HISTO FINALS Flashcards by SALI BABY

Lifespan of taste cells

1 month
7 days
120 days
1 year

7 days

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Which is not true of the blood flow routes in spleen?

A. In the closed circulation, capillaries branching from the penicillar arterioles connect directly to the sinusoids and the blood is always enclosed by endothelium.
B. In the open circulation, capillaries from about half of the penicillar arterioles are uniquely open-ended, dumping blood into the stroma of the splenic cords.
C. The small openings in the sinusoids of open system present no obstacle to platelets, to the motile leukocytes, or to thin flexible erythrocytes.
D. Removal of all RBCs and recycling of their iron are major functions of the red pulp.

D. Removal of all RBCs and recycling of their iron are major functions of the red pulp.

Ratio: Removal of DEFECTIVE

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The part of the heart has the thickest myocardial wall.

left ventricle
right ventricle
right auricle
left atria

left ventricle

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These cells of the peripheral nervous system surround peripheral nerve fibers, and are the counterparts of the CNS’ oligodendrocytes.

satellite cells of the the ganglia
oligodendrocyte
astrocyte
Schwann cell

Schwann cell

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The carotid artery and descending aorta are examples of which type of arteries?

metarteriole
small arteries
muscular artery
elastic artery

elastic artery

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The significance of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the breast is for the production of this Immunoglobulin:

(IgG) antibodies for mother’s protection during pregnancy
(IgM) antibodies to protect both mother & baby
(IgA) antibodies for colostrum during pregnancy

(IgA) antibodies for colostrum during pregnancy

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This supports the shape of the eye:

choroid
sclera
cornea
retina

sclera

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AT what stage of the granulocytic series can each type be FRIST distinguished from each other?

juvenile form
myelocytes
myeloblast
mature granulocyte
metamyelocytes
Promyelocytes

myelocytes

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Which of the following promotes hypertrophy of muscles

Stroke patient that cannot walk
Laborer in bus terminal
Both
None of the above

Laborer in bus terminal

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Functions of Interleukins : Interleukin-3

A. acts on PHSC, CFU-S, & myeloid progenitor cells
B. acts on CFU-Ly

A. acts on PHSC, CFU-S, & myeloid progenitor cells

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Functions of Interleukins : Interleukin-7

A. acts on PHSC, CFU-S, & myeloid progenitor cells
B. acts on CFU-Ly

B. acts on CFU-Ly

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This statement is INCORRECT regarding the pituitary gland:

A. oral component arises as an outpocketing of ectoderm
B. also called hypophysis
C. neural component is the neurohypophyseal bud from future diencephalon as a stalk
D. it lies in a small cavity on the occipital bone the sella turcica

it lies in a small cavity on the occipital bone the sella turcica

Ratio: SPHENOID BONE

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This kind of joint join bones by dense connective tissue only.

syndesmoses
symphesis
sypmosis
synostoses

syndesmoses

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Most common stone in Cholelithiasis:

brown or black pigment stones
cholesterol stones
uric acid stone

cholesterol stones

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Which is FALSE regarding the pores of Kohn

A. connect neighboring alveoli that open to different bronchioles
B. penetrate the interalveolar septa
C. other name for fenestrations of alveolar capillaries
D. permit collateral circulation of air if a bronchiole becomes obstructed

C. other name for fenestrations of alveolar capillaries

Ratio: fenestrations of ALVEOLAR PORES

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Biopsy of an unidentified renal tissue shows: a tissue lined by simple cuboidal epithelium, with cells a little smaller than that of proximal convoluted tubule, containing short microvilli, basolateral folds and more empty lumens.

Question: What is the tissue in question?

Thick ascending limb of Henle
Collecting duct.
Thin limb of Henle
Distal convoluted tubule

Distal convoluted tubule

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This is the only digestive organ lined by a mucosa, but without an existing submucosal layer:

gallbladder
pancreas
liver

gallbladder

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State the lining epithelium of the prostatic segment of the male urethra:

stratified cuboidal epithelium
stratified columnar and pseudostratified epithelium
stratified squamous epithelium
transitional cell epithelium

transitional cell epithelium

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This structure is found in the region of the right atria and known as the “Pacemaker of the Heart”:

Purkinjie fibers
intercalated disks
Sino-atrial node
bundle of HIs

Sino-atrial node

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At the 24th week of gestation, what produce/s progesterone to maintain the uterine mucosa?

both corpus luteum of pregnancy & placenta
corpus luteum of pregnancy alone
placenta alone

placenta alone

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Activity is important for moving secretory products into and through the ducts.

serous cells
myoepithelial cells
water
mucous cells

myoepithelial cells

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An 80-year-old man was seen lifeless near a stair. The family requested an autopsy to rule out foul play. During the autopsy, the brain was noted to have shrinked in size. Microscopic examination of the brain sample revealed findings consistent with Alzheimer’s disease. These include the following except:

Neuritic plaques
Neufibrillary tangles
Tau protein accumulations
A-amyloid

A-amyloid

Ratio: B-amyloid

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The strong basophilia of the granules in Basophils is due to the presence of the following EXCEPT:

major basic proteins (MBP)
heparin
sulfated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

major basic proteins (MBP)

Ratio: MBP is eusinophilic

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This structure is found in the region of the interventricular septum and further divides in the right and left bundle branches.

intercalated disks
bundle of HIs
Sino-atrial node
Purkinjie fibers

bundle of HIs

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The modiolus contains blood vessels and surrounds the cell bodies and processes of the acoustic branch of the___: 8th cranial nerve 5th cranial nerve 7th & 8th cranial nerves 2nd cranial nerve

8th cranial nerve

This DOES NOT refer to Diabetes Insipidus: ``` vasopressin deficiency , increased thirst (polydipsia). excessive hunger (polyphagia) frequent urination (polyuria) ```

excessive hunger (polyphagia)

What is the reason why tonsillitis can affect middle ear? A. Because enlargement of tonsils can obstruct the eustachian tubes. B. Because they have the same lymph drainage C. Microorganisms ascend to middle ear. D. Because fluid from tonsils will go to middle ear.

