HISTO ENDOCRINE Flashcards by Reign A. E.

organ that lies below the brain in a small cavity on the sphenoid bone, the sella turcica

PITUITARY GLAND or HYPOPHYSIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The pituitary is formed in the embryo partly from the _______________ and partly from the ______________________

developing brain, developing oral cavity

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Portion of the pituitary that retains many histologic features of brain tissue and consists of a large part, the
pars nervosa, and the smaller infundibulum stalk attached
to the hypothalamus at the median eminence

posterior neurohypophysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Part of the pituitary derived from the oral ectoderm, has three parts: a large pars distalis or anterior lobe; the pars tuberalis, which wraps around the infundibulum; and the thin pars intermedia adjacent to the posterior
pars nervosa

anterior adenohypophysis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

accounts for 75% of the adenohypophysis
and has a thin fibrous capsule

Pars Distalis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

two broad groups of cells in the pars distalis with different staining
affinities: ___________ and _________________

chromophils, chromophobes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acidophils that secrete growth hormone or somatotropin

Somatotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are secretory cells in which hormone is stored in cytoplasmic granules

Chromophils

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Acidophils that secrete prolactin

Lactotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Basophils that secrete hormones to the following organs:

Adrenal Cortex
Gonads
Thyroid

Corticotrophs
Gonadotrophs
Thyrotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________________ constitute about half the cells of the pars distalis in humans

Somatotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

________________ constitute the least amount of cells of the pars distalis in humans

thyrotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Two main glycoproteins secreted by Gonadotrophs

Follicle Stimulating Hormone
Luteinizing Hormone

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The main protein synthesized in corticotrophs

pro-opiomelanocortin

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Part of the pituitary gland that is a smaller funnel-shaped region
surrounding the infundibulum of the neurohypophysis

Pars Tuberalis

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Most of the cells of the pars tuberalis
are _________________

gonadotrophs.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Part of the Pituitary that is a narrow zone lying between the pars distalis and the pars nervosa

Pars Intermedia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells that Stimulates growth in epiphyseal plates of long bones via insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) produced in liver

Somatotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells that Promotes milk secretion

Lactotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells that produce FSH and LH

Gonadotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormone that promotes ovarian follicle
development and estrogen secretion
in women and spermatogenesis in
men

FSH

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormone that promotes ovarian follicle
maturation and progesterone
secretion in women and interstitial
cell androgen secretion in men

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells that Stimulates thyroid hormone
synthesis, storage, and liberation

Thyrotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Cells that Stimulates secretion of adrenal cortex hormones and Helps regulate lipid metabolism

Corticotrophs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Hormones that block hormone secretion in specific cells of the adenohypophysis

inhibiting hormones

Hormones that stimulate secretion by specific anterior pituitary cells

releasing hormones

Part of the pituitary that consists of the pars nervosa and the infundibular stalk

Neurohypophysis

Cells that resemble astrocytes and are the most abundant cell type in the posterior pituitary

pituicytes

Hormones that Stimulates release of thyrotropin (TSH)

Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)

Hormones that Stimulates the release of both follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)and luteinizing hormone (LH)

Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

Hormones that Inhibits release of both somatotropin (GH) and TSH

Somatostatin

Hormones that Stimulates release of GH

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

Hormones that Inhibits release of prolactin (PRL)

Dopamine

Hormones that Stimulates synthesis of pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and release of both β-lipotropic hormone (β-LPH) and corticotropin (ACTH)

Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)

are paired organs lying near the superior poles of the kidneys, embedded in the pararenal adipose tissue and fascia

adrenal (or suprarenal) glands

Each Adrenal gland has two concentric regions: a yellowish _____________ and a reddish-brown central _________________

adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla.

