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HISTOLOGY > 2ND BIMEX > Flashcards

2ND BIMEX Flashcards

1
Q

How do the epidermis gets nutrient from surrounding tissues?

A. By enzymatic synthesis of cofactors deposited in the epidermal layers
B. By absorption of skin from vitamin containing lotion and hydrating fluids
C. By contraction of underlying muscles pushing the nutrients in the dermis up to epidermis
D. By diffusion of nutrients from dermal blood vessels to next outer layer

A

D. By diffusion of nutrients from dermal blood vessels to next outer layer

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2
Q

Hair growth on the face and pubis is influenced by sex hormones, especially______.

Estrogen
Estrone
Androgen
Luteinizing hormone

A

Androgen

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3
Q

Mutations of connexins gene may result to

A. Loss of sense of smell
B. Blindness
C. Certain deafness or peripheral neuropathies
D. Blisters in skin

A

C. Certain deafness or peripheral neuropathies

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4
Q

Purpose of the connective tissue beneath the epithelium

Bring nutrients to the epithelium
Bring oxygen to the epithelium
Both
None of the above

A

Both

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5
Q

Caused by overactive T lymphocytes that trigger an autoimmune reaction causing accelerated keratinization thus flaking of skin

Psoriasis
Basal cell carcinoma
Vitiligo
Squamous cell carcinoma

A

Psoriasis

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6
Q

You see your crush lying in bed almost naked exposing the skin of his back. What is
NOT true regarding his back’s skin?

It has 3 skin layers.
When playing basketball, it has sweat glands that thermoregulates.
The exposed part is ectodermal in origin.
It has 4 epidermal layers.

A

It has 4 epidermal layers.

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7
Q

Sun exposure will

Melt the subcutaneous fats
Activate provitamin B5 and straightens hair
Help synthesize vitamin D3
Suppress melanin synthesis and thereby preventing meloma

A

Help synthesize vitamin D3

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8
Q

Have fusiform capsules anchored firmly to the surrounding connective tissue, with sensory axons stimulated by stretch (tension) or twisting (torque) in the skin.

Krause end bulbs
Merkel disc
Ruffini corpuscles
Merkel corpuscles

A

Ruffini corpuscles

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9
Q

Racial skin color is due to

Option 3
Number of melanocytes
Amount of melanin in melanocyte

A

Amount of melanin in melanocyte

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10
Q

A 9-year-old boy show signs of epidermolysis bullosa. Microscopically, you will expect

An abnormality of Macula adherens
An abnormality of nexus
An abnormality of hemidesmosomes
An abnormality of Zonula adherens

A

An abnormality of hemidesmosomes

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11
Q

A 24 year old male came to you complaining a possibility that he might have Kartagener syndrome. Of the information he had supplied, the following is NOT consistent with his complaint

A. That has repeated bouts of coughing due to thick phlegm.
B. That he has frequent sinusitis.
C. That he has no child despite several attempts.
D. That he passed out stools several times a day

A

D. That he passed out stools several times a day

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12
Q

Medical significance of adherent junctions

Promotes deafness
Promotes neurologic injury
Loss of E cadherin promotes invasion of cancer cells
Promotes cohesion of cells

A

Loss of E cadherin promotes invasion of cancer cells

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13
Q

Make synaptic contacts with afferent nerve endings

Basement membrane
Dendrites of antigen presenting cells
Dermal papillae
Merkel cells

A

Merkel cells

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14
Q

Your diagnosis of Pemphigus vulgaris is based from

Reduced cell to cell adhesion
Reduced cell to cell sealing
Reduced cell to cell communication
Reduced cell function

A

Reduced cell to cell adhesion

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15
Q

Patients with celiac disease may show decreased in the size of brush border of
intestine due to sensitivity reaction to what protein?

Lutein
Gluten
Fructosamine

A

Gluten

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16
Q

You just woke up from sleep and went immediately to the mirror, you see one single
pimple in the right side of your cheek. Upon closer look, you realized that the pimple already ruptured with dried blood clots and pus. At what skin layer(s) does this pimple
affects?

Epidermis and dermis
Subcutaneous tissue
Epidermis
Dermis

A

Epidermis and dermis

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17
Q

True of tonofibrils

A. These are bundles of connective tissue elements present at the dermo epidermal junctions
B. These are reticular projections of the reticular dermis
C. These are keratin filaments assemble into bundles
D. These are collagenous fibers arranged in concentric rings

A

C. These are keratin filaments assemble into bundles

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18
Q

The stratum basale is renewed every ____.

1-2 weeks
2-4 weeks
3 months
4-6 weeks

A

2-4 weeks

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19
Q

Cytoskeletal component of desmosomes

Troponin
Actin
Keratin
Myosin

A

Keratin

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20
Q

You diagnosed a case of Carotenemia. What is NOT consistent with your diagnosis?

Yellowish vision
The hands looks-like jaundice
Patient feels normal.
Positive habit of eating yellowish or orange vegetables

A

Yellowish vision

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21
Q

Is the dermis a layer of epithelial tissue?

Unclassified
It depends
No
Yes

A

No

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22
Q

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

blood vessels

A

Simple squamous epithelium

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23
Q

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

Trachea

A

Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium

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24
Q

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

Skin

A

Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium

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25
Q

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

thyroid gland follicles

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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26
Q

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

urinary bladder

A

Transitional epithelium

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27
Q

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

Intestine

A

Simple columnar epithelium

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28
Q

State the specific epithelium lining each of the following

Ovary

A

Simple cuboidal epithelium

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29
Q

When the hair-like projections of cells in the bronchus are destroyed or damaged, there will be_______.
Accumulation of microbes in the lung
Accumulation of inhaled dust or debris in the lung
Both A and B
Neither of the above

A

Both A and B

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30
Q

Microscopy on the endothelial lining of a normal blood vessel reveals an epithelium lined by only one layer of cells.