Because enlargement of tonsils can obstruct the eustachian tubes.

Have fusiform capsules anchored firmly to the surrounding connective tissue, with sensory axons stimulated by stretch (tension) or twisting (torque) in the skin. Ruffini corpuscles Merkel corpuscles Merkel disc Krause end bulbs

Ruffini corpuscles

What happen to the hemoglobin released during degradation of old cells? A. The hemoglobin is recycled and taken up the surrounding viable red blood cells. B. The hemoglobin is stored by macrophages but eventually returned to circulation to be used primarily for erythropoiesis. C. The hemoglobin is broken down and the heme pigments are metabolized to be used again. D. The hemoglobin is taken by the surrounding dying cells to increase their functional lifespan. E. 1st & 4th choices only F. 2nd & 3rd choices only G. All of the above

B. The hemoglobin is stored by macrophages but eventually returned to circulation to be used primarily for erythropoiesis. Ratio: p.285

In this type of abnormalities in Parathyroid Functions, the blood calcium is deposited pathologically in different organs like cartilage, arteries, or kidneys. hypoparathyroidism hyperparathyroidism

hyperparathyroidism

When there is an extensive gap between the distal and proximal segments of cut or injured peripheral nerves or when the distal segment disappears altogether (as in the case of amputation of a limb), the newly growing axons may form a swelling, or neuroma, that can be the source of spontaneous pain. Conditional False It depends True

True

Unique to cardiac muscle Ability to autoregulate electrolytes Presence of nodes of ranvier Presence of intercalated disks Polarizes when touch

Presence of intercalated disks

You just woke up from sleep and went immediately to the mirror, you see one single pimple in the right side of your cheek. Upon closer look, you realized that the pimple already ruptured with dried blood clots and pus. At what skin layer(s) does this pimple affects? Subcutaneous tissue Epidermis Dermis Epidermis and dermis

Epidermis and dermis

The extracellular matrix of cartilage has high concentrations of _____. Glycosaminoglycan Proteoglycan Both Neither

Both

The glycosaminoglycan that has a repeating disaccharide of hexuronic acid and hexosamine. It is primarily found in the umbilical cord, synovial fluid, vitreous humor and cartilage hyaluronic acid keratan sulfate heparan sulfate dermatan sulfate

hyaluronic acid

A 30-year old male with 12 children, underwent vasectomy. The following statement/s are true of the procedure: A. He no longer would be able to produce sperm. B. most common surgical method of male contraception C. The spermatic cord is tied or cauterized D. Fertility is often not restored due to fibrosis in the vas deferens and obliteration of ductal lumen. E. All of the above are correct.

B. most common surgical method of male contraception

Ms. Y, 17-year-old,with a history of pelvic inflammatory disease presents at the emergency department with severe pain in her lower right side that came on fairly quickly. Upon questioning she replies that her last menstrual period was 6 weeks ago and that she has never missed a period before. The doctor suspects she has an ectopic pregnancy and this is quickly confirmed by ultrasound testing. The surgeon removes her right uterine tube which is inflamed, scarified, and contains the implanted embryonic tissue in the region where fertilization normally occurs. Where is this? The isthmus region The uterine part of the oviduct The ampulla region with highly folded mucosa The only oviduct region attached to the mesosalpinx The infundibulum region with fimbriae

The ampulla region with highly folded mucosa

A 1st year medical student was focusing a spinal slide when accidentally she saw small aggregates of nerves. She examined it carefully and conduct an excitability testing. The test yielded positive results. What do you think is the structure that the student saw? A. Axonal aggregate of Schwann cells coming from the axonal division of Central Nervous System B. Dendritic aggregate of Schwann cells coming from the axonal division of Central Nervous System C. Dendritic aggregate of Schwann cells coming from the axonal division of Peripheral Nervous System D. Ganglion

D. Ganglion

True of lips except highly mobile red vermelion is thin keratinized lips have three differently covered surfaces well-developed core of skeletal muscle

well-developed core of skeletal muscle Ratio: STRIATED muscle

A brain stem tumor was seen extending into the spinal cord causing compression and eventual death of the patient. Microsections of the tumor show numerous Purkinje cells Where do you think is the origin of this tumor? Medulla oblongata Cerebrum midbrain none of the above

none of the above Ratio: CEREBELLUM

Pancreatic cancer usually arises from these cells: pancreatic duct islets of Langerhans pancreatic acini

pancreatic duct

In the flow of the Aqueous Humor, from where does it flow first? anterior chamber canal of Schlemm posterior chamber channels of the trabecular meshwork

posterior chamber

A medical student is answering a histology quiz when she noted an urge to urinate. What is the probable approximate volume of urine she has now in her urinary bladder? 150 ml 110 ml 130 ml 100 ml

