Histo of the Female Repro Tract and Breast (Nichols)

Question 1

definition of mucosa

Answer 1

lining/membrane of body passages that communicate directly or indirectly with the exterior
**commonly contain mucin-secreting glands

Question 2

defn of serosa

Answer 2

outermost later of an organ in a serosal cavity (peritoneal, pleural, or pericardial)

Question 3

What makes up serosa

Answer 3

fibroelastic tissue covered by mesothelium continuous with the lining of the cavity

Question 4

acellular fibrous/collagenous membrane separating the organized cellular elements of a tissue from the interstitium

Answer 4

Basement membrane

Question 5

the purely cellular avascular layer covering and lining of all the external and internal surfaces of the body and assc glands

Answer 5

epithelium

Question 6

the supportive connective tissue around the parenchyma

Answer 6

stroma

Question 7

the functional tissue of an organ

Answer 7

parenchyma

Question 8

covered by mesothelium continuous with the lining of the cavity

Answer 8

serosa

Question 9

follicualr phase of the ovary correlates to the ____ phase of the endometrium

Answer 9

proliferative

Question 10

the secretory phase of the uterus correlates to what phase of the ovary

Answer 10

luteal

Question 11

Why does menstruation occur? (philosophical answer, not biochem/physiological)

Answer 11

evolutionary advantage for reproduction to be able to slough off endometrium and the infections that were brewing in there

Question 12

What role does estrogen and progesterone play in menstruation?

Answer 12

the ABSENCE of them allow menstruation to occut

Question 13

What role do the arteries play in menstruation?

Answer 13

they vasoconstrict/spasm → cut off blood supply → ischemic necrosis → sloughing

Question 14

What inflammatory cells are present in the mentrual phase? Why?

Answer 14

neutrophils: ischemia causes an acute inflammatory response ***they also PREVENT INFECTION from the necrosis/sloughing

Question 15

At what stage of the menstrual cycle will the histology of the endometrium show:
spindle shaped cells in the stroma

Answer 15

proliferative

Question 16

At what stage of the menstrual cycle will the histology of the endometrium show:
fragmented glands

Answer 16

menstrual

Question 17

At what stage of the menstrual cycle will the histology of the endometrium show:
straight glands with pseudostratified epithelium

Answer 17

proliferative

Question 18

At what stage of the menstrual cycle will the histology of the endometrium show:
basal cytoplasmic vacuoles

Answer 18

secretory

Question 19

At what stage of the menstrual cycle will the histology of the endometrium show:
round stromal cells

Answer 19

pre-menstrual

Question 20

At what stage of the menstrual cycle will the histology of the endometrium show:
tortuous dilated glands with secretions

Answer 20

secretory

Question 21

At what stage of the menstrual cycle will the histology of the endometrium show:
degenerating blood/hemosiderin

Answer 21

menstrual

Question 22

At what stage of the menstrual cycle will the histology of the endometrium show:
decidualized endometrium

Answer 22

pre-menstrual

Question 23

histo changes of the of endometrium as it progresses thru the menstrual cycle

Answer 23

menstrual endothelium: fragmented glands and stroma and degenerating blood

proliferative: straight glands lined with pseudostratified epithelium and spindle shaped cells in the stroma
secretory: basal cytoplasmic vacuoles + tortuous dilated glands containing secretions

pre-menstrual: decidualized endometrium with large round stomal cells (decidualization is characteristic of the endometrial changes of pregnancy but it can also be used to describe the changes induced by progesterone)

Question 24

when do the primordial follicles develop?

Answer 24

in utero, they arrest until puberty

Question 25

what signals the primordial follicles to progress into an early primary follicle?

Answer 25

FSH and LH secretion (at sexual maturity)

Question 26

what causes the primary follicle to progess to a secondary follicle

Answer 26

when the first meiotic division is completed

Question 27

what does the secondary follicle become when the second meiotic division starts

Answer 27

Graafian follicle containing secondary oocyte

Question 28

after ovulation what becomes of the follicle if it is not fertilized

Answer 28

corpus luteum → corpus albicans

Question 29

what does a primary follicle have that primordial follicles do not have?

Answer 29

primary follicles have granulosa cells

Question 30

have primary or primordial follicles completed meiosis?