Thinking of normal tissue
Thinking that the specimen could be mixed up with other specimens
Thinking of the increased possibility of bleeding due to thinning of walls
Thinking of vascular adaptation due to recurrent infection

A

Thinking of normal tissue

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31
Q

Contraction causes
“goosebumps”.

Sweat glands
Meissner
Blood vessel
Arrector pili

A

Arrector pili

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32
Q

Forms major part of the skins barrier against water loss

Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum corneum
Stratum germinativum

A

Stratum granulosum

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33
Q

A 67 year old patient came in due to a slow growing rodent ulcer in his cheek. A
biopsy was taken and the result is consistent with cancer. What do you think is the diagnosis?

A. A cancer that contains brownish fragments and disorganized melanosomes.
B. A cancer that readily metastasize to lymph nodes.
C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction
D. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer

A

C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction

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34
Q

An autopsy of a fetus shows defects in occludins leading to destruction of fetal blood
brain barrier. This is shown by

Abnormal morphology of gap junctions
Abnormal morphology of tight junctions
Abnormal morphology of hemidesmosomes
Abnormal morphology of desmosomes

A

Abnormal morphology of tight junctions

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35
Q

Compatible:

A. Squames: Stratum spinosum
B. Melanin: does not protects against UV rays
C. Keratohyaline granules: Stratum granulosum
D. Squamous Cell Cancer: Stratum corneum

A

Keratohyaline granules: Stratum granulosum

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36
Q 
If your crush weighs for around 100 kg, what is the estimated weight of his entire  skin? 
25kg
30 kg
None of the above
10kg
A

None of the above

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37
Q

What is NOT true regarding dermatoglyphs?

Identifies unique individuals
Affected by skin color
Has an intervening sulci
Has ridges

A

Affected by skin color

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38
Q

On microscopy, of a breast tissue for biopsy, you see cells that are quite abnormal in size, shape and nuclei within the full thickness of epithelium and beyond the basement membrane. Your diagnosis is

Hyperplasia
Invasive cancer
Metaplasia
Carcinoma in situ

A

Invasive cancer

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39
Q

Anchors cytoskeleton to basal lamina

Hemidesmosomes
Zonula adherens
Zonula occludens
Macula adherens

A

Hemidesmosomes

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40
Q

Are specialized for sensing coarse touch, pressure (sustained touch), and vibrations, with distortion of the capsule amplifying a mechanical stimulus to the axonal core where an impulse is initiated.

Ruffini corpuscles
None of the above
Merkel corpuscles
Krause end bulbs

A

None of the above

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41
Q

You received a specimen with a basement membrane layer that is 30 nm thick. This is *

Outside normal range
Dysplasia
Consistent with fibrosis
Within normal range

A

Within normal range

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42
Q

What happens in the arteriovenous anastomosis when a person is exposed to snow?

A. increase blood flow in the papillary layer
B. blood rotates several times in the papillary layer
C. decrease blood flow in the papillary layer

A

C. decrease blood flow in the papillary layer

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43
Q

Another 67 year old patient came in due to slightly fast growing skin lesion that is
located in the left cheek. Close examination reveals a superficially spreading lesion
with dark discoloration, irregular borders and more than 8 mm in diameter. What do you think is the diagnosis?

A. A cancer that contains brownish fragments and disorganized melanosomes.
B. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer
C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction
D. A cancer that readily metastasize to lymph nodes

A

B. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer

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44
Q

Findings showing autoimmunity to desmoglein 1

Is consistent with a defect of hemidesmosomes
Is consistent with a defect of Integrins
Is consistent with a defect desmosomes
Is consistent with a defect of Cadherin

A

Is consistent with a defect desmosomes

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45
Q

Major collagen of basement membrane

Type 3
Type 4
Type 2
Type 1

A

Type 4

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46
Q

You suspect the presence of Antigen Presenting Cells along a portion of the dermo epidermal junction. What will you do to confirm them?

A. Do antibiotic challenge and watch them inactivate. B. Give antigen and watch them activate.
C. Watch them move towards lymphatic vessels
D. Stain them with S100 and CD1a

A

D. Stain them with S100 and CD1a

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47
Q

Right flow of hair growth:

Anagen-> Telogen-> Catagen (ATC)
Catagen->Anagen->Telogen (CAT)
Anagen-> Catagen-> Telogen (ACT)
Telogen-> Catagen-> Anagen (TCA)

A

Anagen-> Catagen-> Telogen (ACT)

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48
Q

What will NOT happen when you are exposed to hot environment?

You developed goosebumps
The blood vessels respond to thermoregulates
The fats in the hypodermis works to insulate the body

A

You developed goosebumps

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49
Q

Major transmembrane link proteins in gap junction or nexus

Cadherin
Catenin
Connexin
Integrins

A

Connexin

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50
Q

More specialized stereocilia with a motion-detecting function are important
components of outer ear.

False
True

A

False

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51
Q

Are restricted to absorptive epithelial cells lining the epididymis and the proximal part of ductus deferens in the male reproductive system.

Cilia
Stereocilia
Both
None of the above

A

Stereocilia

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52
Q

Where can you find the progenitor cells of epidermal layers?

Stratum lucidum
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum basale

A

Stratum basale

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53
Q

Atrophy or thinning or loss of brush border of small intestine results to

Decreased absorption of nutrients
Decreased grinding of food
Decreased movement of food

A

Decreased absorption of nutrients

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54
Q

Birbeck granules are seen in

Langerhans cell
Granular layer
Hypodermis
Melanocytes

A

Langerhans cell

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55
Q

Not true of skin

18% body weight
Can be 2 square meters
All are true
Largest single organ

A

All are true

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56
Q

In epithelial cells of intestine specialized for absorption, the apical surfaces present an array of projections called

Cilia
Stereocilia
Both
None of the above

A

None of the above

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57
Q

Responsible for brush or striated border of small intestine

Cilia
Stereocilia
Microvilli
Any of the above
None of the above
Other:
A

Microvilli

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58
Q

What immunoglobulin is usually secreted by cells of MALT?

d. IgM
c. IgD
a. IgA
b. IgE

A

a. IgA

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59
Q

Receives lymph from the afferent lymphatics

c. Trabecular sinus
a. Capsule
d. Hlium
b. Subcapsular sinus

A

b. Subcapsular sinus

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60
Q

Reason why the cortex stain more than medulla

a. More dense lymphoblast and small lymphocytes
b. More T lymphocytes
c. More B lymphocytes
d. More Acidophilic and take up stain

A

a. More dense lymphoblast and small lymphocytes

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61
Q

From the sinusoids of spleen, blood proceeds to small red pulp veins that converge as

Orchestrated veins
Fenestrated capillaries
None of the above
Penicillar arterioles

A

None of the above

trabecular veins

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62
Q

What happen to the hemoglobin released during degradation of old cells?

