histo fem repro 2 Flashcards
What is the function of the uterus (body?
Site of implantation and development of the embryo
What are the layer sof the uterus?
Endometrium
divided into outer stratum functionale
and inner stratum basale
Myometrium
thick muscular layer continuous with that of the oviduct and vagina
Perimetrium
The outer serous or visceral peritoneal covering of uterus. Consist of mesothelium and thin layer of loose CT
which layers undergo cyclic changes each month for implantation?
Both the myometriumand endometriumundergo cyclic changes each month to prepare the uterus for implantation. These changes constitute the menstrual cycle
memorize
WHat are the layers of the myometrium?
layers of smooth muscle:
Inner and outer layers are predominantly oriented parallel along the long axis of uterus
Middle layer has numerous large blood vessels. Smooth muscle is interlaced and oriented roughly in a circular or spiral pattern.
Work together as a functional syncytium
It undergoes hypertrophy during
pregnancy
identify
myometrium and its layers
Which is the laer that degenrates in the menstrual cycle?
The stratum functionale is the layer that proliferates and degeneratesduring the menstrual cycle.
The surface epithelium invaginates to form the uterine glands. The endometrial stroma is highly cellular
The vasculature of the endometrium also proliferates and degenerates during each menstrual cycle
explain the blood supply of endometrium
The uterine arteries gives off 6-10 arcuate arteries that anastomose in the myometrium. Branches →radial arteries (enter stratum basale) →straight arteries (NOT LOST DURING MENSTRUATION)
The main branch of radial artery→continuosupwards and become coiled to form the spiral artery (stratum functionale) →rich capillary bed →lacunae.
The distal portion of the spiral arteries undergo degeneration and regeneration under the influence of estrogens and progesterone.
what correlates with the maturation of the ovarina follicles?
Changes in the secretory activity of the endometrium
explain the menstrual cycle phases
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Menstrual phase (1-5 days) Occurs concurrently with degeneration of the corpus luteum at a time when hormone production by the ovary declines.
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Proliferative phase (days 6-14 of cycle) Occurs concurrently with follicular development in the ovary and thus under estrogen stimulation.
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Secretory phase (days 15-28 of cycle) Occurs post ovulatory concurrent with corpus luteum formation in the ovary and thus under primarily progesterone stimulation.
the proliferative phase is regulated by?
estrogen
explain the histological characteristics of the endometrium in the proloferative pjhase
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Histologically the endometrium is characterized by the presence of reforming straight glands lined by a simple columnar epithelium
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Epithelial cells migrate to reconstitute the glands and migrate to cover the endometrial surface.
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Stromal cells proliferative and secrete collagen and ground substance
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Spiral arteries lengthen as the height of the endometrium increases
identify
proliferatie phase
identify
Uterus Proliferative Phase
the secretory phase is regulated by?
progesterone (ealry secretoru phase 2-3 days post ovulation)
what happens in the early srcretory pjhse?
Under the influence of progesterone from the corpus luteum:
The glands enlarge and become corkscrewshaped
The epithelial cells lining the glands accumulate glycogen for nutrition in case of implantation in their basal region
identify
early secretory phase
identify
early secretory phase
identify
early secretory phase
which phase is stimulated by progesterones from corpus luteum?
secretory phae(middle to late 18-28 days)
what are the histoogical characteristics of late secretory phase?
The glands become even more coiled and sacculated
The glands secrete glycoproteins
Spiral arteries lengthen and become more coiled. They extend near the surface of the endometrium
Edema of the stroma starts to occur
identify
late secretory phase
identify
Uterus late secretory phase
menstrual phase results from?
a decline in the ovarian secretion of progesterone and estrogen
describe the menstrual phase (bleeding)
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The coiled arteries intermittently constrict causing ischemia and death of the cells in the stratum functionale
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Blood accumulates in pockets in the stratum functionale
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Finally the coiled arteries rupture flooding the endometrium with blood and washing away the dead regions of the stratum functionale
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Onset of menstruation
identify
The Menstrual Phase
identify
Uterus menstrual phase; The stratum basale remains intact; 30-40mL
describe the histological features of the cervix
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Cervix does not undergo tissue loss during menstruation
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Mucosa is characterized by the presence of mucus secreting glands
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Epithelium is simple columnar
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Viscosity of the mucus changes during cycle
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Mucus is more watery under estrogenstimulation. It is the least viscous around the time of ovulation
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During secretory phase under influence of progesterone mucus is more viscous: a natural contraceptive
identify
cervix of uterus
identify
Transformation zone of the cervix is the site of transition between vaginal stratified squamous epithelium and cervical simple columnar epithelium
The metaplastic changes in this region constitute precancerous lesions of the cervix.
what is a cervical smear?
