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Year 2 NSF > Hindlimb 1st Year > Flashcards

Hindlimb 1st Year Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different regions of the hindlimb?

A 
Gluteal- around hip
Thigh- hip to stifle
Popliteal
Crus- stifle to tarsus
Pes- metatarsal + digits
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2
Q

What are the joints of the hindlimb?

A 
Sacro-iliac joint
Hip joint
Stifle joint
Tarsus/hock joint 
Tarso-metatarsal joint
Metatarsopharlangeal
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3
Q

What bones make up the hind limb?

A 
Sacrum 
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia and fibula 
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones 
Phalanges/digits
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4
Q

What 4 bones make up the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ishium
Pubis
Acetabulum

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5
Q

What features are found in the ilium and ishium?

A 
Ilium-
Greater ishiatic notch 
Iliopectineal eminence 
Ischium- 
Lesser ishiatic notch 
Ishtiatic tuberosity 
Ishiatic arch
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6
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

3 fused sacral vertabeae and form the sacro-iliac joint

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7
Q

What is the pecten and what fills it?

A

Concave at cranial pelvis of pubis bone

Prepubic tendon fills it

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8
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament attach to?

A

Sacrum- tuber ischium

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9
Q

What is the big hole in the pelvis called?

A

Obturator foramen

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10
Q

What articulates with the head of the femur?

A

Acetebulum

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11
Q

What finishes the acetabular notch?

A

The transverse ligament

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12
Q

Where are the main and secondary centres of ossification of the pelvis?

A 
Primary:
Ilium
Pubia
Ishium
Acetabular
Fuse before birth 
Secondary:
Dorsal iliac crests
Tuber ischium
Ishiatic arch
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13
Q

How can a dog and cats pelvis be distinguished on a radiograph?

A

Dogs- wings of ilium and ischium diverge

Cat- Wings of ilium and ischium parallel, large obturator foramen, smaller greater trochanter

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14
Q

Where are the centres of ossification of the femur?

A

Head
Greater trochanter
Body
Distal epiphysis

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15
Q

What type of bone is a patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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16
Q

What shape is the patella, where does it sit, what allows smooth articular surface?

A

Pyramid shaped
Sits in trochlear groove
Hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What are the two types of sesamoid bones cranial to the patella?

A

Fabellae x2

Popliteal sesamoid x 1

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18
Q

What nerves supply the hindlimb from the spinal cord?

A

L5, L6, L7, S1, S2

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19
Q

What do the ventral branches of the spinal nerves supplying the hind limb form?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

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20
Q

What are the 4 emerging peripheral nerves from the lumbosacral plexus?

A

Gluteals
Obturator
Femoral
Sciatic

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21
Q

What type of movement it protraction and retraction of the hindlimb?

A

Protraction- hip flexion

Retraction- Hip extension

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22
Q

What are the three gluteal muscles, what is their origin and insertion, what innervates them?

A 
Superficial
Middle
Deep
O- Sacrum and gluteal surface
I- greater trochanter 
Innervation- Gluteal nerve
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23
Q

What are the 4 adductors of the hindlimb?

A

Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus
External obturator

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24
Q

What is the origins and insertions of the hind limb adductors and their innervation?

A

O- ventral surface of pelvis
Gracilis- I- Tibia (calcanea via common calcanean tendon)
Adductor, Pectineus and External obturator- I- Femur
Innervation- Obturator nerve

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25
Q

What muscles are responsible for limb protraction/hip flexion?

A

Tensor fascia latae
Iliopsoas
Sartorious
Recutus femoris

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26
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the tensor fascia latae?

A

O- Ilium
I- fascia latae
Innervation- gluteal nerve

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27
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the ilipsoas muscle?

A

O- lumber vertabrae
I- lesser trochanter
Innervation- femoral nerve

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28
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the sartorious muscle?

A

O- Ilium
I- femur, tibial tuberosity
Innervation- femoral nerve

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29
Q

What is the rectus femoris origin, insertion and innervation?

A

O- Ilium
I- tibial tuberosity (patellar ligament)
One of the quadriceps

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30
Q

What are the hind limb retractors/hip extensors?

A

Bicep femoris
Semiteninosus
Semimembranosus

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31
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the biceps femoris?

A

O- Tuber ischium
I- fascia latae
I- calcaneus
Innervation- Sciatic nerve

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32
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?

A 
Semitendinosus-
O- ischium 
I- Tibia, calcaeneus 
Semimembranosus- 
O- Ischium
I- Femur and tibia 
Innervation- sciatic nerve
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33
Q

Which of the tibia and fibula weight bares?