150 ml

The following refer to the granules of the Neutrophils EXCEPT: A. Tertiary granules contain gelatinase, cathepsins, and defensins B. Smaller specific secondary granules containing collagenases, and bactericidal proteins C. Large azurophilic primary granules containing myeloperoxidase, lysozyme,

A. Tertiary granules contain gelatinase, cathepsins, and defensins

Which of the following is principal macromolecule present in all types of cartilage matrix? glucose hyaluronic acid nucleic acid keratin

hyaluronic acid

Composition of the portal triad: A venule branch of the portal vein An arteriole branch of the hepatic artery One or two small bile ductules of cuboidal epithelium All

All

THE MOST COMMON Cause of intraepithelial neoplasia of the cervix: ``` diminished estrogen levels menstrual reflux negative emotional stimuli follicles fail to mature repeated exposure of cervix to irritation ```

repeated exposure of cervix to irritation

Smell or taste of food, provokes a copious watery secretion with relatively little organic content. ``` Parasympathetic stimulation Sympathetic stimulation Autocrine secretion 1st & 3rd choices only All of the above ```

Parasympathetic stimulation

You received a specimen with a basement membrane layer that is 30 nm thick. This is Outside normal range Within normal range Consistent with fibrosis Dysplasia

Within normal range

Which of the following is true of osteoclasts? involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue. multinucleated dwarf giant cells found in cavities called lacunae synthesize the organic components of the matrix

involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue.

If the microvilli are destroyed lining the ependymal cells, what function of the cell is affected? Neuronal Peristalsis CSF absorption CSF movement CSF production

CSF absorption

An autopsy of a fetus shows defects in occludins leading to destruction of fetal blood brain barrier. This is shown by Abnormal morphology of tight junctions Abnormal morphology of desmosomes Abnormal morphology of gap junctions Abnormal morphology of hemidesmosomes

Abnormal morphology of tight junctions

What is the correct order of blood flow? A. Interlobular arteries- arcuate arteries-glomerular capillaries-arcuate veins B. Renal vein-segmental arteries-interlobar arteries-efferent arterioles C. Renal artery-segmental artery-peritubular capillaries-afferent arterioles D. Interlobar veins-afferent arterioles-efferent arterioles-glomerular capillaries E. Arcuate veins-arcuate arteries-glomerular capillaries-renal vein

A. Interlobular arteries- arcuate arteries-glomerular capillaries-arcuate veins

A 40y.o. female patient came in complaining of on & off feeling of head heaviness. At times, she would have light-headedness & cold sweats, with cold clammy extremities. Her BP on admission was 160/100, She was admitted and monitored every 6hours. For the first 24hours, without any medications, her BP records show the following findings: 120/80, 150/90, 80/50, 160/90. Give your clinical impression: addison disease pheochromocytoma diabetes Insipidus pituitary adenomas

pheochromocytoma

What immunoglobulin is usually secreted by cells of MALT? IgM IgD IgA IgE

IgA

Contains bundles of very long, multinucleated cells with cross-striations. Their contraction is quick, forceful, and usually under voluntary control. Cardiac muscle Striated muscle Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle

Skeletal muscle

Which contents of the Eosinophils act to kill parasitic worms or helminths? ``` major basic proteins eosinophilic peroxidase arginine-rich factor 1st 2 choices only all of the above Other: ```

1st 2 choices only

These two organs in the body produce steroid hormones: adrenal glands & gonads pituitary & thyroid glands pituitary & adrenal glands pancreas & kidneys

adrenal glands & gonads

Mediate immune defense of CNS Satellite cells Oligodendrocytes Ependymal cells Microglia

Microglia

STATEMENT A: In the Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous system, neuronal cell bodies of preganglionic sympathetic nerves are located in the thoracic and sacral regions. STATEMENT B: In the Parasympathetic Division of the Autonomic Nervous system,the secondary neurons are often located near or within the effector organ. Only statement B is true. both statements are false both statements are true Only statement A is true.

Only statement B is true.

The repetitive functional subunit of the contractile apparatus, the sarcomere, extends from ______, ``` Z disc to Z disc I band to I band A band to A band Last 2 choices All of the above. ```

Z disc to Z disc

Compare Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cell: (you can choose more than one answer.) membrane bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

Compare Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Cell: (you can choose more than one answer.) membrane-bound nucleus

Eukaryotic Cell

Plasma contains proteins in the following decreasing order of quantity: Globulin--Fibrinogen-Regulatory Proteins-Albumin Globulin-Albumin-Fibrinogen-Regulatory Proteins Regulatory Proteins-Globulin-Albumin-Fibrinogen Albumin-Globulin-Fibrinogen-Regulatory Proteins

Albumin-Globulin-Fibrinogen-Regulatory Proteins

Dissection and artificial stimulation of a certain tissue bundle reveal the following: presence of sensory or autonomic neuronal cell bodies and their satellite cells and are surrounded by connective tissue continuous with that of nerves. This tissue is most likely ____. A cross section of a ganglia A sample obtained from white matter A sample obtained from gray matter A cross section of neuronal synapse

A cross section of a ganglia

Case Analysis: an adult sustained a blunt abdominal trauma during a vehicular accident. Spleen was severely affected with lots of blood losing from the patient. What do you think happen as a result of that trauma? A. The impact of the trauma causes the spleen to rupture with tearing of its capsule and laceration of parenchyma causing hemorrhage. B. The trauma forced all abdominal organs to congest the splenic area and no blood enters the spleen with resultant loss of blood filtering capacity. C. The splenic capillaries take up a lot of blood from the circulation due to the trauma causing congestion of vessels that eventually rupture. D. The splenic parenchyma is intact but the blood vessel entering the spleen are traumatically twisted causing obstruction of blood flow and eventually rupture of the vessel

A. The impact of the trauma causes the spleen to rupture with tearing of its capsule and laceration of parenchyma causing hemorrhage.

