattern) 3. Lymphoid tissue
89
Where is salivary gland carcinoma more common
Minor glands
90
Which type of tumour has perineurial infiltration (2)
Adenoid cystic carcinoma Polymorphous adenocarcinoma
91
Which type of tumour has Swiss cheese appearance on histology
Adenoid cystic carcinoma
92
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma - Histology (2)
2 Types - Squamous (epidermoid) - Glandular (mucous)
93
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (2)
1. Cystic or Solid 2. Unpredictable

BDS Finals (22 decks)

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