A

Tibia

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34
Q

How many centres of ossification are in the tibia and fibula?

A

Tibia- 4

Fibula- 3

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35
Q

What are the components of the stifle joint?

A

Femur
Tibia
Patella

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36
Q

What is found inbetween the femur and tibia?

A

Lateral and medial meniscus

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37
Q

What are meniscus and what is their functions?

A 
C shaped cartilage 
Function-
Stabilise joint
Cushioning 
Proprioception
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38
Q

What are the three meniscal ligaments?

A

Menisco-tibial ligaments
Transverse ligament
Menisco-femoral ligament

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39
Q

What is the position of the three meniscal ligament sand what are their functions?

A

Menisco-tibial ligament- meniscus to intercondylar eminence, holds menisci onto tibia
Transverse ligament- between cranial aspects of menisci- stabilises
Menisco-femoral ligament- lateral meniscus to interconylar fossa- hold femur onto menisci

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40
Q

What do the collateral ligaments of the stifle joint attach to?

A

Medial epicondyle femur to tibia

Lateral epicondyle femur to tibia and fibula

41
Q

What are the two cruciate ligaments of the stifle where do they attach?

A

Cranial cruciate- intercondylar eminence to medial aspect of lateral condyle
Caudal cruciate- intercondylay eminence to intercondylar fossa

42
Q

What is the functions of the cruciate ligaments?

A

Maintain femur on menisci

Resist rotation

43
Q

What happens when the patella is pulled proximally and distally?

A

Proximally- extension

Distally- flexion

44
Q

What are the three compartments of the stifle joint capsule?

A

Femoro-patellar
Medial femora-tibial
Lateral femoro-tibia

45
Q

What are the muscles of stifle extension?

A

Sarotorius

Quadriceps

46
Q

What are the stifle flexors?

A

Semimembranosus
Gastrocnemius
Semitendinosis
Biceps femoris

47
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the sartorius?

A

O- iliium
I- patella, tibial tuberosity
Innervation- femoral

48
Q

What are the 4 quadriceps origins and where do they insert, what are there innervation?

A 
Rectus femoris- O- ilium
Vastus lateralis- O- Lateral femur
Vastus medialis- O- Medial femur 
Vastus intermedius- O- Cranial femur
I- tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament 
Innervated by femoral
49
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus?

A 
Biceps femoris
O- ishium
I- fascia latae/ calcaneus 
Semitendinosus-
O- ishium
I- tibia/calcaneus 
Innervated by sciatic nerve
50
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the semeimembranosus and gastrocnemius?

A 
Semimembranosus
O- ischium 
I- Femur and tibia
Sciatic nerve
Gastrocnemius- 
O- Caudal femur
I- Calcaneus
Tibial (sciatic)
51
Q

What are the bones of the tarsus?

A

Proximal row- talus and calcaneus
Middle- Central and IV
Distal- I, II, III, IV

52
Q

In which species are all bones off the tarsus present?

A

Dog and pig

53
Q

What are the tarsal joints?

A

Tarso-crural joint- talus and tibia and fibula
Proximal inter tarsal joint- talus/calcaneous and central and IV
Distal intertarsal joint- central- I,II, III
Tarso-metatarsal joint- distal row and metatarsal bones

54
Q

Which joint of the tarsal has the most movement?

A

Most at tarso-crural joint

55
Q

What supports the tarsus?

A

Long lateral, long medial collateral ligamaments
Short ligaments
Plantar ligament- calcaneus to metatarsals
Retinaculum

56
Q

What muscles are responsible for hock flexion?

A 
Cranial tibial
Peroneus longus
Peroneus brevis
Peroneus Tertius 
Long digital extensor 
Lateral digital extensor
57
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the lateral tibial muscle?

A

O- lateral tibia
I- Metatarsal bones
Innervation- peroneal (sciatic)

58
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the peroneus longs, brevis and terminus?

A

Longus- O- lateral tibia/fibula I- plantar tarsus
Brevis- O- tibia and fibula I- 5th metatarsal bone
Tertius
Innervation- peroneal nerve

59
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the long digital extensor muscle and lateral digital extensor?

A 
Long 
O- extensor fossa femur 
I- all digits 
Lateral
O- Lateral tibia 
I- Fuses with lateral branches of long
60
Q

What is the common calcanean tendon (achilles) common tendons of?

A

Bicep femoris
Semitendinosus
Gracilis

61
Q

What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the superficial digital flexor?

