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Histo second semester 23-24 > Histo block I: resp sys- larynx, trachea, bronchi > Flashcards

Histo block I: resp sys- larynx, trachea, bronchi Flashcards

1
Q

function of larynx

A

Function as a conduit for air conduction and sound production. The vocal folds control de flow of air through the larynx and vibrate to produce sound.

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1
Q

What is the larynx and by what is it formed?

A

*Passageway for air between the oropharynx and trachea
*Form by irregular shaped plates of hyaline and elastic cartilage

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2
Q

What are the vocal folds?

A

(vocal cords) are two folds of mucosa that project into the lumen of the larynx. A supporting ligament and skeletal muscle “the vocalis muscle” is contained
within each fold.

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3
Q

what is the ventricular folds?

A

located above the vocal folds are the “false vocal cords”. Do not have muscle. Abundant mucoserous
glands

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4
Q

identify

A

The right half of the larynx, the ventricle (V), the
ventricular folds (false vocal cords) (VF) and vocal
folds (VoF). The vestibule (Ve) and the infraglottic
cavity (IC). The vocalis muscle (VM) and mucous and
seromucous glands (GI). The laryngeal cartilages
(LC)

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5
Q

what type of epithelium is present in ventricular folds?

A

pseudostratified columna ciliated epithelium with goblet cells

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6
Q

what type of epithelium is present in vocal folds?

A

stratified squamous epithelium non-keratinized

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7
Q

whar are the 3 types of epithelia in the respiratory mucosa?

A

 Respiratory (predominant)
 Olfactory
 Stratified squamous non-keratinized epithelium

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8
Q

what is metaplasia or squamous metaplasia?

A

change ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium to stratified squamous epithelium. Basal cell proliferation gives rise to the new cell type.

Squamous metaplasia is normal on the vocal folds, and in certain other regions.

In chronic bronchitis and bronchiectasis, the respiratory epithelium changes in certain regions to a stratified squamous. The altered epithelium is more resistant but less effective functionally.

If the factors (i.e., tobacco smoking) that predispose to squamous metaplasia are not eliminated, the metaplastic epithelium may undergo malignant transformation.

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9
Q

Trachea divides into?

A

Trachea→ 1ry bronchi→ 2ry bronchi → bronchial tree→ terminal bronchiole

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10
Q

describe the trachea

A

Is an air conducting flexible tube of about 10 cm long. The trachea extends from the larynx to the middle of the thorax and then divides in two to form the main (primary) bronchi.

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11
Q

describe the mucosa of the trachea?

A

Composed of ciliated pseudostratified epithelium and a lamina propria, rich in elastic fibers and goblet cells

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12
Q

describe the submucosa of the trachea?

A

Moderately dense connective tissue (CT) and glands

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13
Q

describe the cartilaginous layer of the trachea?

A

composed of C-shaped hyaline cartilage. Fibroelastic tissue and smooth muscle connects the ends of the C-cartilage plates

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14
Q

describe the adventitia layer of the trachea?

A

Composed of CT that binds the trachea to adjacent structures

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15
Q

identify

A

Photomicrograph of trachea (H&E). Showing mucosal layer, submucosal layer, hyaline cartilage and adventitia

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16
Q

identifty

A

Electron micrograph of human tracheal epithelium

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17
Q

identify

A

goblet cells in human tracheal; epithelium

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18
Q

which cells are present in the tracheal epithelium?

A
  1. ciliated cells
  2. mucous cells (goblet)
  3. brush cells
  4. small granule cells (kulchitsky cells)
  5. basal cells
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19
Q

describe ciliated cells in tracheal epithelium

A

the most numerous. Each cell has approximately 250 cilia. The cilia provide a coordinated sweeping motion of the mucous toward the pharynx.

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20
Q

describe mucous cells (goblet) in tracheal epithelium

A

They have accumulated mucinogen granules in their cytoplasm. The number of mucous cells increases during chronic irritation.

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21
Q

describe brush cells in tracheal epithelium

A

are regarded as general sensory and chemoreceptors cells. Afferent nerve endings.

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22
Q

describe small granule cells (kulchitsky cells) in tracheal epithelium

A

are enteroendocrine cells. With immunolabelling and EM, show granules containingcatecholamines, serotonin,calcitonin, andgastrin-releasing peptide (bombesin).

Not clear function, maybe regulating ating the airway or vascular caliber.

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23
Q

describe basal cells in tracheal epithelium

A

cellsrepresent a stem cell population.

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24
Q

how is the basement membrane of the trachea?

A

A thick “basement membrane” is characteristic. In smokers and individuals with asthma, this layer may be considerably thicker, a response to mucosal irritation.

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25
Q

how si the lymphatic tissue in the trachea?

A

Lymphatic tissue in both diffuse and nodular form can be present.The boundary between mucosa and submucosa is defined by an elastic membrane.

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26
Q

how si the submucosa in the trachea?

A

The submucosa connective tissue is relatively dense CT and contains larger vessels and lymphatics. Submucosal glands composed of mucous-secreting acini with serous demilunes. Abundant in the posterior cartilage free area

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27
Q

identify

A

trachea

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28
Q

what separates submucosa from adventitia?

A

The tracheal cartilage and trachealis muscle; in humans 16-20 C-shape cartilages are present

29
Q

what happens to the hyaline cartilage in the trachea with age?

A

With age the hyaline cartilage may be partially replaced by bone, causing loss of flexibility

30
Q

what is th efucntion of the adventtiia in the trachea?

A

Outer layer of connective tissue, binds the trachea to other structures and provides blood vessels, nerves and lymphatics.