What part of the retina is attached to the Bruch’s membrane and the choroido-capillary lamina of the choroid? outer pigmented layer ganglion cell layer inner limiting membrane outer limiting membrane

outer pigmented layer

The narrow opening between the adducted vocal folds epiglottis rima glottidis singer’s nodule vocal ligament

rima glottidis

These cells lack nuclei & organelles: ``` Platelets Erythrocytes lymphocytes monocytes 1st & 2nd choices only 3rd & 4th choices only All of the above ```

Erythrocytes

Tendons of the extraocular muscles which move the eyes insert into the anterior of this region: cornea choroid sclera retina

sclera

This is NOT CORRECT regarding platelets: have lightly stained peripheral granulomere they are generally discoid often appear in clumps sparse glycocalyx surrounding plasmalemma

have lightly stained peripheral granulomere

Both basophils and mast cells have ]surface receptors for what type of immunoglobulin? ``` IgE IgA SIG IgM IgG Other: ```

IgE

The columnar mechano- receptor hair cells are seen in these specialized sensory regions: ``` macula of utricle cristae ampullares macula of saccule spiral organ of Corti 1st & 3rd choices only 2nd & 4th choices only All of the above ```

All of the above

These cells DO NOT arise from Monocytes as their precursor: macrophages osteoclasts mast cells microglia

mast cells

Structural basis of the blood-testis barrier : tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells tight junctions between adjacent spermatogonia myoid cells basement membrane All of the above

tight junctions between adjacent Sertoli cells

The cells actually responsible for storing fat in the marrow are the ________. adventitial reticular cells. adipose cells osteocytes fibroblasts cells

adipose cells

The following are Lineage specific Hematopoietic Growth Factors EXCEPT: ``` 1 point G-CSF IL-6 Thrombopoietin M-CSF Erythropoietin IL-5 ```

IL-6

This connective layer of the heart is in contact with the cardiac muscle and contains small coronary blood vessels, nerves and Purkinje fibers. subendocardial layer myocardium endothelial layer pericardial sac

subendocardial layer

This is NOT among the physiologic and pharmacologic functions of Melatonin: Treatment of jet lag Increased level of melatonin is needed for the maturation of gonads Anti-oxidant activity Treatment of insomnia among Elderly people Regulation of circadian rhythms axis

Increased level of melatonin is needed for the maturation of gonads

Trace the bile flow starting from its production down to its secretion : A. bile canaliculi - canals of Hering - - common hepatic duct - bile ductules - right & left hepatic ducts - common bile duct – ampulla of Vater- sphincter of Oddi - duodenum B. bile canaliculi - ampulla of Vater- sphincter of Oddi - canals of Hering - bile ductules - right & left hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct - common bile duct –duodenum C. right & left hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct - common bile duct - bile canaliculi - canals of Hering - bile ductules -– ampulla of Vater- sphincter of Oddi - duodenum D. bile canaliculi - canals of Hering - bile ductules - right & left hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct - common bile duct – ampulla of Vater- sphincter of Oddi – duodenum

D. bile canaliculi - canals of Hering - bile ductules - right & left hepatic ducts - common hepatic duct - common bile duct – ampulla of Vater- sphincter of Oddi – duodenum

Not true regarding the Loop of Henle: A. The straight part of the proximal tubule has an outer diameter of about 60 µm, but it narrows abruptly to about 30 µm in the thin limbs of the loop. B. The wall of the thin segments consists only of squamous cells with few organelles (indicating a primarily active role in transport). C. U-shaped structure with a thin descending limb and a thin ascending limb D. Composed of simple squamous epithelia

B. The wall of the thin segments consists only of squamous cells with few organelles (indicating a primarily active role in transport).

These cells in the peripheral nervous tissue surround the nerve cell bodies and are found only in the ganglia. These cells form a thin, intimate glial layer around each large neuronal cell body. These cells insulate, nourish and regulate the microenvironments of the ganglia astrocyte satellite cells of the the ganglia oligodendrocyte Schwann cell

satellite cells of the the ganglia

What cell from the bone marrow will go to the thymus to mature? Red blood cells B lymphocytes T lymphocytes Precursor lymphoblast

T lymphocytes

Catecholamines are produced by these organs: ``` adrenal medulla central nervous system adrenal cortex 1st & 2nd choices only All of the above ```

1st & 2nd choices only

This cleans and humidifies inspired air and provides conduits for air movement to and from alveoli. alveolar ducts terminal bronchioles alveoli respiratory bronchioles

terminal bronchioles

Large amount of acidophilic colloid may be found in this type of thyroid follicle: Active Follicle Resting Follicle

Resting Follicle

This cardiac layer consists of the lining endothelium, its supporting layer of fibroelastic connective tissue with scattered fibers of smooth muscle, and a deeper layer of connective tissue (often called the subendocardial layer) surrounding variable numbers of modified cardiac muscle fibers which com prise the heart’s impulse conducting system. VISCERAL PERICARDIUM MYOCARDIUM ENDOCARDIUM EPICARDIUM