A. The hemoglobin is taken by the surrounding dying cells to increase their functional lifespan.
B. The hemoglobin is recycled and taken up the surrounding viable red blood cells.
C. The hemoglobin is broken down and the heme pigments are metabolized to be used again.
D. The hemoglobin is stored by macrophages but eventually returned to circulation to be used primarily for erythropoiesis.

A

D. The hemoglobin is stored by macrophages but eventually returned to circulation to be used primarily for erythropoiesis.

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63
Q

What is the reason why the mucosa or inner lining of the digestive, respiratory, and genitourinary tracts is a common site of invasion by pathogens?

A. Because their lumens open to the external environment.
B. Because the lining is acidic.
C Because the lifespan of the lining cells is short and prone to die.
D. Because the surface area is moist and water can diffuse internally

A

A. Because their lumens open to the external environment.

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64
Q 
The purpose of central tolerance is \_\_\_.
Kill antibody
Kill antigen
Prevent mutation
Prevent self or host destruction
A

Prevent self or host destruction

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65
Q

All are true except:

A. The rate of bone turnover is very active in young children
B. Bone normally has an excellent capacity for repair
C. The skull is small in a person with hydrocephalus-false
D. The skeleton in adults is renewed continuously in a process of bone remodeling

A

C. The skull is small in a person with hydrocephalus

SKULL IS LARGER

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66
Q

Cells responsible for destroying virus infected cells and tumor cells.

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Natural killer cells

A

Natural killer cells

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67
Q

Hormone that acts in bone to raise low blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts and osteocytes to resorb matrix and release Ca2+:

Calcitonin
ACTH
PTH
Cortisol

A

PTH

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68
Q
  1. A fascicle is seen in ___.

Perimysium
Endomysium
Epimysium
Gymnatium

A

Perimysium

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69
Q

The sarcoplasm has little RER and contains primarily long cylindrical filament bundles running parallel to the long axis of the fiber.

Sarcolemma
Sarcofibril
Myofibril
Tonofibril

A

Myofibril

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70
Q

Which is not true about osteocytes?

Enclosed singly within the lacunae
Exhibit significantly more RER than osteoblasts
Exhibit more condensed nuclear chromatin
Products such as protein sclerostin and certain cytokines help regulate bone remodeling

A

Exhibit significantly more RER than osteoblasts

When compared with osteoblasts, the flat, almondshaped osteocytes exhibit significantly less RER, smaller Golgi complexes, and more condensed nuclear chromatin

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71
Q

M

A

C. periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of T cells.

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72
Q

Which is true about cartilage?

A. hyaline cartilage is susceptible to calcification during aging
B. The poor capacity of cartilage for repair or regeneration is due in part to the high vascularity of this tissue.
C. Intervertebral discs of the spinal column are composed primarily of elastic cartilage
D. Except in older patients, damaged cartilage undergoes slow and often incomplete repair

A

A. hyaline cartilage is susceptible to calcification during aging

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73
Q

Not true of lymph nodes:

A. lymph node has a convex surface where afferent lymphatics.
B. filters lymph that defend against the spread of microorganisms and tumor cells.
C. does not contain paracortex unlike thymus
D. valves in the lymphatics ensure that lymph flow is unidirectional.-true

A

C. does not contain paracortex unlike thymus

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74
Q

The outer boundary of each osteon is a more collagen-rich layer called ___.

volkman canal
interstitial lamellae.
cement line
osteon

A

cement line

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75
Q

This allows leukocytes to recognize and bind on the surface components of invaders.

Flagella
Antibody
Toll-like receptors
Cilia

A

Toll-like receptors

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76
Q

A 9-year-old boy was referred to you due to abnormal blistering vesicles or bullae in the lining mucosa of the mouth. A diagnosis of pemphigus vulgaris was made that is caused by ___.

A. Defects in occludens causing the cells to die
B. Loss of e cadherin causing blisters or bullae
C. Autoimmunity due to desmoglein causing reduced cohesion between cells.
D. Mutations of integrin connexin gene causing signal disruption and abnormal cell growth

A

C. Autoimmunity due to desmoglein causing reduced cohesion between cells.

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77
Q

A strand of hair was sent to you for viewing in the microscope. You see cells lining the basal epidermis covering the dermal papilla and forming the matrix of hair root. These are consistent with ___.

Melanocytes
Merkel cells
Keratinocytes
Papillary cells of Hermes

A

Keratinocytes

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78
Q

An external sheath of dense connective tissue, surrounds the entire muscle. Septa of this tissue extend inward, carrying the larger nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics of the muscle.

Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
Gymnatium

A

Epimysium

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79
Q

Which of the following is principal macromolecule present in all types of cartilage matrix?

hyaluronic acid
keratin
glucose
nucleic acid

A

hyaluronic acid

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80
Q

Your diagnosis of Pemphigus vulgaris is based from ___.

Reduced cell to cell sealing
Reduced cell function
Reduced cell to cell communication
Reduced cell to cell adhesion

A

Reduced cell to cell adhesion

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81
Q

If your crush weighs for around 100 kg, what is the estimated weight of his entire skin?

