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Repro > Fertilization, Implantation, Infertility > Flashcards

Fertilization, Implantation, Infertility Flashcards

The last few slides are likely unimportant

1
Q

What does the ovary produce to regulate follicular growth?

A

AMH

inhibin

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis makes sperm, which are released into _______ and collected in ____.

A

seminiferous tubules

testes

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3
Q

What are the structures involved in spermatogenesis?

A

sem. tubules (which anastomose to)&raquo_space; epididymis (which collect to form one:)&raquo_space; vas deferens

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4
Q

Functional units of the ovary

A

follicles

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5
Q

Eggs are derived from…

A

yolk sac

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6
Q

Females have peak # of eggs at:

A

7 mo. (20 wks) gestation

***SHARPLY DECLINES!!

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7
Q

For each egg that is ovulated, _____ apoptose

A

1000

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8
Q

Each oocyte is inside…

A

a follicle

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9
Q

When are max # of eggs lost?

A

while in utero

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10
Q

What female gamete stalls at prophase I?

A

primordial follicle and primary oocyte

germinal vesicle state

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11
Q

What occurs at the tetraploid stage in female gametes?

A 
crossing over (genetic diversity)
**this is in prophase I
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12
Q

(Mature/immature) oocytes do NOT have a nucleus.

A

mature

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13
Q

(Mature/immature) oocytes have a nucleus.

A

immature

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14
Q

What structure indicates an egg can be fertilized?

A

polar body

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15
Q

When does meiosis “restart” in female gametogenesis?

A

at ovulation (at the graafian follicle)

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16
Q

When is a polar body released?

A

first meiosis

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17
Q

A polar body is (haploid/diploid).

A

diploid

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18
Q

What occurs at metaphase II in female oogenesis?

A

stalls under fertilization

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19
Q

The egg accumulates _____ under its cytoplasmic membrane.

A

zona pelucida comprised of glycoproteins

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20
Q

The primary follicle is characterized by the presence of what cells?

A

granulosa cells, which are flat to cubic shaped

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21
Q

What occurs in the secondary follicle?

A

the egg becomes bigger with multiple layers of granulosa cells

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22
Q

What do granulosa cells in the 2’ follicle produce?

A

fluid (which accumulates in follicle)

estrogen (which feedsback to inhibit FSH)

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23
Q

What occurs in the 3’/graafian follicle?

A

fluid continues to accumulate, making the follicle larger than the others

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24
Q

What is the corona radiculata layer?

A

100s of granulosa cells which surrund oocyte

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25
Zona pellucida is broken down/penetrated by:
the acrosomal enzymes in the sperm
26
What is the oolemma?
cytoplasmic membrane of ooctye
27
How does the egg prevent other sperm from entering?
Once a sperm has penetrated, cortical granules accumulate below the oolemma
28
How does the sperm enter egg?
Tail never penetrates the egg head fuses with egg's membrane and pro-nucleus of sperm is released inside the egg
29
Once fertilization has occurred, what cells/structures will be present?
2 polar bodies | 2 pro-nuclei (egg/sperm)
30
When does mitotic replication begin?
when 2 pro-nuclei fuse and zygote formed
31
When does the zygote enter the 2-cell stage?
day 1
32
When does the zygote enter the 8-cell stage?
3rd day post fertilization
33
In IVF, when is the fertilized egg transferred?
8-cell stage or blastocyst (at day 5/6)
34
Naturally, fertilization occurs most frequently in the:
ampulla of the fallopian tube
35
When does the blastocyst reach the uterus? When does it implant?
day 4/5 | ~1-2 days after that
36
In what orientation does the blastocyst implant?
with the inner cell mass towards the mucosa
37
The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will develop into:
embryo
38
The outer cell mass of the blastocyst will develop into:
placenta
39
Makes hCG?
placenta
40
In females, hCG results in:
progesterone synthesis by granulosa cells
41
How is gestational age measured?
from date of last mentrual period
42
Embryonic life starts at:
conception/fertilization (couple weeks behind GA)
43
3 wks of embryonic life = ____ wks’ gestation
5
44
Normal fertilization = pregnancy occurs after ~__ months of "trying"
12
45
What is Fecundability?
Probability that ONE CYCLE results in pregnancy; 20-25% in normal couples
46
Definition of infertility:
One year of unprotected intercourse without conception
47
Definition of infertility if you're >35 y/o:
Six months of unprotected intercourse without conception
48
What occurs as Sperm ascend through Cx, Ut, FTubes?
acquire the capacity to fertilize the oocyte (male factor)
49
How does the cervix play a role in fertilization?
filters and nurture sperm into Ut and Tubes (cervical factor)
50
How do the F Tubes play a role in fertilization?
capture ovulated oocyte and transport sperm and embryo
51
Causes of infertility: ___% related to male factor ___% related to female factor
40 60 (20% combined)
52
Among female causes of infertility, what structures are most to least likely to be responsible?
Tubal/peritoneal > Ovulatory > Cervical/uterine
53
What is measured in a semen analysis?
``` Volume Concentration motility morphology pH round cells ```
54
Evaluation of male factor infertility includes what tests/labs?
- -FSH, LH, PRL, Testosterone - -Karyotype - -Y chromosome microdeletions - -Semen analysis
55
What are some disorders/conditions responsible for male infertility?
Retrograde ejaculation Duct obstruction Hypogonadism CBAVD
56
T1DM is associated with what cause of infertility?
Retrograde ejaculation
57
Evaluation of cervical factor:
Cultures | Post-coital test
58
What may cause cervical factor to be cause of infertility?
Anatomical changes (DES exposure) Infections (TB) Changes in mucus characteristics
59
What may cause uterine factor to be cause of infertility?
Anatomical changes (congenital malformations, fibroids/adhesions) Functional abnormalities (endometritis, receptivity)
60
Evaluation of Uterine/Endometrial factor
TV Ultrasound and Sonohysterography Hysterosalpingography Hysteroscopy Endometrial biopsy
61
What may cause Tubal/peritoneal factor to be cause of infertility?
Anatomical changes (congenital malformations, BTL, adhesions, endometriosis)
62
Evaluation of tubal/peritoneal factor
Hysterosalpingography Laparoscopy with chromopertubation Sonohysterography
63
What may cause Ovarian factor to be cause of infertility?
Ovulatory dysfunction: • Oligo/Anovulation • Luteal phase deficiency
64
Evaluation of ovulatory dysfunction
Menstrual history Basal body temperature Serum progesterone Urinary LH excretion (ov. predictor kits) Basal FSH/Clomiphene challenge test Oligo-amenorrhea testing

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