ENDOCARDIUM

The Pleural Membranes lining the thoracic walls is called_____. visceral pleura parietal pleura

parietal pleura

Differentiation process that spermatogenic cells undergo : ``` meiosis mitosis spermatogenesis spermiogenesis All of the above. ```

spermiogenesis

This is NOT a part of the adenohypophysis: pars intermedia pars distalis pars nervosa pars tuberalis

pars nervosa

The two-stage thymic selection process of quality control ensures A. That selected mature T lymphocytes will not attack old RBC since it is the macrophage who will destroy them and recycle the hemoglobin. B. That mature T lymphocytes do not overlap with B lymphocytes in terms of antigen detection and response. C. That mature T cells have TCRs that are fully functional but do not recognize and strongly bind MHC with self-antigens. D. That mature T lymphocytes protects developing immature lymphocytes by securing them from being attacked by the immune system.

C. That mature T cells have TCRs that are fully functional but do not recognize and strongly bind MHC with self-antigens.

An important accessory protein in I bands which is (3700 kDa), the largest protein in the body, with scaffolding and elastic properties, which supports the thick myofilaments and connects them to the Z disc. Tropomyosin Nebulin Titin Troponin

Titin

Not consistent with CNS: Neurons can only be found in central nervous system Glial cells are the supporting cells Neural crest cells are the precursors of CNS Spinal nerves belong to Peripheral Nervous System

Neural crest cells are the precursors of CNS

The walls of the heart have 3 basic layers corresponding to the layers of the blood vessels. The endocardium corresponds to which layer of the blood vessel? tunica intima tunica adventitia none of the above tunica media

tunica intima

Total number of paranasal sinuses in humans: 4 6 8 10

Mrs. X, 33-year-old, with an average menstrual cycle of 28 days comes in for a routine Pap smear. It has been 35 days since the start of her last menstrual period, and a vaginal smear reveals clumps of basophilic cells. As her physician you suspect which of the following? A. She will begin menstruating in a few days. B. She is undergoing early menopause. C. There will be detectable levels of human choriogonadotrophin (hCG) in her serum and urine. D. She will ovulate within a few days. E. Her serum progesterone levels will be found to be very low.

There will be detectable levels of human choriogonadotrophin (hCG) in her serum and urine.

Survival depending on whether its TCRs can recognize and bind antigens on the MHC molecules properly Negative selection Positive selection Apoptosis Autoimmune attack

Positive selection

The walls of the heart have 3 basic layers corresponding to the layers of the blood vessels. The epicardium corresponds to which layer of the blood vessel? tunica media tunica adventitia tunica intima none of the above

tunica adventitia

The inherited genetic disorder Kartagener syndrome involves the following conditions EXCEPT: chronic sinusitis primary ciliary dyskinesia bronchitis anosmia

anosmia

Each axonal branch forms a dilated termination situated within a trough on the muscle cell surface. This synaptic structure is called _________. motor end plate (MEP) neuromuscular junction (NMJ) Both Neither

Both

This type of blood vessel distributes blood to all organs and maintain steady blood pressure and flow with vasoconstriction and vasodilation. MUSCULAR ARTERY MEDIUM VEIN venules CAPILLARY

MUSCULAR ARTERY

These cells of the Respiratory epithelium are part of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES) of the body: ``` Kulchitsky cells Basal cells Goblet cells Brush cells Ciliated columnar cells ```

Kulchitsky cells

This DOES NOT participate in the blood-air barrier mechanism: two or three highly attenuated thin alveolar cells thickness of alveolar ducts thin capillary endothelial cells fused basal laminae of alveolar cells and endothelial cells of capillaries

thickness of alveolar ducts

The female structure that is homologous to the penis with paired corpora cavernosa. ``` vestibule clitoris paired labia minora fourchette prepuce ```

clitoris

Identify the lining epithelium of the Eustachian tube: simple cuboidal epithelium ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized simple squamous epithelium columnar neuroepithelial cells

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

In the absence of ATP, the actinmyosin crossbridges become stable, which accounts for the rigidity of skeletal muscles that occurs as mitochondrial activity stops after death. Livor mortis Rigidity valor Rigor mortis Rigor reticularis

Rigor mortis

Which type of capillary is often seen in the kidneys, intestines and choroid plexus? fenestrated capillaries continuous capillaries discontinuous capillaries

fenestrated capillaries

This is a blood vessel is only 100-10 um in diameter but it is a major determinant of systemic blood pressure. It only possesses 1-3 layers of smooth muscle and a very thin connective tissue layer in its tunica adventitia capillary muscular artery venule arteriole

arteriole

Known cause of lymph node enlargement A. Growth of cancer cells inside the lymph node like that of lymphoma B. Proliferation of B and T cells as a reaction to infection or inflammation C. Any of the above can increase the nodal size D. None of the above because growth enlargement is hormonally dependent

C. Any of the above can increase the nodal size

Gigantism & acromegaly are conditions that could result from a functional pituitary adenomas involving these cells: gonadotrophs somatotropic cells corticotrophs thyrotrophs

somatotropic cells

Which type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium? Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic Cartilage none of the above

Fibrocartilage

Not true of tongue A. striated muscle covered by mucosa B. have V-shaped groove called the sulcus vaginalis C. lower surface of the tongue is smooth, with typical lining mucosa D. hundreds of small protruding papillae of various types on its anterior two-thirds

