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Histo second semester 23-24 > histo fem repro 2 > Flashcards

histo fem repro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the uterus (body?

A

Site of implantation and development of the embryo

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2
Q

What are the layer sof the uterus?

A

Endometrium
divided into outer stratum functionale
and inner stratum basale

Myometrium
thick muscular layer continuous with that of the oviduct and vagina

Perimetrium
The outer serous or visceral peritoneal covering of uterus. Consist of mesothelium and thin layer of loose CT

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3
Q

which layers undergo cyclic changes each month for implantation?

A

Both the myometriumand endometriumundergo cyclic changes each month to prepare the uterus for implantation. These changes constitute the menstrual cycle

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4
Q

memorize

A
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5
Q

WHat are the layers of the myometrium?

A

layers of smooth muscle:

Inner and outer layers are predominantly oriented parallel along the long axis of uterus

Middle layer has numerous large blood vessels. Smooth muscle is interlaced and oriented roughly in a circular or spiral pattern.

Work together as a functional syncytium

It undergoes hypertrophy during
pregnancy

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6
Q

identify

A

myometrium and its layers

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7
Q

Which is the laer that degenrates in the menstrual cycle?

A

The stratum functionale is the layer that proliferates and degeneratesduring the menstrual cycle.

The surface epithelium invaginates to form the uterine glands. The endometrial stroma is highly cellular

The vasculature of the endometrium also proliferates and degenerates during each menstrual cycle

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8
Q

explain the blood supply of endometrium

A

The uterine arteries gives off 6-10 arcuate arteries that anastomose in the myometrium. Branches →radial arteries (enter stratum basale) →straight arteries (NOT LOST DURING MENSTRUATION)

The main branch of radial artery→continuosupwards and become coiled to form the spiral artery (stratum functionale) →rich capillary bed →lacunae.

The distal portion of the spiral arteries undergo degeneration and regeneration under the influence of estrogens and progesterone.

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9
Q

what correlates with the maturation of the ovarina follicles?

A

Changes in the secretory activity of the endometrium

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10
Q

explain the menstrual cycle phases

A

*
Menstrual phase (1-5 days) Occurs concurrently with degeneration of the corpus luteum at a time when hormone production by the ovary declines.
*
Proliferative phase (days 6-14 of cycle) Occurs concurrently with follicular development in the ovary and thus under estrogen stimulation.
*
Secretory phase (days 15-28 of cycle) Occurs post ovulatory concurrent with corpus luteum formation in the ovary and thus under primarily progesterone stimulation.

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11
Q

the proliferative phase is regulated by?

A

estrogen

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12
Q

explain the histological characteristics of the endometrium in the proloferative pjhase

A

▪
Histologically the endometrium is characterized by the presence of reforming straight glands lined by a simple columnar epithelium
▪
Epithelial cells migrate to reconstitute the glands and migrate to cover the endometrial surface.
▪
Stromal cells proliferative and secrete collagen and ground substance
▪
Spiral arteries lengthen as the height of the endometrium increases

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13
Q

identify

A

proliferatie phase

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14
Q

identify

A

Uterus Proliferative Phase

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15
Q

the secretory phase is regulated by?

A

progesterone (ealry secretoru phase 2-3 days post ovulation)

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16
Q

what happens in the early srcretory pjhse?

A

Under the influence of progesterone from the corpus luteum:
The glands enlarge and become corkscrewshaped
The epithelial cells lining the glands accumulate glycogen for nutrition in case of implantation in their basal region

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17
Q

identify

A

early secretory phase

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18
Q

identify

A

early secretory phase

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19
Q

identify

A

early secretory phase

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20
Q

which phase is stimulated by progesterones from corpus luteum?

A

secretory phae(middle to late 18-28 days)

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21
Q

what are the histoogical characteristics of late secretory phase?

A

The glands become even more coiled and sacculated

The glands secrete glycoproteins

Spiral arteries lengthen and become more coiled. They extend near the surface of the endometrium

Edema of the stroma starts to occur

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22
Q

identify

A

late secretory phase

23
Q

identify

A

Uterus late secretory phase

24
Q

menstrual phase results from?

A

a decline in the ovarian secretion of progesterone and estrogen

25
Q

describe the menstrual phase (bleeding)

A

▪
The coiled arteries intermittently constrict causing ischemia and death of the cells in the stratum functionale
▪
Blood accumulates in pockets in the stratum functionale
▪
Finally the coiled arteries rupture flooding the endometrium with blood and washing away the dead regions of the stratum functionale
▪
Onset of menstruation

26
Q

identify

A

The Menstrual Phase

27
Q

identify

A

Uterus menstrual phase; The stratum basale remains intact; 30-40mL

28
Q

describe the histological features of the cervix

A

▪
Cervix does not undergo tissue loss during menstruation
▪
Mucosa is characterized by the presence of mucus secreting glands
▪
Epithelium is simple columnar
▪
Viscosity of the mucus changes during cycle
▪
Mucus is more watery under estrogenstimulation. It is the least viscous around the time of ovulation
▪
During secretory phase under influence of progesterone mucus is more viscous: a natural contraceptive

29
Q

identify

A

cervix of uterus

30
Q

identify

A

Transformation zone of the cervix is the site of transition between vaginal stratified squamous epithelium and cervical simple columnar epithelium

The metaplastic changes in this region constitute precancerous lesions of the cervix.