A

O- lateral popliteal fossa femur
I- calcaneus
I- branches to all digits
Innervation- tibial nerve (sciatic)

62
Q

What is the origin and insertion and innervation of the deep digital flexor tendon?

A

O- tibia
I- all digits
Innervation- tibial nerve

63
Q

What efferent does the gluteal nerve carry and what muscles does it supply?

A

Motor only

Supplies hindlimb abductors

64
Q

What efferents does the obturator nerve and what muscles does it supply?

A

Motor only

Supplies Adductors: GAPE

65
Q

What efferents does the femoral nerve carry and what does it supply?

A

Motor and sensory
Supplies- hip flexors, stifle extensors
Iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps

66
Q

What happens if the femoral nerve is damaged?

A

Cannot extend stifle- weight bare

Loss of patella reflex

67
Q

What efferent does the sciatic nerve carry and what does it supply?

A

Mixed motor and sensory

Hamstring muscles

68
Q

What is the tibial nerve a branch of?

A

Sciatic nerve

69
Q

What does the sciatic supply motor and sensorially?

A

Motor- Hock extensors, digital flexors

Sensory- caudal plantar aspect of limb

70
Q

What is the peroneal nerve a branch of?

A

Sciatic

71
Q

What does the fibular/peroneal nerve supply?

A

Motor- hock flexors, digital extensors

Sensory- cranial/dorsal aspect of limb

72
Q

Describe the overall blood supply of the hindlimb?

A

External iliac to
femoral to
Popliteal to
Cranial tibial to paw

73
Q

What are the arteries that supply the superficial and deep parts of paw?

A

Superficial- common digital arteries (dorsal and plantar)

Deep- Metatarsal arteries (dorsal and plantar

74
Q

Which digit is weight bearing in horses?

A

3rd digit

75
Q

What are hindlimb in horses mainly for?

A

Propulsion

76
Q

How many sacral vertebrae are fused in horses?

A

5

77
Q

What ligament covers the lateral pelvis?

A

The sacrotuberous/broad ligament

78
Q

What direction does the sacrotuberous ligament run?

A

One dorsally- dorsal sacroiliac joint

One ventrally- ventral sacroiliac joint

79
Q

What is the accessory ligament in a horses pelvis?

A

A continuation of the prepubic tendon
Runs under transverse ligament
Tension from abdominal weight contents

80
Q

What are the three main hindlimb retractor muscles?

A

Biceps femoris
Semitendinous
Semimembranosus
Innervated by sciatic

81
Q

What movement is not possible in horses hindlimb?

A

No abduction

82
Q

What extra features do horses femurs have?

A

Greater trochanter in two parts
Lesser trochanter
This trochanter

83
Q

Which femoral trochlear is larger in horses?

A

Medial

84
Q

What are the three patellar ligaments of a horse?

A

Medial
Middle
Lateral

85
Q

What sesamoid bones do horses lack?

A

Popliteal sesamoid

86
Q

What are the femoro-patellar components of the horse?

A

Medial femoro-patellar ligament

Lateral femoro-patellar ligament

87
Q

How does the patella lock in a horse?

A

Patella moves proximally and rotates medially

Tubercle of medial trochlear ridge veteran middle and medial patellar ligaments

88
Q

Why does a horses patella need to lock?

A

For stay apparatus

89
Q

What is different about the fibula of a horse?

A

Reduced in size

Fuses half way down tibia

90
Q

What tarsal bones are present in horses?

A

Proximal- calcaneus, talus
Middle- central, IV
Distal- I/II fused, III, IV

91
Q

What muscle is the cunean tendon in horses attached to?

A

Cranial tibial muscle

92
Q

What muscles are associates with the common calcanean tendon in horses?

A 
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosus
Gracilis
Gastrocnemius
Soleus 
Superficial digital flexor
93
Q

What are the long and lateral digital flexor tendons responsible for in horses?

A

Digital extension and tarsal flexion

94
Q

What two joints must move together in horses?

A

Stifle and hock

95
Q

Why are the talus trochlea angled?

A

Prevents over-reach injuries

96
Q

What are the three nerve blocks?

A

Plantar digital block- top of hoof
Abaxial sesamoid block- top of middle phalanx
Plantar metatarsal block- 6 point block

97
Q

What are the three longitudinal muscles of the spine?

A

Transversospinalis- medial
Longissimus- middle
Illicostalis- lateral

98
Q

What ligament holds up a horses head?

A

Nuchal ligament

Year 2 NSF (16 decks)

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