B. have V-shaped groove called the sulcus vaginalis

This type of bone is nonlamellar and characterized by random disposition of type I collagen fibers and is the first bone tissue to appear in embryonic development and in fracture repair. compact bone Lamellar Bone spongy bone woven bone

woven bone

Trace the Red Cell development by assigning letters to the following cells by order of appearance: A. pro-erythroblasts - polychromato-philic erythroblasts - ortho-chromatophilic - basophilic erythroblasts -erythroblasts – reticulocytes - erythrocytes B. polychromato-philic erythroblasts - ortho-chromatophilic erythroblasts – reticulocytes - pro-erythroblasts - asophilic erythroblasts - erythrocytes C. pro-erythroblasts - basophilic erythroblasts - polychromato-philic erythroblasts - ortho-chromatophilic erythroblasts – reticulocytes - erythrocytes D. pro-erythroblasts - ortho-chromatophilic erythroblasts –polychromato-philic erythroblasts - reticulocytes – basophilic erythroblasts - erythrocytes

C. pro-erythroblasts - basophilic erythroblasts - polychromato-philic erythroblasts - ortho-chromatophilic erythroblasts – reticulocytes - erythrocytes

A brain tumor was recovered after surgery from a 23 year old female. Immunostaining of tumor cells are positive for glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP). What do you think is the possible diagnosis of this tumor? Oligodendroma Schwannoma Astrocytoma Ependymoma

Astrocytoma

These are zipper-like structures spanning adjacent pedicels and bridging the slit pores. They are modified and specialized occluding or tight junctions composed of nephrins, other proteins, glycoproteins, and proteoglycans important for renal function. Basement membrane Slit diaphragms Tubular pole Bowman capsule

Slit diaphragms

Senescent or worn out RBCs displaying swelling or other shape abnormalities are recognized and removed from circulation, mainly by macrophages of the following organs: ``` 1st, 2nd & 3rd choices only lymph node 2nd, 4th, & 5th choices only All of the above bone marrow adrenals spleen 1st, 2nd, & 5th choices only liver ```

2nd, 4th, & 5th choices only

What is the reason why the mucosa or inner lining of the digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts is a common site of invasion by pathogens? A. Because their lumens open to the external environment. B. Because the lifespan of the lining cells is short and prone to die. C. Because the lining is acidic. D. Because the surface area is moist and water can diffuse internally.

A. Because their lumens open to the external environment.

Which of the following contents of the Neutrophilic granules can degrade the components of bacterial cell walls? ``` myeloperoxidase cathepsins gelatinase defensins collagenase lysozyme ```

lysozyme

This supply nutrition to outer retinal layers: Descemet membrane vitreous humor Bruch membrane inner choroidocapillary lamina

inner choroidocapillary lamina

Functions of saliva ``` Chemical digestion Helps chewing and swallowing Lubricating effect. Dissolves food and allows the tongue to taste food 1st & 4th choices only all of the above ```

all of the above

Tiredness and decreased ability to concentrate is often seen in this abnormality in Thyroid Functions: hyperthyroidism hypothyroidism

hypothyroidism

This cell is involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions: ``` fibroblast adipocyte macrophage mast cells plasma cell ```

mast cells

This is the layer that surrounds the heart. It is a layer that contains connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and adipocytes myocardium endocardium epicardium subendothelial layer

epicardium

Which is not true about bone fractures? A. Bone fractures disrupt blood vessels, causing bone cells near the break to die. B. The damaged blood vessels do not produce a localized hemorrhage or hematoma. C. Repaired by a developmental process involving fibrocartilage formation and osteogenic activity of the major bone cells D. The periosteum and the endosteum at the fracture site respond with intense proliferation and produce a soft callus of fibrocartilage-like tissue that surrounds the fracture and covers the extremities of the fractured bone.

B. The damaged blood vessels do not produce a localized hemorrhage or hematoma.

The pancreas resembles the parotid gland histologically in the following: islets of endocrine tissue striated ducts serous acini

serous acini

Are highly differentiated to protect the underlying cells against the potentially cytotoxic effects of hypertonic urine. Intermediate cells Umbrella cells Membranous cells Basal cells

Umbrella cells

White pulp , only 20% of the spleen, is secondary lymphoid tissue associated with small central arterioles that are also enclosed by periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of T cells. periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of T and B cells. periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of B cells. Sinusoids

periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of T cells.

In epithelial cells of intestine specialized for absorption, the apical surfaces present an array of projections called Cilia Stereocilia Both None of the above

None of the above RATIO: microvilli

A 40-nm-long coil of two polypeptide chains located in the groove between the two twisted actin strands. Tonofibril Tropomyosin Sarcolemma Myofibril

Tropomyosin

A 9-year-old boy show signs of epidermolysis bullosa. Microscopically, you will expect ``` An abnormality of hemidesmosomes An abnormality of Zonula adherens An abnormality of nexus An abnormality of Macula adherens Other: ```

An abnormality of hemidesmosomes

Temperature-sensitive process : ``` spermiogenesis meiosis mitosis spermatogenesis All of the above ```

spermiogenesis

Most abundla: Intercalated cells Principal Cells Endothelial cells JG cells

Principal Cells

Anxiety usually causes ________. dry mouth mucoid mouth serous mouth semi dry mouth

dry mouth

Comprises the structures responsible for maintaining the teeth in the maxillary and mandibular bones oral survey mandibular survey peridontium dental ligament

peridontium

Microscopic exam shows capillaries form a rich network in the endomysium bringing O2 to the muscle fibers. You are in: Endomysium Perimysium Epimysium Gymnatium