1 point
25kg
10kg
30 kg
None of the above
A

None of the above

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3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

You suspect the presence of Antigen Presenting Cells along a portion of the dermo epidermal junction. What will you do to confirm them?

Watch them move towards lymphatic vessels
Do antibiotic challenge and watch them inactivate.
Stain them with S100 and CD1a
Give antigen and watch them activate.

A

Stain them with S100 and CD1a

83
Q

Providing flexible shape and support for soft tissues is the main function of which type of cartilage?

fibrocartilage
elastic cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
supportive cartilage

A

elastic cartilage

84
Q

Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue can be seen in the following except:

Urethra
Kidney
Respiratory tract
Digestive tract

A

Kidney

??

85
Q

Each axonal branch forms a dilated termination situated within a trough on the muscle cell surface. This synaptic structure is called ___.

motor end plate (MEP)
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Both
Neither

A

Both

86
Q

Are cells seen at splenic sinusoids that are elongated and aligned parallel to blood flow with open slits between cells

Splenic epithelial cells
Stave cells
Cells of Viceroy
Interstitial cells of Cajal

A

Stave cells

87
Q

Bone cell type that synthesizes and secrete the organic components of the bone matrix:

Osteocyte
Osteoblast
Osteoclast
None of the above

A

Osteoblast

88
Q

The extracellular matrix of cartilage has high concentrations of ___.

Glycosaminoglycan
Proteoglycan
Both
Neither

A

Both

89
Q

Atrophy or thinning or loss of brush border of small intestine results to ___.

Decreased movement of food
Decreased absorption of nutrients
Both
None of the above

A

Decreased absorption of nutrients

90
Q

Purpose of blood thymus barrier:

Attack antigens to thymic tissues
Attack antibodies from blood to thymus
Prevent unregulated exposure to thymocytes to antigens
Protect contamination of new blood in thymus from old blood in peripheral blood

A

Prevent unregulated exposure to thymocytes to antigens

91
Q

Characteristic for adaptive immunity:

A. No need for vaccines
B. Presence of antigen presenting cells
C. Nonspecific
D. Granulocytes and other leukocytes

A

B. Presence of antigen presenting cells

92
Q
  1. When you want to activate B cells, you use this to trigger antigen receptors:

IgD
IgA
IgM
IgG

A

IgD

93
Q

Damage to this area affects filtration of blood and recycling of haemoglobin:

Thymus, cortex
Lymph vessels
Spleen, white pulp
Spleen, red pulp

A

Spleen, red pulp

94
Q

Some skeletal muscles taper at their ends, where the epimysium is continuous with the dense regular connective tissue of a tendon at ___.

epiclonal junction
myotendinous junctions
peritendinous block
myoclonal junctions

A

myotendinous junctions

95
Q

A major regulator hormone of hyaline cartilage growth?

estrogen
aldosterone
somatotropin
Cortisol

A

somatotropin

96
Q

Refers to the complex of concentric lamellae surrounding a small central canal that contains blood vessels, nerves, loose connective tissue, and endosteum:

Diploe
Perforating canals
Osteon
Volkmann canals

A

Osteon

97
Q

Hair growth on the face and pubis is influenced by sex hormones, especially ___.

Androgen
Estrone
Luteinizing hormone
Estrogen

A

Androgen

98
Q

Which of the following is true about Elastic Cartillage?

A. Demonstration of the elastic fibers usually requires stains such as orcein or resorcin fuchsin
B. essentially similar to Fibrocartillage
C. contains sparse network of elastic fibers
D. fresh elastic cartilage has a pinkish color

A

A. Demonstration of the elastic fibers usually requires stains such as orcein or resorcin fuchsin

99
Q

Most lymphocytes activation and proliferation occur in ___.

Secondary lymphoid organ
Blood
Primary lymphoid organ
Bone marrow

A

Secondary lymphoid organ

100
Q

Autoimmune disorder that involves circulating antibodies against proteins of acetylcholine receptors.

Autoimmune thyroiditis
Graves disease
Myasthenia gravis
Duchene Muscular Dystrophy

A

Myasthenia gravis

101
Q

A 67 year old patient came in due to a slow growing rodent ulcer in his cheek. A biopsy was taken and the result is consistent with cancer. What do you think is the diagnosis?

A. A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer
B. A cancer that contains brownish fragments and disorganized melanosomes.
C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction
D. A cancer that readily metastasize to lymph nodes.

A

C. A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction

102
Q

What is the cytokine that stimulates fever?

IL- 5
IL- 10
IL- 8
IL- 1

A

IL- 1

103
Q

What do you think is the reason why the cells in cuboidal epithelium are roughly as tall as they are wide and not flat?

A. Their greater thickness allows cytoplasm to be rich in mitochondria and other organelles for high level of active transport across the epithelium.
B. To enable to store secretions because these cells line the organs or ducts.
C. Their greater thickness allows the cells to move easily to adjust from changes of pressure or vibration.
D. Their greater thickness allows the body to protect it from outside pressure and damage.

A

A. Their greater thickness allows cytoplasm to be rich in mitochondria and other organelles for high level of active transport across the epithelium.

104
Q

Are epithelial cells found in MALT.

d. P cells
a. Luminal cells
b. M cells
c. Parabasal cells

A

b. M cells

105
Q

What is the reason why tonsillitis can affect middle ear?

a. Microorganisms ascend to middle ear.
b. Because they have the same lymph drainage
d. Because fluid from tonsils will go to middle ear.
c. Because enlargement of tonsils can obstruct the eustachian tubes

A

c. Because enlargement of tonsils can obstruct the eustachian tubes

106
Q

Not true of cortical Thymic epithelial cells (TEC):

A. Squamous cortical TEC forms part with cytoreticulum
B. Thymic epithelial cells have both epithelial and reticular features
C. Stellate TEC secrete cytokines
D. Squamous TEC forms part of blood thymus barrier

A

A. Squamous cortical TEC forms part with cytoreticulum

107
Q

Not true of spleen

A. The red pulp containing blood filled sinusoids helps filter blood from old leukocytes.
B. In growing nodules the arteriole is pushed to an eccentric position but is still called
the central arteriole..
C. There’s a tendency that the volume can decrease after puberty.
D. Periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths consists primarily of T cells and some
macrophages.

