Hindlimb 1st Year Flashcards
What are the different regions of the hindlimb?
Gluteal- around hip Thigh- hip to stifle Popliteal Crus- stifle to tarsus Pes- metatarsal + digits
What are the joints of the hindlimb?
Sacro-iliac joint Hip joint Stifle joint Tarsus/hock joint Tarso-metatarsal joint Metatarsopharlangeal
What bones make up the hind limb?
Sacrum Pelvis Femur Patella Tibia and fibula Tarsal bones Metatarsal bones Phalanges/digits
What 4 bones make up the pelvis?
Ilium
Ishium
Pubis
Acetabulum
What features are found in the ilium and ishium?
Ilium- Greater ishiatic notch Iliopectineal eminence Ischium- Lesser ishiatic notch Ishtiatic tuberosity Ishiatic arch
What is the sacrum?
3 fused sacral vertabeae and form the sacro-iliac joint
What is the pecten and what fills it?
Concave at cranial pelvis of pubis bone
Prepubic tendon fills it
What does the sacrotuberous ligament attach to?
Sacrum- tuber ischium
What is the big hole in the pelvis called?
Obturator foramen
What articulates with the head of the femur?
Acetebulum
What finishes the acetabular notch?
The transverse ligament
Where are the main and secondary centres of ossification of the pelvis?
Primary: Ilium Pubia Ishium Acetabular Fuse before birth Secondary: Dorsal iliac crests Tuber ischium Ishiatic arch
How can a dog and cats pelvis be distinguished on a radiograph?
Dogs- wings of ilium and ischium diverge
Cat- Wings of ilium and ischium parallel, large obturator foramen, smaller greater trochanter
Where are the centres of ossification of the femur?
Head
Greater trochanter
Body
Distal epiphysis
What type of bone is a patella?
Sesamoid bone
What shape is the patella, where does it sit, what allows smooth articular surface?
Pyramid shaped
Sits in trochlear groove
Hyaline cartilage
What are the two types of sesamoid bones cranial to the patella?
Fabellae x2
Popliteal sesamoid x 1
What nerves supply the hindlimb from the spinal cord?
L5, L6, L7, S1, S2
What do the ventral branches of the spinal nerves supplying the hind limb form?
Lumbosacral plexus
What are the 4 emerging peripheral nerves from the lumbosacral plexus?
Gluteals
Obturator
Femoral
Sciatic
What type of movement it protraction and retraction of the hindlimb?
Protraction- hip flexion
Retraction- Hip extension
What are the three gluteal muscles, what is their origin and insertion, what innervates them?
Superficial Middle Deep O- Sacrum and gluteal surface I- greater trochanter Innervation- Gluteal nerve
What are the 4 adductors of the hindlimb?
Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus
External obturator
What is the origins and insertions of the hind limb adductors and their innervation?
O- ventral surface of pelvis
Gracilis- I- Tibia (calcanea via common calcanean tendon)
Adductor, Pectineus and External obturator- I- Femur
Innervation- Obturator nerve
What muscles are responsible for limb protraction/hip flexion?
Tensor fascia latae
Iliopsoas
Sartorious
Recutus femoris
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the tensor fascia latae?
O- Ilium
I- fascia latae
Innervation- gluteal nerve
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the ilipsoas muscle?
O- lumber vertabrae
I- lesser trochanter
Innervation- femoral nerve
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the sartorious muscle?
O- Ilium
I- femur, tibial tuberosity
Innervation- femoral nerve
What is the rectus femoris origin, insertion and innervation?
O- Ilium
I- tibial tuberosity (patellar ligament)
One of the quadriceps
What are the hind limb retractors/hip extensors?
Bicep femoris
Semiteninosus
Semimembranosus
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the biceps femoris?
O- Tuber ischium
I- fascia latae
I- calcaneus
Innervation- Sciatic nerve
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
Semitendinosus- O- ischium I- Tibia, calcaeneus Semimembranosus- O- Ischium I- Femur and tibia Innervation- sciatic nerve
Which of the tibia and fibula weight bares?
Tibia
How many centres of ossification are in the tibia and fibula?
Tibia- 4
Fibula- 3
What are the components of the stifle joint?
Femur
Tibia
Patella
What is found inbetween the femur and tibia?
Lateral and medial meniscus
What are meniscus and what is their functions?
C shaped cartilage Function- Stabilise joint Cushioning Proprioception
What are the three meniscal ligaments?
Menisco-tibial ligaments
Transverse ligament
Menisco-femoral ligament
What is the position of the three meniscal ligament sand what are their functions?
Menisco-tibial ligament- meniscus to intercondylar eminence, holds menisci onto tibia
Transverse ligament- between cranial aspects of menisci- stabilises
Menisco-femoral ligament- lateral meniscus to interconylar fossa- hold femur onto menisci
What do the collateral ligaments of the stifle joint attach to?
Medial epicondyle femur to tibia
Lateral epicondyle femur to tibia and fibula
What are the two cruciate ligaments of the stifle where do they attach?
Cranial cruciate- intercondylar eminence to medial aspect of lateral condyle
Caudal cruciate- intercondylay eminence to intercondylar fossa
What is the functions of the cruciate ligaments?
Maintain femur on menisci
Resist rotation
What happens when the patella is pulled proximally and distally?
Proximally- extension
Distally- flexion
What are the three compartments of the stifle joint capsule?
Femoro-patellar
Medial femora-tibial
Lateral femoro-tibia
What are the muscles of stifle extension?
Sarotorius
Quadriceps
What are the stifle flexors?
Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Semitendinosis
Biceps femoris
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the sartorius?
O- iliium
I- patella, tibial tuberosity
Innervation- femoral
What are the 4 quadriceps origins and where do they insert, what are there innervation?