Endomysium

Where can you find the Distal Convoluted Tubule? ``` Cortex Medulla Medullary rays 1st & 2nd choices only 2nd & 3rd choices only Any of the above ```

Cortex

What kind of lymphocytes mostly predominate in MALT? T cells P cells B cells M cells

B cells

The true lining epithelium of the Epiglottis: A. lingual and laryngeal surface are both lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium B. lingual surface has ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium, while laryngeal surface is lined by stratified squamous epithelium C. lingual surface has stratified squamous epithelium, while laryngeal surface is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium D. lingual and laryngeal surface are both lined by stratified squamous epithelium

C. lingual surface has stratified squamous epithelium, while laryngeal surface is lined by ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

What is the most common type of collagen in Hyaline Cartillage? Type II Type I Type VIII Type IV

Type II

Barrel shaped Otoliths or Otoconia crystals are made up of protein & this chemical: HCO3 Ca oxalate CaCO3 NaCO3

CaCO3

At what phase is Meiosis arrested during ovum maturation? ``` Metaphase of Meiosis II Prophase of Meiosis II Metaphase of Meiosis I Prophase of Meiosis I Prophase of Mitosis ```

Prophase of Meiosis I

This component of the thin interalveolar septa prevent both collapse and excessive distention of alveoli: fibroblasts extracellular matrix elastic and reticular fibers

elastic and reticular fibers

Normal concentration of erythrocytes in women: 3.9-5.5 million/µL or mm3 150,000-450,000 /mm3 4.1-6.0 million/µL or mm3

3.9-5.5 million/µL or mm3

The exocrine pancreas secretes approximately ____L of alkaline pancreatic juice per day. 5.1L 1.5L 15L

1.5L

Ducts from each lobule converge and drain into interlobular excretory ducts with increasing size and thicker connective tissue layers. The lining of these ducts is/are: Columnar can be any of the above or mixed Simple cuboidal Stratified cuboidal

can be any of the above or mixed

The "ZONE III" layers of hepatocytes in the liver acinus are in charge of this function: A. preferential sites of glycolysis, lipid formation, and drug biotransformations B. carry out functions requiring oxidative metabolism C. hepatocytes have an intermediate range of metabolic functions

preferential sites of glycolysis, lipid formation, and drug biotransformations

This is a thickening of the liver capsule at the hilum on the inferior side. porta hepatis hepatic septum portal vein

porta hepatis

Purpose of blood thymus barrier Attack antigens to thymic tissues Attack antibodies from blood to thymus Prevent unregulated exposure to thymocytes to antigens Protect contamination of new blood in thymus from old blood in peripheral blood

Prevent unregulated exposure to thymocytes to antigens

A 60 yr old male complains of dribbling and incontinence. The doctor suspects Benign prostatic hypertrophy. The following is/ are TRUE of the condition : prostate weight = 15 grams Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) is increased to 4 ng/ml Prostate gland measures 2 x 3 x 4 cm usually involves the central zone around the urethra All are correct.

Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) is increased to 4 ng/ml

The following statements are CORRECT regarding the juxtaglomerular apparatus: one component is the portion of distal nephron in contact with its parent glomerulus It is located near the vascular pole of the glomerulus It regulates blood pressures Its function could affect the glomerular filtration rate the glomerular efferent arteriole is one component 1st, 2nd, & 3rd choices only 1st, 2nd, & 4th choices only All except the last choice All of the above

All except the last choice

Erectile dysfunction, or impotence, can result from the following conditions, except : ``` vascular disease nerve damage during prostatectomy diabetes No exception anxiety ```

No exception

STATEMENT A: Certain regions of the CNS, such as near the ependyma, retain rare neural stem and progenitor cells that allow some replacement of neurons throughout life. STATEMENT B: The more simply organized peripheral nerves have better capacity for axonal regeneration, a process involving reactivation of the perikaryon, Schwann cells, and macrophages. both statements are false Only statement A is true. both statements are true Only statement B is true.

both statements are true

Findings showing autoimmunity to desmoglein 1 Is consistent with a defect of Integrins Is consistent with a defect of Cadherin Is consistent with a defect of hemidesmosomes Is consistent with a defect desmosomes

Is consistent with a defect desmosomes

They recognize epitopes (antigenic determinants) that are displayed by cells possessing HLA (human leukocyte antigen: Natural T killer cells Null cells B lymphocytes T lymphocytes

T lymphocytes

Autoimmune disorder that involves circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine receptors. Duchene Muscular Dystrophy Graves disease Autoimmune thyroiditis Myasthenia gravis

Myasthenia gravis

When the hair-like projections of cells in the bronchus are destroyed or damaged, there will be_______. Accumulation of microbes in the lung Accumulation of inhaled dust or debris in the lung Both A and B Neither of the above

Both A and B

These are the CORRECT directions of blood & bile flows: A. Bile flows from the periphery to center of hepatic lobule, while the blood flow from the center of the lobule to its periphery. B. Both blood & the bile flow from the center of the lobule to its periphery. C. Blood flows from the periphery to center of hepatic lobule, while the bile flow from the center of the lobule to its periphery. D. Blood & bile flows from the periphery to center of hepatic lobule.

C. Blood flows from the periphery to center of hepatic lobule, while the bile flow from the center of the lobule to its periphery.