A

A. The red pulp containing blood filled sinusoids helps filter blood from old leukocytes.

108
Q

Which is not true of the blood flow routes in spleen?

A. Removal of all RBCs and recycling of their iron are major functions of the red
pulp.
B. In the open circulation, capillaries from about half of the penicillar arterioles are
uniquely open-ended, dumping blood into the stroma of the splenic cords.
C. The small openings in the sinusoids of open system present no obstacle to
platelets, to the motile leukocytes, or to thin flexible erythrocytes.
D. In the closed circulation, capillaries branching from the penicillar arterioles connect directly to the sinusoids and the blood is always enclosed by endothelium.

A

A. Removal of all RBCs and recycling of their iron are major functions of the red
pulp.

109
Q

Inconsistent with the splenic cord of Billroth

A. Unusual elongated endothelial cells line the sinusoids.
B. There’s a network of reticular cells and fibers in conjunction with lymphocytes.
C. Stave cells are oriented perpendicular to blood flow and trap old RBC.
D. The basal laminae are highly discontinuous so the RBC can enter.

A

C. Stave cells are oriented perpendicular to blood flow and trap old RBC.

110
Q

MALT is found in the mucosa of most tracts but is concentrated in the palatine ,
lingual and pharyngeal tonsils , Peyer patches , and the appendix.

c. It depends
a. True
d. True except lingual tonsils
b. False

A

a. True

111
Q

Main function of thymus

A. Filter blood from waste
B. Generate antibodies to previously sensitized individuals
C. Kill foreign body considered as germs
D. Induce central tolerance to prevent autoimmune disease

A

D. Induce central tolerance to prevent autoimmune disease

112
Q

Survival depending on whether its TCRs can recognize and bind antigens on the MHC molecules properly

A. Negative selection
B. Positive selection
C. Autoimmune attack
D. Apoptosis

A

B. Positive selection

113
Q

NOT an event when lymph node lymphocytes recognize an antigen in the lymph fluid?

A. Activated cytotoxic T cells in the paracortex proliferate to a much lesser extent
without forming follicles.
B. Lymph node send signal to thymus to enhance lymphoblast conversion to
mature lymphocytes
C. Many newly made B cells, now activated against a specific antigen, differentiate as plasma cells and move to the medulla or to downstream sites beyond the lymph node where they produce antibodies.
D. B cells will proliferate rapidly in germinal centers of follicles with the help of Th cells, often enlarging the entire lymph node.

A

B. Lymph node send signal to thymus to enhance lymphoblast conversion to
mature lymphocytes

114
Q

Not true regarding thymic selection

A. Deletion of self-reactive helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes in the thymus is the basis for the central immunotolerance produced there.
B. Only about 2% of all developing T lymphocytes pass both the positive and negative selection.
C. T cells that strongly bind MHCs containing to self-peptides undergo apoptosis.
D. The selection process for each pre–T lymphocyte begins in the cortex, ends
in the medulla, and lasts about 1 week.

A

D. The selection process for each pre–T lymphocyte begins in the cortex, ends
in the medulla, and lasts about 1 week.

115
Q

How much of the body’s immune cells does MALT contain?

b. More than half
d. 10%
a. Half
c. Less than half

A

b. More than half

116
Q

What kind of lymphocytes mostly predominate in MALT?

M cells
B cells
T cells
P cells

A

B CELL

117
Q

Known cause of lymph node enlargement

A. Growth of cancer cells inside the lymph node like that of lymphoma
B. Proliferation of B and T cells as a reaction to infection or inflammation
C. Both A and B
D. None of the above because growth enlargement is hormonally dependent

A

C. Both A and B

118
Q

The two-stage thymic selection process of quality control ensures

A. That selected mature T lymphocytes will not attack old RBC since it is the
macrophage who will destroy them and recycle the hemoglobin.
B. That mature T lymphocytes do not overlap with B lymphocytes in terms of antigen detection and response.
C. That mature T cells have TCRs that are fully functional but do not recognize
and strongly bind MHC with self-antigens.
D. That mature T lymphocytes protects developing immature lymphocytes by securing
them from being attacked by the immune system.

A

C. That mature T cells have TCRs that are fully functional but do not recognize
and strongly bind MHC with self-antigens.

119
Q

What cell from the bone marrow will go to the thymus to mature?

T lymphocytes
Precursor lymphoblast
B lymphocytes
Red blood cells

A

T lymphocytes

??. Precursor lymphoblast (SAGOT SA SCROLL)

120
Q

Case Analysis: an adult sustained a blunt abdominal trauma during a vehicular
accident. Spleen was severely affected with lots of blood losing from the patient. What do you think happen as a result of that trauma?

A. The splenic parenchyma is intact but the blood vessel entering the spleen are
traumatically twisted causing obstruction of blood flow and eventually rupture of the
vessel
B. The splenic capillaries take up a lot of blood from the circulation due to the trauma causing congestion of vessels that eventually rupture.
C. The impact of the trauma causes the spleen to rupture with tearing of its capsule and laceration of parenchyma causing hemorrhage.
D. The trauma forced all abdominal organs to congest the splenic area and no blood enters the spleen with resultant loss of blood filtering capacity.

A

C. The impact of the trauma causes the spleen to rupture with tearing of its capsule and laceration of parenchyma causing hemorrhage.