31
Q

identify

A

Photomicrograph of a section of the trachea and esophagus

32
Q

Primary bronchi come from?

A

from bifurcation of trachea and are extrapulmonary

33
Q

what changes in the bronchi when it enters the lung?

A

the walls; The cartilage rings are replaced by plates of irregular shapes

34
Q

which are the bronchi that are intrapulmonary?

A

Intrapulmonary bronchi are secondary (lobar bronchi) and Tertiary (segmental bronchi).

35
Q

bronchi can be identified by?

A

cartilage plate and circular layer of muscle

36
Q

what is the mucosa in the bronchi?

A

Respiratory epithelium pseudostratified ciliated with goblet cells

37
Q

what is the muscularis in the bronchi?

A

a continuous layer of smooth muscle in the larger bronchi. More attenuated and loosely organized in the smaller bronchi. Contraction regulate diameter.

38
Q

what is the submucosal in the bronchi?

A

loose connective tissue and glands. Bronchus-associated lymphatic tissue (BALT) in lamina propria

39
Q

the cartilage layer of discontinous plates of hyaline cartilage in the bronchi becomes smaller or larger as bronchial diameter decreases?

A

become smaller as bronchial diameter decreases

40
Q

how is the adventitia in the bronchi?

A

moderately dense CT continuous with lung parenchyma

41
Q

identify

A

wall of bronchi

42
Q

identify

A

Intrapulmonary Bronchus

43
Q

what are bronchioles?

A

Bronchioles are air-conducting ducts that measure 1 mm or less in diameter. The larger bronchioles represent branches of the segmental bronchi.

44
Q

what structures are not present in the bronchioles?

A

Cartilage plates and glands

45
Q

epithelium in bronchioles transforms into what?

A

Epithelium gradually transforms from pseudostratified into a simple ciliated columnar epithelium as the duct narrows and cuboidal too in smaller structures

46
Q

The terminal bronchioles finally give rise to

A

respiratory bronchioles

47
Q

which cells are present in the bronchioles?

A
  1. ciliated cells
  2. goblet cells
  3. club cells (clara cells)
  4. brush and small granule cells
48
Q

functions of ciliated cells in bronchioles

A

important for the moving mucous and debris upwards along the bronchial.

Kartagener’s syndrome when dyenin arms are not present in cilia, mucus accumulates and you get chronic respiratory infections

49
Q

are goblet cells present in bronchioles?

A

are still present in the largest bronchioles but are NOT present in the terminal bronchioles

50
Q

characteristics of club cells

A

have a characteristic rounded or dome-shaped apical surface projection. They display characteristics of protein-secreting cells

51
Q

function of club cells

A

increase in number as the ciliated cells decrease along the length of the bronchiole

52
Q

identify

A

bronchiole

53
Q

what do club cells secrete?

A

secrete a surfaceactive agent, a lipoprotein that prevents luminal adhesion should the wall of the
airway collapse on itself during expiration.

16 kDa protein known as Club cell secretory protein (CC16), which is abundant in the airway secretion

54
Q

why is CC16 important?

A

In chronic obstructive pulmonary
disease (COPD) and asthma CC16 levels
decrease in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid
and increase in blood serum, due to
leakage across the blood air barrier.
* CC16 in an indicator of lung damage.

55
Q

what happens if xenobiotic coumpunds are inhaled?

A

Detoxification by enzymes of SER. Club
(Clara) cells express high levels of
cytochrome P450 monooxygenases.

56
Q

identify

A

club cells (clara)

57
Q

identify

A

club cells clara

58
Q

which bronchi is the last of the conducting poertion?

A

terminal bronchioles

59
Q

what structure leas to respiratory bronchioles?

A

terminal bronchioles (simple cuboidal epithelium)

60
Q

which brinchioles are the first of the respiratory portion?

A

respiratory bronchioles

61
Q

what structure is interspersed int he wall of respiratory bronchioles?

A

alveoli

62
Q

what are the alveolar ducts?

A

linear arrangement of alveoli

63
Q

what are the alveolar sacs?

A

cluster of alveoli at end of alveolar ducts

64
Q

what is the epithelium of alveoli and their function?

A

are made of simple squamous epithelium. Are the
sites of gas exchange (blood-air barrier)

65
Q

identify

A

a terminal bronchiole (TB) is shown
longitudinally sectioned as it branches into two respiratory
bronchioles (RB). Respiratory bronchioles give rise to alveolar
ducts (AD), which are elongate airways. Alveolar sacs (AS) are
spaces at the termination of the alveolar ducts that, likewise,
are surrounded by alveoli

66
Q

First part of respiratory system to participate in gas exchange

A

respiratory bronchioles

67
Q

what is the epithelium of respiratory bronchioles?

A

epithelium is cuboidal (mostly Club (Clara)
cells (CC) and few ciliated cells).

68
Q

IDENTIFY

A

Section of the lung from a patient with asthma shows a bronchiole in the center with surrounding
alveoli. The bronchiolar wall is thick, inflamed, and has enlarged blood vessels. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA

69
Q

IDENTIFY

A

This high-magnification photomicrograph shows the structure of a bronchiolar pseudostratified
columnar epithelium containing a large number of goblet cells. The mucus in the lumen is a product
of the goblet cells. Note the presence of a large number of eosinophils (cells with red cytoplasm),
lymphocytes, and other connective tissue cells that infiltrated the lamina propria and submucosa of
the bronchiole. The basement membrane is thick and well defined. The smooth muscle layer is also
thick and the underlying adventitia contains enlarged blood vessels

Histo second semester 23-24 (19 decks)

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