HIST 270 Midterm

Question 1

Columbian Exchange

Answer 1

Plants, animals, as well as human beings and their disease, were shared between the Old and New worlds following Colombus’s voyage in 1492.

Unfortunate native susceptibility to foreign diseases brought by Europeans due to their being isolated took a toll on their population and further weakened their defenses against the outsiders.

Question 2

Francis Drake

Answer 2

The English version of a conquistador: Chosen as a leader of an expedition to pass around South America; helped defeat the Spanish naval fleet, the Armada; His success with his around the world venture fueled further ventures; SHOWED THAT THE SPANISH EMPIRE WAS VULNERABLE. The defeat signaled England’s rise to power.

Question 3

Five Nations or Great League of Peace

Answer 3

Five Iroquoian-speaking tribes ended their conflicts by establishing the Five Nations and members were bound to keep the peace amongst themselves and to align themselves against outsiders. Despite the warfare that ensued from this dominant political entity, the goal was not to kill as many of the enemy as possible, but rather, to take young women and children captive so that they may replace deceased clan members, such was the case with Mary Jemison.

Question 4

Samuel de Champlain

Answer 4

French explorer and cartographer best known for establishing and governing the settlements of New France and the city of Quebec.

Question 5

mercantilism

Answer 5

A highly restrictive system of global trade that Spain engaged in that strengthened their wealth and power. In this system, the world’s wealth was measured in silver and gold and was thus fixed. As a result, each nation’s goal was to secure as much of this wealth as possible, making one nation’s gain another nation’s loss. This fueled exploration.

Question 6

Henry Hudson

Answer 6

an English explorer who sailed in search of the Northwest passage by sailing over the North Pole. He never discovered a passage through North America, but he found what later came to be the Hudson Bay and this area drew investors and traders to the area to engage in the fur trade with the Algonquian-speaking peoples there.

Question 7

New Amsterdam

Answer 7

Established by the Dutch West India Company; the settlers, the Company, and the government wanted to make themselves wealthy through commerce and this lead to the introduction of African slavery in New Amsterdam. The fur trade, however, did not prove to be as lucrative as they had hoped and the government found that the settlers quickly abandoned agriculture for trade. Thus, the Company decided that the primary function of the area should be to provide food for their more lucrative establishments in Brazil and the Caribbean.

Question 8

New Sweden

Answer 8

A privately financed trading outpost on the Deleware that failed when it could not return a quick profit; Absorbed by New Netherland

Question 9

Peter Stuyvesant

Answer 9

Did his best to govern the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam but was unsuccessful in regulating either the social life or the economy. He attempted to set prices on commodities but was overruled by the Comapny.

Question 10

Beaver Wars

Answer 10

Beaver pelts were valuable for their ability to repel water and insulate warmth. The Beaver Wars were a battle for economic welfare; The Iriquois were dependent on the failing Dutch merchants for guns but became vulnerable. when they began to fail, so they lashed out at their Indian neighbors, ultimately giving the Europeans the upper hand. The Beaver Wars marked an important turning point in which the Indians were never able to replace the population lost to warfare, even by raiding other tribes.

Question 11

joint-stock company

Answer 11

A form of business organization that was a forerunner to the modern corporation: used to raise capital and labor for New World ventures. Shareholders either contributed their capital or their labor for a period of years.

Question 12

Roanoke

Answer 12

Known as the “lost colony”; It was established purely for profit by the Virginia Company in what is now North Carolina as an attempt at an English settlement in the 16th century; Contributing factors to its disappearance was limited communication with England and being in the wilderness with numbers far fewer than that of native populations; Modern evidence of violence

Question 13

John Rolfe

Answer 13

Married Pocahantas as an effort to broker peace

Question 14

Pocahantas

Answer 14

Forced to spend time with John Smith to forge an alliance. It is purported that Powhatan intended to bash John’s brains out and Pocahontas threw herself over to save him but this is widely believed to be false. She later married John Rolfe and converted to Christianity. Their marriage brought a brief period of peace.

Question 15

Christopher Newport

Answer 15

One of the founders of the Jamestown colony; Captained one of the three ships bringing settlers to Jamestown

Question 16

John Smith

Answer 16

British soldier who was one of the founders of the Jamestown colony; In search of “surface wealth”; participated in a diplomatic move of feigned killing with Powhatan as a symbolic killing of the English man in order to instate them into the tribe

Question 17

Powhatan

Answer 17

Attempted to carry out an ambush on the Jamestown settlers that revealed dissension and distrust between them; Father of Pocahantas; Received coronation from the English during the time when their relations were strained

Question 18

Opechancanough

Answer 18

Brother of Powhatan; became the chief of the Powhatan Confederation after his brother retired; saw his brother’s relationship with the English as a threat to his people; Despite previous diplomatic efforts, violence ensued and this lead to his being captured at 100 years old and the loss of all of the land held by the confederation; Within a decade, the House of Burgesses chose the chiefs from then on

Question 19

Oliver Cromwell

Answer 19

Leader of the Regicides where the Puritans were building their own army outside of the authority of the State; King Charles I was later tried for treason and executed by beheading because of this; Cromwell later established a dictatorship and shut down parliament to declare himself Lord Protector of England; The Puritan power came from dominating the textile industry

Question 20

Glorious Revolution

Answer 20

was the overthrow of King James II of England by a union of English Parliamentarians with the Dutch stadtholder William III of Orange-Nassau Also called the bloodless revolution achieved its objective without any bloodshed.