Rectus femoris- O- ilium Vastus lateralis- O- Lateral femur Vastus medialis- O- Medial femur Vastus intermedius- O- Cranial femur I- tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Innervated by femoral
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus?
Biceps femoris O- ishium I- fascia latae/ calcaneus Semitendinosus- O- ishium I- tibia/calcaneus Innervated by sciatic nerve
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the semeimembranosus and gastrocnemius?
Semimembranosus O- ischium I- Femur and tibia Sciatic nerve Gastrocnemius- O- Caudal femur I- Calcaneus Tibial (sciatic)
What are the bones of the tarsus?
Proximal row- talus and calcaneus
Middle- Central and IV
Distal- I, II, III, IV
In which species are all bones off the tarsus present?
Dog and pig
What are the tarsal joints?
Tarso-crural joint- talus and tibia and fibula
Proximal inter tarsal joint- talus/calcaneous and central and IV
Distal intertarsal joint- central- I,II, III
Tarso-metatarsal joint- distal row and metatarsal bones
Which joint of the tarsal has the most movement?
Most at tarso-crural joint
What supports the tarsus?
Long lateral, long medial collateral ligamaments
Short ligaments
Plantar ligament- calcaneus to metatarsals
Retinaculum
What muscles are responsible for hock flexion?
Cranial tibial Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus Tertius Long digital extensor Lateral digital extensor
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the lateral tibial muscle?
O- lateral tibia
I- Metatarsal bones
Innervation- peroneal (sciatic)
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the peroneus longs, brevis and terminus?
Longus- O- lateral tibia/fibula I- plantar tarsus
Brevis- O- tibia and fibula I- 5th metatarsal bone
Tertius
Innervation- peroneal nerve
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the long digital extensor muscle and lateral digital extensor?
Long O- extensor fossa femur I- all digits Lateral O- Lateral tibia I- Fuses with lateral branches of long
What is the common calcanean tendon (achilles) common tendons of?
Bicep femoris
Semitendinosus
Gracilis
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the superficial digital flexor?
O- lateral popliteal fossa femur
I- calcaneus
I- branches to all digits
Innervation- tibial nerve (sciatic)
What is the origin and insertion and innervation of the deep digital flexor tendon?
O- tibia
I- all digits
Innervation- tibial nerve
What efferent does the gluteal nerve carry and what muscles does it supply?
Motor only
Supplies hindlimb abductors
What efferents does the obturator nerve and what muscles does it supply?
Motor only
Supplies Adductors: GAPE
What efferents does the femoral nerve carry and what does it supply?
Motor and sensory
Supplies- hip flexors, stifle extensors
Iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps
What happens if the femoral nerve is damaged?
Cannot extend stifle- weight bare
Loss of patella reflex
What efferent does the sciatic nerve carry and what does it supply?
Mixed motor and sensory
Hamstring muscles
What is the tibial nerve a branch of?
Sciatic nerve
What does the sciatic supply motor and sensorially?
Motor- Hock extensors, digital flexors
Sensory- caudal plantar aspect of limb
What is the peroneal nerve a branch of?
Sciatic
What does the fibular/peroneal nerve supply?
Motor- hock flexors, digital extensors
Sensory- cranial/dorsal aspect of limb
Describe the overall blood supply of the hindlimb?
External iliac to
femoral to
Popliteal to
Cranial tibial to paw
What are the arteries that supply the superficial and deep parts of paw?
Superficial- common digital arteries (dorsal and plantar)
Deep- Metatarsal arteries (dorsal and plantar
Which digit is weight bearing in horses?
3rd digit
What are hindlimb in horses mainly for?
Propulsion
How many sacral vertebrae are fused in horses?
5
What ligament covers the lateral pelvis?
The sacrotuberous/broad ligament
What direction does the sacrotuberous ligament run?
One dorsally- dorsal sacroiliac joint
One ventrally- ventral sacroiliac joint
What is the accessory ligament in a horses pelvis?
A continuation of the prepubic tendon
Runs under transverse ligament
Tension from abdominal weight contents
What are the three main hindlimb retractor muscles?
Biceps femoris
Semitendinous
Semimembranosus
Innervated by sciatic
What movement is not possible in horses hindlimb?
No abduction
What extra features do horses femurs have?
Greater trochanter in two parts
Lesser trochanter
This trochanter
Which femoral trochlear is larger in horses?
Medial
What are the three patellar ligaments of a horse?
Medial
Middle
Lateral
What sesamoid bones do horses lack?
Popliteal sesamoid
What are the femoro-patellar components of the horse?
Medial femoro-patellar ligament
Lateral femoro-patellar ligament
How does the patella lock in a horse?
Patella moves proximally and rotates medially
Tubercle of medial trochlear ridge veteran middle and medial patellar ligaments
Why does a horses patella need to lock?
For stay apparatus
What is different about the fibula of a horse?
Reduced in size
Fuses half way down tibia
What tarsal bones are present in horses?
Proximal- calcaneus, talus
Middle- central, IV
Distal- I/II fused, III, IV
What muscle is the cunean tendon in horses attached to?
Cranial tibial muscle
What muscles are associates with the common calcanean tendon in horses?
Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Gracilis Gastrocnemius Soleus Superficial digital flexor
What are the long and lateral digital flexor tendons responsible for in horses?
Digital extension and tarsal flexion
What two joints must move together in horses?
Stifle and hock
Why are the talus trochlea angled?
Prevents over-reach injuries
What are the three nerve blocks?
Plantar digital block- top of hoof
Abaxial sesamoid block- top of middle phalanx
Plantar metatarsal block- 6 point block
What are the three longitudinal muscles of the spine?
Transversospinalis- medial
Longissimus- middle
Illicostalis- lateral
What ligament holds up a horses head?
Nuchal ligament