Stained preparations of cervical epithelial cells (Papanicolaou smears = Pap smears) are used for screening of precancerous or cancerous lesions of the cervix
identify
a.
Negative cervical smear. The surface squamous cells reveal small pyknotic nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. Other cells in the micrograph include red blood cells and neutrophils.
b.
Abnormal smear. Many of the cells in this specimen contain large nuclei with no evidence of pyknosis (arrows). The cytoplasm is relatively scant. Other cells exhibit a more normal appearance with pyknotic nuclei and more surrounding cytoplasm (arrowheads). Neutrophils are also present.
what is the fucntion of th evagina?
Fibromuscular tube that joins internal reproductive organs to the external environment
describe the histological features of the vaagina
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Stratified squamous epithelium non keratinized
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A fibromuscular wall with abundant elastic fibers
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No glands except near the opening of the vagina. Lubrication comes from the glands in cervix
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The stratified squamous epithelium is unusual in that the cells are typically filled with glycogen and thus stain very pale in H&E
identify
vagina
memorize
human vagina
what are mammary glands?
apocrine sweat glands that develop under the influence of sex hormones
what is the function of th emammary glands?
To produce milk for the infant
describe the histological features of the mammary glands
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Modified skin gland with 15-20 lobes and lactiferous ducts. Compound tubuloalveolargland
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Each gland ends in a lactiferous duct that opens through an orifice onto the nipple
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Myoepithelial cells of ectodermal origin
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Undergoes slight changes during menstrual cycle. More extensive changes occur during pregnancy and lactation
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Numerous sensory nerve endings in the nipple
What stimulates nad inhibits the mammary galnds?
Stimulatory : Prolactin
Inhibitory : Dopamine
Stimulatory also Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), VIP, other releasing factors
Milk ejection: Sensory reflex and oxytocin (tiene efecto en las glandulas myoepiteliales)
identify
This photomicrograph shows the TDLU from an inactive mammary gland. The clear area in the upper part of the image represents adipose cells
iderntify
Myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland. This immunofluorescence image is obtained from the mammary gland of a lactating mouse 2 days postparturition. Three-dimensional organization of myoepithelial cells is visualized in green color due to the expression of the promoter transgene in myoepithelial cells. The tissue was also stained red with antibody against smooth muscle α-actin conjugated directly with CY3 fluorescent dye
describe the inactive mammary gland (non-pregnnat)
Consists mainly of excretory ducts surrounded by extensive regions of CT
Few or no secretory alveoli
Ducts lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium
Myoepithelial cells surround ducts
CT immediately around ducts is loose CT. Dense irregular CT between the lobes
identify
inactive mammary gland
describe the active mammary gland (pregnancy)
A large proliferation of the duct system and differentiation of the secretory alveoli
Alveoli lined by a simple columnar epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells
During late pregnancy have secretion of colostrum (Protein rich with IgA)
identify
Active Mammary Gland (During Pregnancy)
identify
Active Mammary Gland (During Pregnancy)
describe the secretions of active mammary gland in lactation
Merocrine secretion: The protein component of the milk is synthesized in the RER packaged in secretory vesicles and release by exocytosis
Apocrine secretion: The lipid component of the milk arises as lipid droplets . The droplets are released invested in plasma membrane
idenitfy
active mMMry glND WITH SECRETION LACTATING
Identify
Low-magnification micrograph of a fast green osmium–stained section of a lactating mammary gland. Portions of several large lobules and an excretory duct are seen. Many of the alveoli exhibit a prominent lumen, even at this magnification
identify
A higher magnification of an area in a shows lipid droplets (black circular profiles) within the secretory cells of the alveoli as well as in the alveolar lumina. The arrows indicate plasma cells within the interstitial spaces. plasma cells secrete IgA
identify
Mammary gland lactating
explain the neuroendocrine reflex for milk letdown
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Stimulation of the nipple causes milk in lactiferous sinuses to be expelled thus prompting continuing suckling
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Continued suckling causes afferent stimulation from the nipple to reach the neural Hypophysis
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Oxytocin is released from the neurohypophysis
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Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli and ducts, thus causing release of milk