Question 21

William Penn

Answer 21

early Quaker and founder of the Province of Pennsylvania; An early advocate of democracy and religious freedom; notable for his good relationships with local natives

Question 22

Nathaniel Bacon

Answer 22

Bacon’s rebellion triggered by a routine episode of violence on the middle ground inhabited by Indians and Europeans; Rebelled against Governer Berkely with the result of dispersing Indians from the land so that it was free for settlement

Question 23

manumission

Answer 23

the act of a slave owner freeing their slaves; quite rare in the Americas where slavery was hereditary and passed down from mother to child and so forth

Question 24

Metacom, King Phillip

Answer 24

Embittered by his belief that the English were responsible for his brother, Wamsutta’s falling ill; He sends out delegates to speak with other tribes about an uprising against the English, but a “praying Indian” snitches on them and the delegates are hanged, further enraging him; This resulted in King Phillip’s War and the extensive loss of life and property and many tribe members were sent to the Caribbean to work as slaves; In the end, one of his own gave up his location and he was shot and killed

Question 25

Half-Way Covenant

Answer 25

A policy solution developed by Puritan New England congregations which allowed the children and grandchildren of people who had not had a conversion experience to become partial members of the church

Question 26

Quakers

Answer 26

A tolerant Christian organization that was a member of the Society of Friends, the first organization to ban slavery.

Question 27

Edmund Andros

Answer 27

The Royal Governor of New England; Revoked the Massachusetts Bay Colony Charter when he noticed that they were violating the laws of mercantilism and the land distribution among only a handful of families

Question 28

Salem Village

Answer 28

In modern-day Massachusetts; Famous for the witch trials of 1862; Ministers were preaching of societal “declension” and “jeremiads”, saying that God’s punishment was nigh for straying from the original pilgrimage - brings about the witch hunt

Question 29

Samuel Parris

Answer 29

Puritan minister in Salem during the witch trials of 1862; His daughter and niece were two of the “afflicted” girls; Political factionalism leads to the Perris faction accusing their rivals of witchcraft

Question 30

spectral evidence

Answer 30

A witness testimony based off of dreams or visions; It was admitted in the courts during the witch trials

Question 31

Great Awakening

Answer 31

Contrary to the Enlightenment which was emphasized intellect, the Great Awakening was a religious movement that held that all people were born sinners who could feel their depravity without the aid of a minister and that all were equal in the eyes of God. However, both movements critiqued established authority and emphasized and valued the experience of the individual.

Question 32

middle passage

Answer 32

the sea journey undertaken by slave ships from West Africa to the West Indies

Question 33

industrious revolution

Answer 33

Revolution in capitalism before the industrial revolution. It reorganized people, not machines. Home and work were separated. Workers no longer controlled how they worked, and received a wage, not the profit of their efforts.

Question 34

consumer revolution

Answer 34

A slow and steady increase over the course of the eighteenth century in the demand for, and purchase of, consumer goods. The consumer revolution of the eighteenth century was closely related to the Industrial Revolution

Question 35

artisans

Answer 35

a worker in a skilled trade, especially one that involves making things by hand.

Question 36

land pressure

Answer 36

Caused by population increases; land that had once been carefully farmed had lost its fertility; Migration from farms to newly settled areas and cities increased.

Question 37

indentured servitude

Answer 37

were men and women who signed a contract (also known as an indenture or a covenant) by which they agreed to work for a certain number of years in exchange for transportation to Virginia and, once they arrived, food, clothing, and shelter.

Question 38

William Byrd II

Answer 38

was a British planter, slaveholder and an author from colonial virginia. He was the considered the founder of Richmond, Virginia. Helper survey the boundary between Virginia and North Carolina. He was an early advocate of smallpox inoculation.

Question 39

Stono Rebellion

Answer 39

was a slave rebellion that began on 9/9/1739, in the colony of South Carolina. It was the largest slave uprising in the British mainland colonies, with 42-47 whites and 44 blacks killed.

Question 40

James Oglethorpe

Answer 40

Methodist. Opposed to slavery. Tried to create a colony in Georgia where there were no slaves.

Question 41

Hugenots

Answer 41

a French Protestant of the 16th–17th centuries. Largely Calvinist, the Huguenots suffered severe persecution at the hands of the Catholic majority, and many thousands emigrated from France.

Question 42

Richard Hakluyt

Answer 42

an English writer. He is known for promoting the English colonization of North America