Histo- Bone Development

Question 1

Type of ossification without a hyaline cartilage model precursor

Answer 1

Intramembraneous

Question 2

Type of ossification with a hyaline cartilage model precursor

Answer 2

Endochondral

Question 3

Bones that are produced through intramembranous ossification

Answer 3

Flat bones of skull and face

Question 4

Type of ossification that leads to the production of most short and long bones

Answer 4

Endochondral

Question 5

Clusters of these type of cells create the ossification center in intramembranous ossification

Answer 5

Osteoblasts

Question 6

The osteoblasts secrete organic ECM called _______.

Answer 6

Osteoid

Question 7

Cells that are trapped in the calcifying osteoid are now called______.

Answer 7

Osteocytes

Question 8

Osteocytes sit in these

Answer 8

Lacunae

Question 9

Woven bone is produced in small irregularly shaped spicules that are increased in size by this type of growth in intramembranous ossification

Answer 9

Apposistional

Question 10

The spaces between the spicules in intramembranous ossification are infiltrated with blood vessels and will differentiate into this

Answer 10

Red bone marrow

Question 11

The mesenchyme at the periphery of intramembranous bone ossification condenses and forms this

Answer 11

Periosteum

Question 12

Woven bone is eventually replaced by this type of bone.

Answer 12

Lamellar bone

Question 13

Specifically with flat bones spongy bone will be formed here

Answer 13

Between 2 layers of compact bone

Question 14

Hyaline cartilage model is formed from mesenchyme where the bone is going to form this way

Answer 14

Similiar shape

Question 15

Hyaline cartilage grows by this type of growth due to activity of chondrocytes located in the lacunae

Answer 15

Interstitial growth

Question 16

Hyaline cartilage grows by this type of growth due to the activity of chondrobalsts at the surface.

Answer 16

Appositional growth

Question 17

Osteoblasts that are produced along the surface of the mid-region of the cartilage model secrete this, which is then calcified.

Answer 17

Osteoid

Question 18

The osteoid formed along the mid-region of the cartilage model is called this.

Answer 18

Bone collar

Question 19

The changes caused by the bone collar induce this

Answer 19

Calcification of the surrounding matrix

Question 20

Hyaline cartilage is composed of mainly this type of collagen

Answer 20

Type II

Question 21

Bone is composed of mainly this type of collagen

Answer 21

Type I

Question 22

The primary ossification center in endochondral ossification is created when cells from this penetrate the bone collar

Answer 22

Periosteum

Question 23

These cells from the periosteum penetrate the bone collar and grow into disentegrating calcified cartilage

Answer 23

Osteoprogenitor cells

Question 24

Osteoprogenitor cells brought to the surface in endochondral ossification differentiate into

Answer 24

Osteoblasts

Question 25

Where is the primary ossification center found

Answer 25

Diaphysis

Question 26

Where are secondary ossification centers found

Answer 26

Epiphysis

Question 27

Hyaline cartilage is retained on the ends of models in endochondral ossification and becomes this

Answer 27

Articular cartilage

Question 28

Hyaline cartilage is reatined between the epiphysis and metaphysis to form this

Answer 28

Epiphyseal plate

Question 29

This is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones

Answer 29

Epiphyseal plate

Question 30

This is the remnant of the last location of the epiphyseal plate

Answer 30

Epiphyseal line

Question 31

The zone of the epiphyseal plate that is next to the epiphysis

Answer 31

Zone of reserve cartilage or resting cartilage

Question 32

The epiphyseal plate zone that is closest to the diaphysis

Answer 32

Zone of resorption or ossification

Question 33

Epiphyseal plate zone where cartilage cells are undergoing mitosis and are stacking up in line with the long axis of the bone

Answer 33

Zone of proliferation

Question 34

Epiphyseal plate zone where the chondrocytes increase in size.

Answer 34

Zone of hypertrophy

Question 35

In the zone of hypertrophy the chondrocytes accumulate this

Answer 35

Glycogen

Question 36

Zone of the epiphyseal plates where the cartilage matrix accumulates to calcify.

Answer 36

Zone of calcification

Question 37

The formation of these causes the chondrocytes to calcify in the zone of calcification.

Answer 37

Hydroxyapatite crystals

Question 38

In this epiphyseal plate zone new bone and calcified cartilage is eroded by osteoclasts so that secondary bone can be developed or to add space to the medullary cavity.

Answer 38

Zone of Resorption or Ossification

Question 39

To widen bones, this type of growth is used

Answer 39

Appositional growth

Question 40

The deposit and removal of bone is called:

Answer 40

Bone remodeling

Question 41

How much bone is remodeled by an average person each year?

Answer 41

5-10%

Question 42

What controls bone remodeling?

Answer 42

Negative feedback, mechanical stresses, and gravity

Question 43

This defines when remodeling occurs. It maintains homeostasis of a certain amount of Ca++in the blood.

Answer 43

Negative feedback loop

Question 44

Hormones that regulate the amount of Ca++ in the blood

Answer 44

Calcitonin and parathyroid

Question 45

This defines where bone remodeling occurs.

Answer 45

Mechanical stresses and gravity's pull on bones

Question 46

This hormone inhibits osteoclasts, and therefore bone resorption. It is stimulated when there is too much Ca++ in the blood

Answer 46

Calcitonin

Question 47

This hormone stimulates the production of osteoclasts to resorb bone. It is stimulated when the blood Ca++ is too low.

Answer 47

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 48

A chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

Answer 48

Neuromuscular juction

Question 49

The motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

Answer 49

Motor unit

Question 50

Where are action potentials that are generated propagated?

Answer 50

Along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules

Question 51

What doe action potentials trigger to be released?

Answer 51

Calcium

Question 52

Where is the calcium released from that are triggered by action potentials?

Answer 52

Terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 53

What do the calcium ions bind to ?

Answer 53

Troponin

Question 54

When calcium binds to troponin, it changes shape to block this

Answer 54

Action of tropomyosin

Question 55

When the actin active sites are exposed this occurs

Answer 55

Myosin cross the bridges and alternatively attach and detach from the actin, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.

Question 56

The pulling of the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere releases this

Answer 56

Energy by ATP to power the cycle

Question 57

After the action potential ends, Calcium is removed to this area

Answer 57

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

Question 58

By blocking actin, this is restored and the muscle fiber relaxes

Answer 58

Tropomysin blockage

Question 59

The T tubules of cardiac muscle are located here

Answer 59

Z line

Question 60

The T tubules ofskeletal muscle are located here

Answer 60

A-I Junction

Question 61

The sarcoplamic reticulum of cardiac muscle forms this with T tubules

Answer 61

Diads

Question 62

What forms the diads in cardiac muscle?

Answer 62

Terminal cisternae of SR and the T tubules

Question 63

This is an anchoring junction that links actin filaments in cardiac muscle

Answer 63

Fascia Adherens

Question 64

This is an anchoring junction that links intermediate filaments in cardiac muscles

Answer 64

Desmosome

Question 65

This is a communicating junction that is responsible for intracellular communication in cardiac muscle

Answer 65

Gap junction

Question 66

These are located at the plasma membrane of smooth muscle. It helps connect cells to each other

Answer 66

Cytoplasmic dense bodies

Question 67

What attaches to the cytoplasmic dense bodies?

Answer 67

Intermediate filament bundles