PARA TREMATODES Flashcards by Reign A. E.

major species that causes
paragonimiasis in humans

Paragonimus westermani

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Paragonimus spp that can only be found in cats

P. siamnesis

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P. westermani resembles a __________________

coffee bean

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lifespan of P. westermani

20 years in humans

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First intermediate host of P. westermani

Antemelania asperata
Antemelania dactylus (Brotia asperata)

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Infective stage of P. westermani

Metacercariae inside the crustaceans

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Second intermediate host of P. westermani

Mountain Crab (Sundathelphusa philippina)

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What part of the 2nd Intermediate host does P. westermani encyst to become a metacercariae

Gills, Body Muscles, Viscera or Legs

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What part of the body does the metacercariae of P. westermani excyst

Duodenum

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On what part of the body does P. westermani develop into an adult and lay eggs

Lung parenchyma

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Diagnostic stage of P. westermani

unembryonated egg in stool

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most common symptoms of paragonimiasis

Chronic cough and hemotypsis

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Co endemic of Paragonimiasis, and is sometimes mistaken as this condition

Pulmonary Tuberculosis

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Largest intestinal fluke of humans and pigs

Fasciolopsis buski

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Fasciolopsis buski infective stage

ingestion of encysted metacercariae
from aquatic plants

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What part of the body does the metacercariae of F. buski excyst

Duodenum

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First intermediate host of F. buski

Segmentina spp
Hippeutis spp

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Plants in which F. buski encyst to become a metacercariae, or 2nd intermediate host

Trapa bicornis (water caltrop)
Eliocharis tuberosa (water chestnut)
Ipomea obscura (morning glory
or kangkong)
Nymphaea lotus (lotus).

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Definitive host of F. buski

Pigs and Humans

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Lifespan of Miracidia of F. buski

10 hours

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main difference of F. buski to the Fasciola spp

lacking cephalic cone, and can be found in the intestine instead of the bile ducts of the liver

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Faciola hepatica 1st intermediate host

Lymnaea truncatula (EU and NA)
L. bulmoides (NA)
L. tormentosa (AU)

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Faciola gigantica 1st intermediate host

Lymnea auricularia
L. acuminata
L. natalensis

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Faciola hepatica and gigantica 1st intermediate host in the PH

Latirus philippinesis

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Fasciolopsis buski diagnostic stage

Unembryonated egg in stool

fasciola spp. adult worm lives in the _________________ of the liver

biliary passages

Secondary host of Fasciola spp.

- Ipomea obscura (morning glory or kangkong) - Nasturtium officinale (watercress)

Fasciola spp. metacercariae live in the water with a temperature of ___

20 deg C

Also known as the liver fluke

Clonorchis sinensis O. felinus O. viverrini

Infective stage of Clonorchis sinensis

ingestion of the metacercaria of the parasite present in infected raw or undercooked fish.

Diagnostic stage of C. sinensis

Embryonated eggs passed in stool

First intermediate host of C. sinensis

- Parafossarulus spp. - Bulinus spp - Semisulcospira spp. - Thiara spp. - Melanoides spp.

First intermediate host of Opistorchis spp.

Bithynia spp

what fish spp. are the target as 2 intermediate host for Opistorchis and clonorchis

Family: Cyprinidae

most serious complication of infection with O. viverrini

Cholangiocarcinoma

reservoir host of Opisthorchis spp.

Fish eating Mammals (Cats, Dogs, etc.)

Also known as cat liver fluke and commonly found in Europe

Opisthorchis felineus

C. sinensis has been classified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as a ______________________

probable carcinogen (GROUP 2A)

Stain used for Clonorchis, Opisthorchis observation under microscope

Potassium Permanganate

Also known as the Oriental Blood Fluke

Schistosoma japonicum

Snail intermediate host of Schistosoma japonicum

Oncomelania hupensis quadrasi

Infective stage of Schistosoma japonicum to the definitive host

Cercariae

infective stage of Schistosoma japonicum to the intermediate host

miracidia

only blood fluke with one intermediate host

Schistosoma spp.

What portion of the male Schistosoma spp does the female worm attach

gynecophoric canal

How does the Schistosoma japonicum egg reach the portal vein

Penetration of skin> superficial lymphatic vessels/ subcutaneous veins> lungs> pulmonary circulation> portal vein

Where does the Schistosoma japonicum egg mature into adult worms and differentiate into male and female worms

portal vein

habitat of Schistosoma japonicum

Mesenteric Venous plexus

cercariae of S. japonicum are most abundant in the field during the _____________________

early evening hours

Chemicals that are able to repel the penetration of S. japonicum cercariae penetration

niclosamide and dimethylate

Protease that S. japonicum have to break down globulin and hemoglobin

hemoglobinase

Cercarial penetration of Schistosoma spp. causes

Swimmers itch

Disease caused by Schistosomes

Katayama Fever

The main pathology and chronic disease manifestations of schistosomiasis japonica are due to __________________________

the host granulomatous reaction to eggs deposited in the liver and other organs.

Diagnostic method for moderate and heavy infections of schistosoma

Merthiolate-iodine-formalin Concentration Technique

Area of the body where Heterophyids excyst

Duodenum

Heterophyids life span

Less than 1 year

Smallest fluke

Heterophyids

Schistosoma mansoni snail intermediate host

Biomphalaria glabrata

Schistosoma haematobium snail intermediate host

Bulinus truncatus

Area of the body where Heterophyids inhabit

small intestine

snail hosts of Haplorchis taichui

Melania juncea

snail hosts of Procerovum calderoni

Thiara riquetti

Heterophyid infection can sometimes be mistaken as __________

Peptic ulcer disease or acid peptic disease

Infective stage of Heterophyid

metacercaria in fish

secondary intermediate host of heterophyids

fresh/ brackish water fish

Reservoir host of Heterophyids

dogs, cats, and birds

Diagnostic stage of Heterophyids

embryonated eggs with a fully developed miracidium

The echinostomids are digenetic trematodes characterized by a ______________ around their ______________

collar of spines, oral suckers

Infective stage of Echinostoma ilocanum and Artyfechinostomum malayanum

metacercariae encysted in snails (secondary intermediate host)

echinostomids excyts their eggs in the _______________

duodenum

first snail intermediate host species of E. ilocanum

Gyraulus convexiusculus and Hippeutis umbilicalis

second snail intermediate host species of E. ilocanum

- Pila luzonica (kuhol) - Vivipara angularis (susong pampang)

second snail intermediate host species of A. malayanum

- Lymnaea (syn. Bullastra) cumingiana AKA birabid - Ampullarius canaliculatus AKA golden apple snail

Diagnostic stage of echinostomes

Unembryonated eggs in stool

infective stage of schistosomes

Free swimming Cercariae

Diagnostic Stage of Schistosomes

Eggs in stool

Infective stage of P. westermani

Metacercariae in crustaceans

Diagnostic stage of F. buski

Unembryonated egg

Clonorchis and Opisthorchis spp. diagnostic stage

Embryonated eggs in stool