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Anatomy 1 Final > Histo- Bone Development > Flashcards

Histo- Bone Development Flashcards

1
Q

Type of ossification without a hyaline cartilage model precursor

A

Intramembraneous

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2
Q

Type of ossification with a hyaline cartilage model precursor

A

Endochondral

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3
Q

Bones that are produced through intramembranous ossification

A

Flat bones of skull and face

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4
Q

Type of ossification that leads to the production of most short and long bones

A

Endochondral

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5
Q

Clusters of these type of cells create the ossification center in intramembranous ossification

A

Osteoblasts

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6
Q

The osteoblasts secrete organic ECM called _______.

A

Osteoid

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7
Q

Cells that are trapped in the calcifying osteoid are now called______.

A

Osteocytes

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8
Q

Osteocytes sit in these

A

Lacunae

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9
Q

Woven bone is produced in small irregularly shaped spicules that are increased in size by this type of growth in intramembranous ossification

A

Apposistional

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10
Q

The spaces between the spicules in intramembranous ossification are infiltrated with blood vessels and will differentiate into this

A

Red bone marrow

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11
Q

The mesenchyme at the periphery of intramembranous bone ossification condenses and forms this

A

Periosteum

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12
Q

Woven bone is eventually replaced by this type of bone.

A

Lamellar bone

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13
Q

Specifically with flat bones spongy bone will be formed here

A

Between 2 layers of compact bone

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14
Q

Hyaline cartilage model is formed from mesenchyme where the bone is going to form this way

A

Similiar shape

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15
Q

Hyaline cartilage grows by this type of growth due to activity of chondrocytes located in the lacunae

A

Interstitial growth

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16
Q

Hyaline cartilage grows by this type of growth due to the activity of chondrobalsts at the surface.

A

Appositional growth

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17
Q

Osteoblasts that are produced along the surface of the mid-region of the cartilage model secrete this, which is then calcified.

A

Osteoid

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18
Q

The osteoid formed along the mid-region of the cartilage model is called this.

A

Bone collar

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19
Q

The changes caused by the bone collar induce this

A

Calcification of the surrounding matrix

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20
Q

Hyaline cartilage is composed of mainly this type of collagen

A

Type II

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21
Q

Bone is composed of mainly this type of collagen

A

Type I

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22
Q

The primary ossification center in endochondral ossification is created when cells from this penetrate the bone collar

A

Periosteum

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23
Q

These cells from the periosteum penetrate the bone collar and grow into disentegrating calcified cartilage

A

Osteoprogenitor cells

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24
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells brought to the surface in endochondral ossification differentiate into

A

Osteoblasts

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25
Q

Where is the primary ossification center found

A

Diaphysis

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26
Q

Where are secondary ossification centers found

A

Epiphysis

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27
Q

Hyaline cartilage is retained on the ends of models in endochondral ossification and becomes this

A

Articular cartilage

28
Q

Hyaline cartilage is reatined between the epiphysis and metaphysis to form this

A

Epiphyseal plate

29
Q

This is responsible for the lengthwise growth of long bones

A

Epiphyseal plate

30
Q

This is the remnant of the last location of the epiphyseal plate

A

Epiphyseal line

31
Q

The zone of the epiphyseal plate that is next to the epiphysis

A

Zone of reserve cartilage or resting cartilage

32
Q

The epiphyseal plate zone that is closest to the diaphysis

A

Zone of resorption or ossification

33
Q

Epiphyseal plate zone where cartilage cells are undergoing mitosis and are stacking up in line with the long axis of the bone

A

Zone of proliferation

34
Q

Epiphyseal plate zone where the chondrocytes increase in size.

A

Zone of hypertrophy

35
Q

In the zone of hypertrophy the chondrocytes accumulate this

A

Glycogen

36
Q

Zone of the epiphyseal plates where the cartilage matrix accumulates to calcify.

A

Zone of calcification

37
Q

The formation of these causes the chondrocytes to calcify in the zone of calcification.

A

Hydroxyapatite crystals

38
Q

In this epiphyseal plate zone new bone and calcified cartilage is eroded by osteoclasts so that secondary bone can be developed or to add space to the medullary cavity.

A

Zone of Resorption or Ossification

39
Q

To widen bones, this type of growth is used

A

Appositional growth

40
Q

The deposit and removal of bone is called:

A

Bone remodeling

41
Q

How much bone is remodeled by an average person each year?

A

5-10%

42
Q

What controls bone remodeling?

A

Negative feedback, mechanical stresses, and gravity

43
Q

This defines when remodeling occurs. It maintains homeostasis of a certain amount of Ca++in the blood.

A

Negative feedback loop

44
Q

Hormones that regulate the amount of Ca++ in the blood

A

Calcitonin and parathyroid

45
Q

This defines where bone remodeling occurs.

A

Mechanical stresses and gravity’s pull on bones

46
Q

This hormone inhibits osteoclasts, and therefore bone resorption. It is stimulated when there is too much Ca++ in the blood

A

Calcitonin

47
Q

This hormone stimulates the production of osteoclasts to resorb bone. It is stimulated when the blood Ca++ is too low.

A

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

48
Q

A chemical synapse between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle fiber

A

Neuromuscular juction

49
Q

The motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.

A

Motor unit

50
Q

Where are action potentials that are generated propagated?

A

Along the sarcolemma and down the T tubules

51
Q

What doe action potentials trigger to be released?

A

Calcium

52
Q

Where is the calcium released from that are triggered by action potentials?

A

Terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum

53
Q

What do the calcium ions bind to ?

A

Troponin

54
Q

When calcium binds to troponin, it changes shape to block this

A

Action of tropomyosin

55
Q

When the actin active sites are exposed this occurs

A

Myosin cross the bridges and alternatively attach and detach from the actin, pulling the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere.

56
Q

The pulling of the actin filaments toward the center of the sarcomere releases this

A

Energy by ATP to power the cycle

57
Q

After the action potential ends, Calcium is removed to this area

A

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

58
Q

By blocking actin, this is restored and the muscle fiber relaxes

A

Tropomysin blockage

59
Q

The T tubules of cardiac muscle are located here

A

Z line

60
Q

The T tubules ofskeletal muscle are located here

A

A-I Junction

61
Q

The sarcoplamic reticulum of cardiac muscle forms this with T tubules

A

Diads

62
Q

What forms the diads in cardiac muscle?

A

Terminal cisternae of SR and the T tubules

63
Q

This is an anchoring junction that links actin filaments in cardiac muscle

A

Fascia Adherens

64
Q

This is an anchoring junction that links intermediate filaments in cardiac muscles

A

Desmosome

65
Q

This is a communicating junction that is responsible for intracellular communication in cardiac muscle

A

Gap junction

66
Q

These are located at the plasma membrane of smooth muscle. It helps connect cells to each other

A

Cytoplasmic dense bodies

67
Q

What attaches to the cytoplasmic dense bodies?

A

Intermediate filament bundles

Anatomy 1 Final (13 decks)

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