121
Q

Thymus originates from

2nd pair of pharyngeal pouches
3rd pair of pharyngeal pouches
2nd single pharyngeal pouch
3rd single pharyngeal pouch

A

3rd pair of pharyngeal pouches

122
Q

Survival depends on a cell not binding to MHC molecules with peptides

Positive selection
Autoimmune attack
Negative selection
Apoptosis

A

Negative selection

123
Q

Hassall’s corpuscles are sometimes seen in the cortex

Occasionally true
True
It depends.
False

A

False

124
Q

True of medullary Thymic epithelial cells (TEC)

A. Medullary TECs form a layer, joined by desmosomes and occluding junctions.
B. Medullary TECs also express MHC class II molecules but form a sheetlike structure contributing to a functional corticomedullary barrier
C. Medullary stellate TECs has processes containing keratin tonofilaments joined by desmosomes
D. Large aggregates of medullary TECs are sometimes concentrically arranged.

A

D. Large aggregates of medullary TECs are sometimes concentrically arranged.

125
Q

MATCHING TYPE

secretes collagen

fibroblast	
adipocyte	
macrophage	
mast cells	
plasma cell
A

fibroblast

126
Q

MATCHING TYPE

involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions

fibroblast	
adipocyte	
macrophage	
mast cells	
plasma cell
A

mast cells

127
Q

MATCHING TYPE

Involved in immunoglobulin production

fibroblast	
adipocyte	
macrophage	
mast cells	
plasma cell
A

plasma cell

128
Q

MATCHING TYPE

highly developed phagocytic cell

fibroblast	
adipocyte	
macrophage	
mast cells	
plasma cell
A

macrophage

129
Q

MATCHING TYPE

serves as a cushion and a metabolic storage of energy

fibroblast	
adipocyte	
macrophage	
mast cells	
plasma cell
A

adipocyte

130
Q

True or false: Cardiac muscle lacks satellite cells and has little capacity for regeneration.

False
True
It depends

A

True?

Cardiac muscle lacks satellite cells and shows very little regenerative capacity beyond early childhood.

131
Q

What is the cytokine that activates macrophages?

IL- 8
IL- 5
IL- 4
IL- 1

A

IL- 4

132
Q

True of spleen:

It is a primary organ for blood development
It has no macrophages
It has red and white pulp.
It has both cortex and medulla.

A

It has red and white pulp.

133
Q

Is the dermis a layer of epithelial tissue?

No
It depends
Yes
Unclassified

A

No

134
Q

Fibrocartilage takes various forms but is essentially a combination of dense connective tissue and?

loose cartilage
hyaline cartilage
elastic cartilage
mixed cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage

135
Q

The firm consistency of the cartilage ECM allows the tissue to bear mechanical stresses without permanent distortion.

False
True

A

True

136
Q

Which if the following is true of chondrocytes?

avascular
high metabolic and mitotic rates-FALSE
eiosinophilic cytoplasm with low RER content
very mobile cells

A

avascular

137
Q

A 40-nm-long coil of two polypeptide chains located in the groove between the two twisted actin strands.

Myofibril
Tropomyosin
Tonofibril
Sarcolemma

A

Tropomyosin

138
Q

The lining epithelium that enclosed the secretions of your thyroid gland is ___.

Simple squamous
Simple cuboidal
Pseudostratified
Simple columnar

A

Simple cuboidal

139
Q

Not true of thymic epithelioreticular cells:

Secrete cytokines
Compartmentalizes thymus into cortex and medulla
Surrounds blood vessels in the blood thymus barrier around cortex.
None of the above

A

None of the above

140
Q

Not characteristic of innate or natural immunity:

Native
Integrates with other type of immunity
Instant
Autoimmunity

A

Autoimmunity

141
Q

Antibodies bound to antigens on virus-infected cells of the body are recognized by the primitive lymphocytes called NK cells, which are then activated to kill the infected cell by releasing ___.

Chlorine
Detergent
Perforin
Alkaline phosphate

A

Perforin

142
Q

Which type of cartilage does not have a perichondrium?

Elastic Cartilage
Hyaline cartilage
Fibrocartilage
none of the above

A

Fibrocartilage

143
Q

What is the cytokine that promotes eosinophil proliferation?

IL- 5
IL- 8
IL- 4
IL- 1

A

IL- 5

144
Q

Type of collagen fibers found in lamellar bone:

Type II
Type IV
Type III
Type I

A

Type I

145
Q

This refers to the ability of receptors on macrophages, neutrophils and eosinophils to recognize and bind to the Fc portion of antibodies attached to the surface antigens of microorganisms.

Phacocytosis
Phagocytosis
Opsonization
Apoptosis

A

Opsonization

146
Q

You received a specimen from the urology department and found out that it is lined by transitional epithelium. The unique feature of the cells lining this epithelium is ___.

It allows the cells to secrete substances to protect the organ from urine.
It forms double sphincter to manage urine entry and exit.
It forms an umbrella of dome-shaped goblet cells to neutralize urine acidity.
It allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch.

A

It forms an umbrella of dome-shaped goblet cells to neutralize urine acidity.
??

147
Q

Not true when comparing classification of muscles:

Skeletal muscle is voluntary
Uterus is smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle is cylindrical
Smooth muscles have striations

A

Smooth muscles have striations

148
Q

Which of the following is true of osteoclasts?

A. involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue.
B. found in cavities called lacunae
C. multinucleated dwarf giant cells-true
D. synthesize the organic components of the matrix

A

involved in the resorption and remodeling of bone tissue.

149
Q

It covers the external surfaces of the bone:

Periosteum
Serosa
Endosteum
Perichondrium

A

Periosteum

150
Q

In the medulla, those cells that react to self-antigens strongly will be destroyed by self-induced apoptosis to prevent autoimmune disease.

Negative selection??
Antigen screening
Antibody screening
Positive selection

A

Negative selection??

151
Q

Microscopic exam shows capillaries form a rich network in the endomysium bringing O2 to the muscle fibers. You are in ___.