31
Q

what is a cervical smear?

A

Stained preparations of cervical epithelial cells (Papanicolaou smears = Pap smears) are used for screening of precancerous or cancerous lesions of the cervix

32
Q

identify

A

a.
Negative cervical smear. The surface squamous cells reveal small pyknotic nuclei and abundant cytoplasm. Other cells in the micrograph include red blood cells and neutrophils.
b.
Abnormal smear. Many of the cells in this specimen contain large nuclei with no evidence of pyknosis (arrows). The cytoplasm is relatively scant. Other cells exhibit a more normal appearance with pyknotic nuclei and more surrounding cytoplasm (arrowheads). Neutrophils are also present.

33
Q

what is the fucntion of th evagina?

A

Fibromuscular tube that joins internal reproductive organs to the external environment

34
Q

describe the histological features of the vaagina

A

▪
Stratified squamous epithelium non keratinized
▪
A fibromuscular wall with abundant elastic fibers
▪
No glands except near the opening of the vagina. Lubrication comes from the glands in cervix
▪
The stratified squamous epithelium is unusual in that the cells are typically filled with glycogen and thus stain very pale in H&E

35
Q

identify

A

vagina

36
Q

memorize

A

human vagina

37
Q

what are mammary glands?

A

apocrine sweat glands that develop under the influence of sex hormones

38
Q

what is the function of th emammary glands?

A

To produce milk for the infant

39
Q

describe the histological features of the mammary glands

A

▪
Modified skin gland with 15-20 lobes and lactiferous ducts. Compound tubuloalveolargland
▪
Each gland ends in a lactiferous duct that opens through an orifice onto the nipple
▪
Myoepithelial cells of ectodermal origin
▪
Undergoes slight changes during menstrual cycle. More extensive changes occur during pregnancy and lactation
▪
Numerous sensory nerve endings in the nipple

40
Q

What stimulates nad inhibits the mammary galnds?

A

Stimulatory : Prolactin
Inhibitory : Dopamine

Stimulatory also Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH), VIP, other releasing factors

Milk ejection: Sensory reflex and oxytocin (tiene efecto en las glandulas myoepiteliales)

41
Q

identify

A

This photomicrograph shows the TDLU from an inactive mammary gland. The clear area in the upper part of the image represents adipose cells

42
Q

iderntify

A

Myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland. This immunofluorescence image is obtained from the mammary gland of a lactating mouse 2 days postparturition. Three-dimensional organization of myoepithelial cells is visualized in green color due to the expression of the promoter transgene in myoepithelial cells. The tissue was also stained red with antibody against smooth muscle α-actin conjugated directly with CY3 fluorescent dye

43
Q

describe the inactive mammary gland (non-pregnnat)

A

Consists mainly of excretory ducts surrounded by extensive regions of CT

Few or no secretory alveoli

Ducts lined by stratified cuboidal epithelium

Myoepithelial cells surround ducts

CT immediately around ducts is loose CT. Dense irregular CT between the lobes

44
Q

identify

A

inactive mammary gland

45
Q

describe the active mammary gland (pregnancy)

A

A large proliferation of the duct system and differentiation of the secretory alveoli

Alveoli lined by a simple columnar epithelium surrounded by myoepithelial cells

During late pregnancy have secretion of colostrum (Protein rich with IgA)

46
Q

identify

A

Active Mammary Gland (During Pregnancy)

47
Q

identify

A

Active Mammary Gland (During Pregnancy)

48
Q

describe the secretions of active mammary gland in lactation

A

Merocrine secretion: The protein component of the milk is synthesized in the RER packaged in secretory vesicles and release by exocytosis

Apocrine secretion: The lipid component of the milk arises as lipid droplets . The droplets are released invested in plasma membrane

49
Q

idenitfy

A

active mMMry glND WITH SECRETION LACTATING

50
Q

Identify

A

Low-magnification micrograph of a fast green osmium–stained section of a lactating mammary gland. Portions of several large lobules and an excretory duct are seen. Many of the alveoli exhibit a prominent lumen, even at this magnification

51
Q

identify

A

A higher magnification of an area in a shows lipid droplets (black circular profiles) within the secretory cells of the alveoli as well as in the alveolar lumina. The arrows indicate plasma cells within the interstitial spaces. plasma cells secrete IgA

52
Q

identify

A

Mammary gland lactating

53
Q

explain the neuroendocrine reflex for milk letdown

A

▪
Stimulation of the nipple causes milk in lactiferous sinuses to be expelled thus prompting continuing suckling
▪
Continued suckling causes afferent stimulation from the nipple to reach the neural Hypophysis
▪
Oxytocin is released from the neurohypophysis
▪
Oxytocin causes contraction of myoepithelial cells surrounding the alveoli and ducts, thus causing release of milk

Histo second semester 23-24 (19 decks)

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