Hormone that stimulates contraction of uterine smooth muscle during childbirth and the myoepithelial cells in the mammary gland

Oxytocin

Hormone that Increases water permeability of renal collecting ducts

Vasopressin/antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

The Adrenal cortex arises from _________ and the medulla from the ___________.

mesoderm, neural crest

Part of the adrenal cortex that is immediately inside the capsule and comprising about 15% of the cortex, consists of closely packed, rounded or arched cords of columnar or pyramidal cells with many capillaries

zona glomerulosa

The steroids made by zona glomerulosa are called

mineralocorticoids (Aldosterone)

occupies 65%-80% of the Adrenal cortex and consists of long cords of large polyhedral cells, one or two cells thick, separated by fenestrated sinusoidal capillaries

zona fasciculata

The cells in the Zona Fasciculata secrete _______________________

glucocorticoids, especially cortisol

comprises about 10% of the adrenal cortex and consists of smaller cells in a network of irregular cords interspersed with wide capillaries

zona reticularis

Cells of the zona reticularis also produce ______ but primarily secrete the _________, including ________________ that is converted to testosterone in both men and women

cortisol, weak androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

Part of the adrenal gland that is composed of large, pale-staining polyhedral cells arranged in cords or clumps and supported by a reticular fiber network

Adrenal Medulla

chromaffin cells in the Adrenal Medulla shall produce ________________ hormones

catecholamines (Epinephrine or Norepinephrine)

Hormone that increases heart rate, dilates bronchioles, and dilates arteries of cardiac and skeletal muscle

Epinephrine

Hormones that constricts vessels of the digestive system and skin, increasing blood flow to the heart, muscles, and brain

Norepinephrine

are compact spherical or ovoid masses of endocrine cells embedded within the acinar exocrine tissue of the pancreas

Pancreatic Islets

What are the cells in the Pancreatic islets and what hormones do they produce

A cells= Glucagon B cells= Insulin D cells= Somatostatin PP cells= Pancreatic Polypeptides

A minor fourth cell type, more common in islets located within the head of the pancreas

PP cells

Hormone that Acts on several tissues to make energy stored in glycogen and fat available through glycogenolysis and lipolysis; increases blood glucose content

Glucagon

Hormone that Acts on several tissues to cause entry of glucose into cells and promotes decrease of blood glucose content

Insulin

Hormone that Inhibits release of other islet cell hormones through local paracrine action; inhibits release of GH and TSH in anterior pituitary and HCl secretion by gastric parietal cells

Somatostatin

Hormone that Stimulates activity of gastric chief cells; inhibits bile secretion, pancreatic enzyme and bicarbonate secretion, and intestinal motility

Pancreatic polypeptide

Organ located anterior and inferior to the larynx, consists of two lobes united by an isthmus

Thyroid Gland

thyroid gland originates in early embryonic life from the ______________ near the base of the developing tongue

foregut endoderm

Thyroid Gland secretes the ff. hormones

thyroxine (tetra-iodothyronine or T4) and tri-iodothyronine (T3)

Thyroid colloid contains the large glycoprotein ___________, the precursor for the active thyroid hormones.

thyroglobulin

Active thyroid glands have more follicles of _________________ epithelium

low columnar

Hypoactive thyroid glands have more follicles of _________________ epithelium

squamous

Cells in the thyroid gland that produces Calcitonin

Parafollicular/ C cells

Hormone that is triggered by elevated blood Ca2+ levels, and it inhibits osteoclast activity

Calcitonin

The half-life of T3 Hormones is _____ in comparison with a ______ for T4

1.5 days, week

the more abundant compound, constituting 90% of the circulating thyroid hormone

Organs that are four small ovoid masses located on the back of the thyroid gland, usually embedded in the larger gland’s capsule

PARATHYROID GLANDS

The endocrine cells of the parathyroid glands, are called

principal (chief) cells

principal (chief) cells produce what hormone

Parathyroid Hormone

Hormone that is an important regulator of blood calcium levels

Parathyroid Hormone

Organ that is also known as the epiphysis cerebri, regulates the daily rhythms of bodily activities

PINEAL GLAND

Prominent and abundant secretory cells in the Pineal Gland are called

Pinealocytes

Pinealocytes produce what hormone

Melatonin

Hormone that Regulates circadian rhythms

Melatonin