Epimysium
Endomysium
Perimysium
Gymnatium

A

Endomysium

152
Q

The glycosaminoglycan that has a repeating disaccharide of hexuronic acid and hexosamine. It is primarily found in the umbilical cord, synovial fluid, vitreous humor and cartilage

hyaluronic acid
keratan sulfate
heparan sulfate
dermatan sulfate

A

hyaluronic acid

153
Q

Contraction causes “goosebumps”:

Meissner
Arrector pili
Blood vessel
Sweat glands

A

Arrector pili

154
Q

A disease in which the bone matrix does not calcify normally

Vit D deficiency
Vit C deficiency
Calcium deficiency
None of the above

A

Vit D deficiency

155
Q

Immunoglobulin that posses the placental barrier and confers passive immunity to fetus:

IgG
IgD
IgA
IgE

A

IgG

156
Q

Most lymphocytes enter the paracortex of a lymph node via ___.

High endothelial venules
Cortical sinuses
Medullary sinuses
Medullary rays

A

High endothelial venules

157
Q

Are restricted to absorptive epithelial cells lining the epididymis and the proximal part of ductus deferens in the male reproductive system:

Cilia
Stereocilia
Both
None of the above

A

Stereocilia

158
Q

Microscopy on the endothelial lining of a normal blood vessel reveals an epithelium lined by only one layer of cells:

Thinking of vascular adaptation due to recurrent infection
Thinking of significant findings
Thinking that the specimen could be mixed up with other specimens
Thinking of the increased possibility of bleeding due to thinning of walls

A

Thinking of significant findings??

(previous MCQ with answer NORMAL FINDING). All other choices were repeated except for significant findings

159
Q

A 9-year-old boy show signs of epidermolysis bullosa. Microscopically, you will expect ___.

An abnormality of nexus
An abnormality of hemidesmosomes

A

An abnormality of hemidesmosomes

160
Q

What happens in the arteriovenous anastomosis when a person is exposed to snow?

increase blood flow in the papillary layer
decrease blood flow in the papillary layer

A

decrease blood flow in the papillary layer

161
Q

Physiologic study using an electron microscope shows a segment of tissue containing hair and showing abundant blood vessels nourishing growing hairs. This is consistent with ___.

Anagen phase
Telogen phase
Nutrigen phase
Catagen phase

A

Anagen phase

162
Q

You just woke up from sleep and went immediately to the mirror, you see one single pimple in the right side of your cheek. Upon closer look, you realized that the pimple already ruptured with dried blood clots and pus. At what skin layer(s) does this pimple affects?

Dermis
Epidermis and dermis
Epidermis
Subcutaneous tissue

A

Epidermis and dermis

163
Q
  1. The repetitive functional subunit of the contractile apparatus, the sarcomere:

extends from Z disc to Z disc
Sarcomere
Both
None of the above

A

extends from Z disc to Z disc

164
Q

Not true of antibody:

Has 2 identical heavy chains and 2 identical light chains
Chains are connected with each other by disulphide bonds
Fc region is the neutralizing site
Variable region is the antigen binding site

A

Fc region is the neutralizing site

165
Q

You are the pathologist on duty and you received a breast tissue for biopsy. On microscopy, you see cells that are quite abnormal in size, shape and nuclei within the full thickness of epithelium and beyond the basement membrane. Your diagnosis is ___.

Invasive cancer
Hyperplasia
Metaplasia
Carcinoma in situ

A

Invasive cancer

166
Q

When blood flow in red pulp moves from capillaries into venous sinusoids, it is said to be in ___.

Normal barrier
Open circulation
Closed circulation
Abnormal barrier

A

Closed circulation

167
Q

These are the core proteins to which sulfated glycosaminoglycans attach to

proteoglycans
multiadhesive glycoproteins
mucopolysaccharides
fibronectin

A

proteoglycans

168
Q

Large complex with two identical heavy chains and two pairs of light chains:

Tonofibril
Myofibril
Sarcolemma
None of the above

A

None of the above

MYOSIN

169
Q

Racial skin color is due to ___.

Number of melanocytes
Blood vessel
Temperature
Amount of melanin in melanocyte

A

Amount of melanin in melanocyte

170
Q

What will NOT happen when you are exposed to hot environment?

The blood vessels respond to thermoregulates
You developed goosebumps
There is eventual sweat production.
The fats in the hypodermis works to insulate the body.

A

You developed goosebumps

171
Q

You diagnosed a case of Carotenemia. What is NOT consistent with your diagnosis?

The hands looks-like jaundice
Patient feels normal.
Positive habit of eating yellowish or orange vegetables
Yellowish vision

A

Yellowish vision

172
Q

An autopsy of a fetus shows defects in occludins leading to destruction of fetal blood brain barrier. This is shown by ___.

Abnormal morphology of gap junctions
Abnormal morphology of tight junctions
Abnormal morphology of hemidesmosomes
Abnormal morphology of desmosomes

A

Abnormal morphology of tight junctions

173
Q

3 functional separate compartments of a lymph node except:

Hilus
Paracortex
Outer cortex
Medulla

A

Hilus

174
Q

You see your brother lying in bed exposing the skin of his back. What is NOT true regarding his back’s skin?

The exposed part is ectodermal in origin.
It has 4 epidermal layers.
It has 3 skin layers.
When playing basketball, it has sweat glands that thermoregulates.

A

It has 4 epidermal layers.

175
Q

This disease condition involves gradual loss or changed physical properties of the hyaline cartilage that lines the articular ends of bones in joints.

osteoarthritis
osteomalacia
osteopetrosis
rheumatoid arthritis

A

osteoarthritis

176
Q

A 24 year old male came to you complaining a possibility that he might have Kartagener syndrome. Of the information he had supplied, the following is NOT consistent with his complaint:

That he has no child despite several attempts
That has repeated bouts of coughing due to thick phlegm
Both
None of the above

A

None of the above

177
Q

What is the immunoglobulin most found in allergies?