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING DISEASES OR ABNORMALITY: inflamed conjunctiva w/ mucus discharge and increased microvasculature

PINK EYE

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING DISEASES OR ABNORMALITY: macular degeneration, causing blindness in visual center field

BLINDNESS IN ELDERLY

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING DISEASES OR ABNORMALITY: extentions of viral or bacterial infections from the upper respiratory tract via the auditory tubes

OTITIS MEDIA

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING DISEASES OR ABNORMALITY: lenses lose elasticity and their ability to undergo accommodation

PRESBYOPIA

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING DISEASES OR ABNORMALITY: affects the cones responsible for detecting light at two wavelengths

red-green color blindness

DESCRIBE THE FOLLOWING DISEASES OR ABNORMALITY: Involves loss of hair cells or nerve degeneration.

Ménière disease

FUNCTIONS OF HEPATOCYTES ACCORDING TO LOCATIONS: INVOLVED IN EXOCRINE SECRETION OF BILE A. Hepatocytes near the portal areas B. sinusoidal (basolateral) hepatocytes C. more central hepatocytes D. apical surfaces of hepatocytes

D. apical surfaces of hepatocytes

FUNCTIONS OF HEPATOCYTES ACCORDING TO LOCATIONS: process blood nutrients and secrete the plasma proteins A. Hepatocytes near the portal areas B. sinusoidal (basolateral) hepatocytes C. more central hepatocytes D. apical surfaces of hepatocytes

B. sinusoidal (basolateral) hepatocytes

FUNCTIONS OF HEPATOCYTES ACCORDING TO LOCATIONS: often more active in protein synthesis A. Hepatocytes near the portal areas B. sinusoidal (basolateral) hepatocytes C. more central hepatocytes D. apical surfaces of hepatocytes

A. Hepatocytes near the portal areas

FUNCTIONS OF HEPATOCYTES ACCORDING TO LOCATIONS: more involved with detoxification and glycogen metabolism A. Hepatocytes near the portal areas B. sinusoidal (basolateral) hepatocytes C. more central hepatocytes D. apical surfaces of hepatocytes

C. more central hepatocytes

Describe the following diseases or abnormality Infections near opening of tarsal gland ducts, caused by Staphylococcus aureus

Styes

Describe the following diseases or abnormality scar-like lesions on bony labyrinth near stapes, inhibiting its movement

Osteosclerosis

DIABETES MELLITUS loss of the β cells from autoimmune destruction A. Type 1 diabetes B. Type 2 diabetes

A. Type 1 diabetes

DIABETES MELLITUS β cells fail to produce adequate insulin A. Type 1 diabetes B. Type 2 diabetes

B. Type 2 diabetes

State the conditions during which the Mitochondria decides to undergo FISSION or FUSION: elimination of damaged organelles

FISSION

State the conditions during which the Mitochondria decides to undergo FISSION or FUSION: high energy demand

FUSION

State the conditions during which the Mitochondria decides to undergo FISSION or FUSION: counteracts mutations during aging

FUSION

STATE THE SPECIFIC EPITHELIUM LINING EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: urinary bladder A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Simple cuboidal epithelium C. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium D. Transitional epithelium

D. Transitional epithelium

STATE THE SPECIFIC EPITHELIUM LINING EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: blood vessels A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Simple cuboidal epithelium C. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium D. Transitional epithelium

A. Simple squamous epithelium

STATE THE SPECIFIC EPITHELIUM LINING EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: thyroid gland follicles A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Simple cuboidal epithelium C. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium D. Transitional epithelium

B. Simple cuboidal epithelium

STATE THE SPECIFIC EPITHELIUM LINING EACH OF THE FOLLOWING: Trachea A. Simple squamous epithelium B. Simple cuboidal epithelium C. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium D. Transitional epithelium

C. Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

Diffuse NeuroEndocrine System increases intestinal absorption of calcium, magnesium, and phosphate A. Human chorionic gonadotropin B. Vit D3 & calcitriol C. Relaxin D. Progesterone

B. Vit D3 & calcitriol

Diffuse NeuroEndocrine System Stimulate thickening of endometrium, producing the decidua A. Human chorionic gonadotropin B. Vit D3 & calcitriol C. Relaxin D. Progesterone

D. Progesterone

Diffuse NeuroEndocrine System ripening of cervix & softening of pubic symphysis during labor A. Human chorionic gonadotropin B. Vit D3 & calcitriol C. Relaxin D. Progesterone

C. Relaxin

Diffuse NeuroEndocrine System decrease maternal immune response to allow acceptance of pregnancy A. Human chorionic gonadotropin B. Vit D3 & calcitriol C. Relaxin D. Progesterone

A. Human chorionic gonadotropin

delicate connective fibers in bone marrow and endocrine organs A. Reticular Fibers B. Elastic fibers

A. Reticular Fibers

exhibits extensible random coil conformation A. Reticular Fibers B. Elastic fibers

ELASTIC FIBERS

Identify the hemopoietic growth factors that activate and promote hemopoiesis: acts on monocyte progenitor cells A. granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor B. Interleukin-7 C. Erythropoietin

A. granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor

Identify the hemopoietic growth factors that activate and promote hemopoiesis: acts on CFU-Ly A. granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor B. Interleukin-7 C. Erythropoietin

B. Interleukin-7

Identify the hemopoietic growth factors that activate and promote hemopoiesis: acts on BFU-E and CFU-E A. granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor B. Interleukin-7 C. Erythropoietin

C. Erythropoietin

HISTO FINALS Flashcards

(188 cards)