Cells and Molecules Flashcards

1
Q

Where does NH+ of LA bind

A

Voltage gated sodium channels - active gate

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2
Q

Types of bacteria (4)

A
  1. Gram positive
  2. Gram negative
  3. Cocci
  4. Bacilli
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3
Q

Round bacteria

A

Cocci

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4
Q

Pinkish purple bacteria

A

Gram positive

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5
Q

Growth Conditions for bacteria (4)

A
  1. Aerobic
  2. Capnophilic
  3. Facultative
  4. Strictly Anaerobic
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6
Q

Aerobic Bacteria

A

Oxygen

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7
Q

Capnophilic bacteria

A

Carbon dioxide

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8
Q

Facultative bacteria

A

With and without bacteria

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9
Q

Strictly anaerobic bacteria

A

Without oxygen

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10
Q

Types of antibiotic resistance (2)

A

Intrinsic
Acquired

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11
Q

Types of acquired antibiotic resistance (2)

A

Mutation
Acquisition of new DNA

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12
Q

Ways bacteria can acquire new DNA (3)

A
  1. Transformation
  2. Transduction
  3. Conjugation
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13
Q

Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance (3)

A

Altered target site
Enzymatic inactivation
Decreased uptake

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14
Q

ESBL

A

Extended spectrum beta-lactamases

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15
Q

CPE

A

Carbapenemase Producing Entraales

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16
Q

Charge of ICF (2)

A

-ve compared to ECF
Although equal number of +ve and -ve charges in ICF and ECF but charge distribution is polarised

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17
Q

Where are there more sodium ions (neurone)

A

ECF

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18
Q

Where are there more potassium ions (neurone)

A

ICF

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19
Q

Where are there more chloride ions (neurone)

A

ECF

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20
Q

What ion is the resting membrane permeable to

A

Potassium
The diffusion of potassium is what is responsible for the RMP

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21
Q

RMP

A

Resting membrane potential

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22
Q

How does the Na/K Pump contribute to RMP? (2)

A

Exchanging unequal numbers of Na and K
Expelling any Na that leaks into cell

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23
Q

Threshold for action potential

24
Q

Cause of rising phase of AP

A

Na influx
Voltage gated Na channels

25
Cause of falling phase of AP
K efflux Voltage gated K channels
26
AP - What happens before MP reaches the threshold
Depolarisation
27
AP - MP peak
35mV
28
Refractory period (2)
Period of inexcitability after AP Due to inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels
29
Can AP add together
No They are all or none events
30
Consequences of the refractory period (2)
Limits maximum firing potential Ensures unidirectional propagation of AP
31
How does AP travel along the axon (2)
AP in one section depolarises the next section of 'resting' axon This continues as a wave of depolarisation
32
AP propagation and size of axon
Speed of propagation increases with axon diameter
33
What cells lay down myelin
Glial cells
34
Interruption of myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
35
Nodes of Ranvier purpose
Axon membrane is exposed to ECF and ion flow can occur
36
Saltatory conduction
In myelinated nerves, fewer regeneration steps per unit length of axon
37
What type of axons are unmyelinated
C
38
Examples of bacteria involved in dental abscesses (2)
Streptococcus anginosus Prevotella intermedia
39
Bacteria involved in osteomyelitis of jaws (4)
1. Anaerobic gram negative rods 2. Anaerobic streptococci 3. Streptococcus anginosus 4. Staphylococcus aureus
40
Bacteria involved in Ludwig's angina and SOI (3)
1. Anaerobic gram negative bacilli 2. Streptococcus anginosus 3. Anaerobic streptococci
41
Antimicrobial resistance - S
Susceptible at standard dose
42
Antimicrobial resistance - I
Susceptible at increased dose
43
Antimicrobial resistance - R
Resistance even with increased dose
44
Clinical antimicrobial resistance
When infection is unlikely to respond even to maximum doses of antibiotic (EUCAST)
45
Antimicrobial Stewardship Definition
An organisational or healthcare-system-wide approach to promoting and monitoring judicious use of antimicrobials to preserve their future effectiveness
46
Global Plan for Antimicrobial Resistance (5)
1. Improve awareness and understanding 2. Strengthen the knowledge through surveillance and research 3. Reduce the incidence of infection 4. Optimise use of antimicrobial medicines 5. Ensure sustainable investment
47
Why is fluoroapetitie preferable to hydroxyapatite
It is less susceptible to demineralisation
48
When is fluoride most effective
Early lesions
49
How does fluoride effect bacteria
Influences their metabolic pathways which results in less acid being produced
50
Does fluoride work better systemically or topically
Topically
51
What causes discolouration?
The formation of chromogenic products within the tooth structure
52
How does bleaching work
Oxidisation of long chain chromogenic molecules Leads to smaller non pigmented molecules
53
Mechanism of action of CHXD (2)
Bactericidal - opens up cell membranes Bacteriostatic - inhibits bacterial growth
54
Which family does CHXD belong to
Antiseptic
55
Substantivity of CHXD
Residual activity enhances bactericidal effect