IgM
IgE
IgD
IgA

A

IgE

178
Q

Defense in secretions like breastmilk and those lining mucosal tissues:

Presence of the most abundant immunoglobulin
Monomeric immunoglobulin
Presence of a proteolytic resistant immunoglobulin in dimeric form united by J chain
Presence of pentameric immunoglobulin

A

Presence of a proteolytic resistant immunoglobulin in dimeric form united by J chain

179
Q

A piece of tissue from a patient with blunt abdominal trauma was sent to you for further identification. Upon reviewing, you see groups of splenic cord macrophages. Your basis for diagnosis is ___.

Presence of black hematin pigment
Presence of cells containing old, swollen RBC with hemoglobin
Presence of cells producing iron
Presence of sinusoid cells with yellow pigment

A

Presence of cells containing old, swollen RBC with hemoglobin

180
Q

Immune cells recognizes on antigen when it reacts to ___.

Epitope present in antibody
Epitope present in the antibody
Epitope present in the immune cell
Epitope present in the antigen

A

Epitope present in the antigen

181
Q

The dark bands are called what in (anisotropic or birefringent in polarized light microscopy):

Z bands
A bands
I bands
M line

A

A bands

182
Q

What is the most common type of collagen in Hyaline Cartilage?

Type II
Type IV
Type I
Type VIII

A

Type II

183
Q

MATCHING TYPE:

major product of fibroblasts

COLLAGEN FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS

A

COLLAGEN FIBERS

184
Q

MATCHING TYPE:

most abundant protein in the ECM

COLLAGEN FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS

A

COLLAGEN FIBERS

185
Q

MATCHING TYPE:

delicate connective fibers in bone marrow and endocrine organs

COLLAGEN FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS

A

RETICULAR FIBERS

186
Q

MATCHING TYPE:

exhibits extensible random coil conformation

COLLAGEN FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

187
Q

MATCHING TYPE:

forms from a network of microfibrils which as scaffolding

COLLAGEN FIBERS
RETICULAR FIBERS
ELASTIC FIBERS

A

ELASTIC FIBERS

188
Q

Areas where you can find MALT except:

Tonsils
Appendix
Lymph nodes
Peyer patches

A

Lymph nodes

189
Q

What happened to the cells lining the stomach in Barret’s esophagus?

It remained squamous
It remained columnar
It likewise transformed from columnar to squamous
It likewise transformed from squamous to columnar

A

It likewise transformed from squamous to columnar

190
Q

In humans, enzymes that are used to digest cellulose are found in low quantity in cecum but not in appendix.

False
Cannot correlate
True
It depends

A

False

??

191
Q

Patients with celiac disease may show decreased in the size of brush border of intestine due to sensitivity reaction to what protein?

Glucose
Gluten
Lutein
Starch

A

Gluten

192
Q

An unknown tissue of lymphoid lineage was sent to you containing small central arterioles that are enclosed by periarteriolar lymphoid sheaths (PALS) of T cells. What is that tissue?

Peyer’s patches
Lymph node, cortex
Spleen, white pulp
Thymus, medulla

A

Spleen, white pulp

193
Q

Are paracrine factors from leukocytes that signal NK cells to kill ___.

Interferon
Phagocytosis
Chemokines
Interleukin

A

Interferon

194
Q

Another very large accessory protein, nebulin (600-900 kDa), binds each thin myofilament laterally, helps anchor them to α-actinin, and specifies the length of the actin polymers during myogenesis.

Titin
Troponin
Tropomyosin
Nebulin

A

Nebulin

195
Q

Another 67 year old patient came in due to slightly fast growing skin lesion that is located in the left cheek. Close examination reveals a superficially spreading lesion with dark discoloration, irregular borders and more than 8 mm in diameter. What do you think is the diagnosis?

A cancer that readily metastasize to lymph nodes.
A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer
A cancer that contains brownish fragments and disorganized melanosomes.
A cancer that originates from the basal cells in the dermo-epidermal junction

A

A cancer that contains keratinous material affecting the cells of the spinous layer

196
Q 
The perichondrium consists largely of? 
collagen type 1
collagen type 3
collagen type 2
collagen type 4
A

collagen type 1

197
Q

A segment of cervical tissue was sent to you for biopsy. Upon closer look using a light microscope, the epithelium is still intact but the arrangement of the cell’s nucleus are no longer regularly placed. Some are located basal while others are apical, central or lateral. In this case, the cell’s nuclear arrangement is said to ___.

have lost its polarity.
be cytospinning.
Bipolar
be Atypical

A

have lost its polarity.

198
Q

Wrong correlation for lymph node tissue:

Medulla: nodules of B cells and macrophages
Hilum: entrance for blood vessels and sinuses
Lymph node capsule: covering
Sinuses: complex of channels through which lymph circulates

A

DONT KNOW

199
Q

Which of the following does not accurately describe the function of cartilage?

Provides nutritional support to bones
Facilitates bone movements.
forms the framework supporting soft tissues.
Guides development and growth of long bones.

A

NO IDEA

200
Q

Downregulating the intrinsic mechanism of immune system is ___.

Gene cleansing
Clonal cleansing
Clonal deletion
Clonal suppression

A

WALA JAPUN :(

201
Q

Downregulating the intrinsic mechanism of immune system is ___.

Gene cleansing
Clonal cleansing
Clonal deletion
Clonal suppression

A

ANU KAYA?

202
Q

Physically deleting cells from repertoire at one stage during their lifespan is ___.

Clonal cleansing
Clonal deletion
Gene cleansing
Clonal suppression

A

HELP I DONT KNOW

203
Q

Patient who died of erythroblastosis fetalis or Hemolytic disease of the Newborn (HDN) underwent an autopsy. A chemical analysis of the fetal tissue show a characteristic immunoglobulin present in the fetus that is consistent with the ___.

Presence of basophilic and mast cells infiltrating fetal bloody tissues
Presence of dimeric immunoglobulin within the mucosal surfaces of the fetus
Presence of the most abundant immunoglobulin that crosses the placental barrier
Presence of pentameric immunoglobulin coagulated in clusters in fetal soft tissues and bone marrow

A

WHAT IS THE ANSEWER?

HISTOLOGY (6 decks)

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