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Repro > Fertilization, Implantation, Infertility > Flashcards

Fertilization, Implantation, Infertility Flashcards

The last few slides are likely unimportant

1
Q

What does the ovary produce to regulate follicular growth?

A

AMH

inhibin

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2
Q

Spermatogenesis makes sperm, which are released into _______ and collected in ____.

A

seminiferous tubules

testes

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3
Q

What are the structures involved in spermatogenesis?

A

sem. tubules (which anastomose to)&raquo_space; epididymis (which collect to form one:)&raquo_space; vas deferens

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4
Q

Functional units of the ovary

A

follicles

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5
Q

Eggs are derived from…

A

yolk sac

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6
Q

Females have peak # of eggs at:

A

7 mo. (20 wks) gestation

***SHARPLY DECLINES!!

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7
Q

For each egg that is ovulated, _____ apoptose

A

1000

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8
Q

Each oocyte is inside…

A

a follicle

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9
Q

When are max # of eggs lost?

A

while in utero

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10
Q

What female gamete stalls at prophase I?

A

primordial follicle and primary oocyte

germinal vesicle state

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11
Q

What occurs at the tetraploid stage in female gametes?

A 
crossing over (genetic diversity)
**this is in prophase I
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12
Q

(Mature/immature) oocytes do NOT have a nucleus.

A

mature

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13
Q

(Mature/immature) oocytes have a nucleus.

A

immature

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14
Q

What structure indicates an egg can be fertilized?

A

polar body

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15
Q

When does meiosis “restart” in female gametogenesis?

A

at ovulation (at the graafian follicle)

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16
Q

When is a polar body released?

A

first meiosis

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17
Q

A polar body is (haploid/diploid).

A

diploid

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18
Q

What occurs at metaphase II in female oogenesis?

A

stalls under fertilization

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19
Q

The egg accumulates _____ under its cytoplasmic membrane.

A

zona pelucida comprised of glycoproteins

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20
Q

The primary follicle is characterized by the presence of what cells?

A

granulosa cells, which are flat to cubic shaped

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21
Q

What occurs in the secondary follicle?

A

the egg becomes bigger with multiple layers of granulosa cells

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22
Q

What do granulosa cells in the 2’ follicle produce?

A

fluid (which accumulates in follicle)

estrogen (which feedsback to inhibit FSH)

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23
Q

What occurs in the 3’/graafian follicle?

A

fluid continues to accumulate, making the follicle larger than the others

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24
Q

What is the corona radiculata layer?

A

100s of granulosa cells which surrund oocyte

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25
Q

Zona pellucida is broken down/penetrated by:

A

the acrosomal enzymes in the sperm

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26
Q

What is the oolemma?

A

cytoplasmic membrane of ooctye

27
Q

How does the egg prevent other sperm from entering?

A

Once a sperm has penetrated, cortical granules accumulate below the oolemma

28
Q

How does the sperm enter egg?

A

Tail never penetrates the egg

head fuses with egg’s membrane and pro-nucleus of sperm is released inside the egg

29
Q

Once fertilization has occurred, what cells/structures will be present?

A

2 polar bodies

2 pro-nuclei (egg/sperm)

30
Q

When does mitotic replication begin?

A

when 2 pro-nuclei fuse and zygote formed

31
Q

When does the zygote enter the 2-cell stage?

A

day 1

32
Q

When does the zygote enter the 8-cell stage?

A

3rd day post fertilization

33
Q

In IVF, when is the fertilized egg transferred?

A

8-cell stage or blastocyst (at day 5/6)

34
Q

Naturally, fertilization occurs most frequently in the:

A

ampulla of the fallopian tube

35
Q

When does the blastocyst reach the uterus? When does it implant?

A

day 4/5

~1-2 days after that

36
Q

In what orientation does the blastocyst implant?

A

with the inner cell mass towards the mucosa

37
Q

The inner cell mass of the blastocyst will develop into:

A

embryo

38
Q

The outer cell mass of the blastocyst will develop into:

A

placenta

39
Q

Makes hCG?

A

placenta

40
Q

In females, hCG results in:

A

progesterone synthesis by granulosa cells

41
Q

How is gestational age measured?

A

from date of last mentrual period

42
Q

Embryonic life starts at:

A

conception/fertilization (couple weeks behind GA)

43
Q

3 wks of embryonic life = ____ wks’ gestation

A

5

44
Q

Normal fertilization = pregnancy occurs after ~__ months of “trying”

A

12

45
Q

What is Fecundability?

A

Probability that ONE CYCLE results in pregnancy; 20-25% in normal couples

46
Q

Definition of infertility:

A

One year of unprotected intercourse without conception

47
Q

Definition of infertility if you’re >35 y/o:

A

Six months of unprotected intercourse without conception

48
Q

What occurs as Sperm ascend through Cx, Ut, FTubes?

A

acquire the capacity to fertilize the oocyte (male factor)

49
Q

How does the cervix play a role in fertilization?

A

filters and nurture sperm into Ut and Tubes (cervical factor)

50
Q

How do the F Tubes play a role in fertilization?

A

capture ovulated oocyte and transport sperm and embryo

51
Q

Causes of infertility:
___% related to male factor
___% related to female factor

A

40
60
(20% combined)

52
Q

Among female causes of infertility, what structures are most to least likely to be responsible?

A

Tubal/peritoneal > Ovulatory > Cervical/uterine

53
Q

What is measured in a semen analysis?

A 
Volume 
Concentration 
motility
morphology
pH
round cells
54
Q

Evaluation of male factor infertility includes what tests/labs?

A
  • -FSH, LH, PRL, Testosterone
  • -Karyotype
  • -Y chromosome microdeletions
  • -Semen analysis
55
Q

What are some disorders/conditions responsible for male infertility?

A

Retrograde ejaculation
Duct obstruction
Hypogonadism
CBAVD

56
Q

T1DM is associated with what cause of infertility?

A

Retrograde ejaculation

57
Q

Evaluation of cervical factor:

A

Cultures

Post-coital test

58
Q

What may cause cervical factor to be cause of infertility?

A

Anatomical changes (DES exposure)

Infections (TB)

Changes in mucus characteristics

59
Q

What may cause uterine factor to be cause of infertility?

A

Anatomical changes (congenital malformations, fibroids/adhesions)

Functional abnormalities (endometritis, receptivity)

60
Q

Evaluation of Uterine/Endometrial factor

A

TV Ultrasound and Sonohysterography
Hysterosalpingography
Hysteroscopy
Endometrial biopsy

61
Q

What may cause Tubal/peritoneal factor to be cause of infertility?

A

Anatomical changes (congenital malformations, BTL, adhesions, endometriosis)

62
Q

Evaluation of tubal/peritoneal factor

A

Hysterosalpingography
Laparoscopy with chromopertubation
Sonohysterography

63
Q

What may cause Ovarian factor to be cause of infertility?

A

Ovulatory dysfunction:
• Oligo/Anovulation
• Luteal phase deficiency

64
Q

Evaluation of ovulatory dysfunction

A

Menstrual history

Basal body temperature

Serum progesterone

Urinary LH excretion (ov. predictor kits)

Basal FSH/Clomiphene challenge test

Oligo-amenorrhea testing

Repro (27 decks)

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