Answer 30

neither!!

Question 31

what stage of the follicle maturation is "antrium forming"

Answer 31

secondary follicle

Question 32

what are the components of a mature follicle

Answer 32

``` stratum granulosum theca interna ans externa antrum zona pellucida cumulos oophorus ```

Question 33

what are the oocyes producing during the proliferative phase?

Answer 33

granulosa cells make FSH which stimulates themselves to convert androgens to estradiol

Question 34

After ovulation (ie the secretory phase) what do the oocytes produce?

Answer 34

granulosa leutin cells make progesterone

Question 35

how would a granulosa cell tumor manifest clinically in a child?

Answer 35

precocious puberty

Question 36

how would a granulosa cell tumor manifest clinically as an adult (pre-menopause)

Answer 36

abn uterine bleeding

Question 37

how would a granuolosa cell tumor manifest clinically after menopause?

Answer 37

↑ androgen production → ↑estrogen → endometrial hyperplasia → new bleeding after onset of menopause

Question 38

will become the corona radiata after ovulation

Answer 38

granulosa cells

Question 39

what color is the corporus luteum? WHy?

Answer 39

yellow, it is filled with lipid/cholesterol to make estrogen

Question 40

what color is the corpora albicantia? why?

Answer 40

white, it is scar tissue/collagen

Question 41

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilization of the ovum occurs?

Answer 41

it grows and produces progesterone

Question 42

what happens to the corpus luteum if NO fertilization of the egg occurs?

Answer 42

it involutes and becomes corpora albicantia

Question 43

what commonly occurs in the process of involution of the corpus luteum?

Answer 43

hemorrhaging

Question 44

single layer of modified peritoneal mesothelial cells overlying the stroma

Answer 44

ovary serosa

Question 45

what is the shape of the cells in the stroma of the ovary?

Answer 45

spindle shaped

Question 46

70% of ovarian tuors (incl 90% of malignant ones) are from the _____ why?

Answer 46

serosal surface bc they are very active cells in that they are constantly repairing and proliferating

Question 47

what are the 2 histo layers of the uterine wall

Answer 47

endometrium and myometrium

Question 48

why is the muscle in the uterine wall smooth and not skeletal?

Answer 48

smooth so that they can proliferate (skeletal cannot)--this ability is needed for pregnancy

Question 49

describe the wall of the fallopian tube (histo)

Answer 49

papillary ciliated epithelium and muscular wall

Question 50

what would happen in an agg was fertilized in the fallopian tube (and got stuck)

Answer 50

ectopic → hemorrhage

Question 51

what type of epithelium lines the fallopian tube? why?

Answer 51

ciliated to move the egg into the uterus

Question 52

how is the exocervix different than the endocervix? (how would you ID it histologically)

Answer 52

exocervix is lined with stratified squamous epithelial cells and the endocervix is lined with columnar epithelium

Question 53

what happens to the exo-endo-cervix during puberty?

Answer 53

in childhood, the squamocolumnar junction is at the cervical os and with puberty it moves into the exocervix and is exposed → this exposed columnar epithelium undergoes squamous metaplasia in a transformation zone **lower pH in the outside

Question 54

the metaplastic squamous cells of the cervical transfomation zone are particualrly prone to infection with

Answer 54

HPV

Question 55

what color is columnar glandular epithelium appear on the cervix

Answer 55

tan

Question 56

describe the cellular organization of a breast duct

Answer 56

lined by 2 cell layers: • inner epithelial • outer myoepithelial cells surrounded by a basement membrane

Question 57

___% of breast cancers are ductal

Answer 57

90%

Question 58

how can ductal carcinoma in situ be differentiated from hyperplasia

Answer 58

hyperplasia will leave the layer of myoepithelial cells in place +immunostains to visualize these myoepithelial cells

Question 59

what is decidualization?

Answer 59

process in which the stromal cells transfrom from spindle shaped (proliferative phase) to round (secretory phase) under the influence of persistently elevated progesterone in PREGNANCY

Question 60

why does mentrual endometrium look like cancer?

Answer 60

large number of epithelial cells that increases the thickness (i.e. both have proliferation of cells)