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Year 2 NSF > Hindlimb 1st Year > Flashcards

Hindlimb 1st Year Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different regions of the hindlimb?

A 
Gluteal- around hip
Thigh- hip to stifle
Popliteal
Crus- stifle to tarsus
Pes- metatarsal + digits
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2
Q

What are the joints of the hindlimb?

A 
Sacro-iliac joint
Hip joint
Stifle joint
Tarsus/hock joint 
Tarso-metatarsal joint
Metatarsopharlangeal
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3
Q

What bones make up the hind limb?

A 
Sacrum 
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia and fibula 
Tarsal bones
Metatarsal bones 
Phalanges/digits
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4
Q

What 4 bones make up the pelvis?

A

Ilium
Ishium
Pubis
Acetabulum

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5
Q

What features are found in the ilium and ishium?

A 
Ilium-
Greater ishiatic notch 
Iliopectineal eminence 
Ischium- 
Lesser ishiatic notch 
Ishtiatic tuberosity 
Ishiatic arch
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6
Q

What is the sacrum?

A

3 fused sacral vertabeae and form the sacro-iliac joint

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7
Q

What is the pecten and what fills it?

A

Concave at cranial pelvis of pubis bone

Prepubic tendon fills it

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8
Q

What does the sacrotuberous ligament attach to?

A

Sacrum- tuber ischium

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9
Q

What is the big hole in the pelvis called?

A

Obturator foramen

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10
Q

What articulates with the head of the femur?

A

Acetebulum

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11
Q

What finishes the acetabular notch?

A

The transverse ligament

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12
Q

Where are the main and secondary centres of ossification of the pelvis?

A 
Primary:
Ilium
Pubia
Ishium
Acetabular
Fuse before birth 
Secondary:
Dorsal iliac crests
Tuber ischium
Ishiatic arch
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13
Q

How can a dog and cats pelvis be distinguished on a radiograph?

A

Dogs- wings of ilium and ischium diverge

Cat- Wings of ilium and ischium parallel, large obturator foramen, smaller greater trochanter

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14
Q

Where are the centres of ossification of the femur?

A

Head
Greater trochanter
Body
Distal epiphysis

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15
Q

What type of bone is a patella?

A

Sesamoid bone

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16
Q

What shape is the patella, where does it sit, what allows smooth articular surface?

A

Pyramid shaped
Sits in trochlear groove
Hyaline cartilage

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17
Q

What are the two types of sesamoid bones cranial to the patella?

A

Fabellae x2

Popliteal sesamoid x 1

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18
Q

What nerves supply the hindlimb from the spinal cord?

A

L5, L6, L7, S1, S2

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19
Q

What do the ventral branches of the spinal nerves supplying the hind limb form?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

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20
Q

What are the 4 emerging peripheral nerves from the lumbosacral plexus?

A

Gluteals
Obturator
Femoral
Sciatic

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21
Q

What type of movement it protraction and retraction of the hindlimb?

A

Protraction- hip flexion

Retraction- Hip extension

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22
Q

What are the three gluteal muscles, what is their origin and insertion, what innervates them?

A 
Superficial
Middle
Deep
O- Sacrum and gluteal surface
I- greater trochanter 
Innervation- Gluteal nerve
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23
Q

What are the 4 adductors of the hindlimb?

A

Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus
External obturator

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24
Q

What is the origins and insertions of the hind limb adductors and their innervation?

A

O- ventral surface of pelvis
Gracilis- I- Tibia (calcanea via common calcanean tendon)
Adductor, Pectineus and External obturator- I- Femur
Innervation- Obturator nerve

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25
What muscles are responsible for limb protraction/hip flexion?
Tensor fascia latae Iliopsoas Sartorious Recutus femoris
26
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the tensor fascia latae?
O- Ilium I- fascia latae Innervation- gluteal nerve
27
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the ilipsoas muscle?
O- lumber vertabrae I- lesser trochanter Innervation- femoral nerve
28
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the sartorious muscle?
O- Ilium I- femur, tibial tuberosity Innervation- femoral nerve
29
What is the rectus femoris origin, insertion and innervation?
O- Ilium I- tibial tuberosity (patellar ligament) One of the quadriceps
30
What are the hind limb retractors/hip extensors?
Bicep femoris Semiteninosus Semimembranosus
31
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the biceps femoris?
O- Tuber ischium I- fascia latae I- calcaneus Innervation- Sciatic nerve
32
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the semitendinosus and semimembranosus?
``` Semitendinosus- O- ischium I- Tibia, calcaeneus Semimembranosus- O- Ischium I- Femur and tibia Innervation- sciatic nerve ```
33
Which of the tibia and fibula weight bares?
Tibia
34
How many centres of ossification are in the tibia and fibula?
Tibia- 4 | Fibula- 3
35
What are the components of the stifle joint?
Femur Tibia Patella
36
What is found inbetween the femur and tibia?
Lateral and medial meniscus
37
What are meniscus and what is their functions?
``` C shaped cartilage Function- Stabilise joint Cushioning Proprioception ```
38
What are the three meniscal ligaments?
Menisco-tibial ligaments Transverse ligament Menisco-femoral ligament
39
What is the position of the three meniscal ligament sand what are their functions?
Menisco-tibial ligament- meniscus to intercondylar eminence, holds menisci onto tibia Transverse ligament- between cranial aspects of menisci- stabilises Menisco-femoral ligament- lateral meniscus to interconylar fossa- hold femur onto menisci
40
What do the collateral ligaments of the stifle joint attach to?
Medial epicondyle femur to tibia | Lateral epicondyle femur to tibia and fibula
41
What are the two cruciate ligaments of the stifle where do they attach?
Cranial cruciate- intercondylar eminence to medial aspect of lateral condyle Caudal cruciate- intercondylay eminence to intercondylar fossa
42
What is the functions of the cruciate ligaments?
Maintain femur on menisci | Resist rotation
43
What happens when the patella is pulled proximally and distally?
Proximally- extension | Distally- flexion
44
What are the three compartments of the stifle joint capsule?
Femoro-patellar Medial femora-tibial Lateral femoro-tibia
45
What are the muscles of stifle extension?
Sarotorius | Quadriceps
46
What are the stifle flexors?
Semimembranosus Gastrocnemius Semitendinosis Biceps femoris
47
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the sartorius?
O- iliium I- patella, tibial tuberosity Innervation- femoral
48
What are the 4 quadriceps origins and where do they insert, what are there innervation?
``` Rectus femoris- O- ilium Vastus lateralis- O- Lateral femur Vastus medialis- O- Medial femur Vastus intermedius- O- Cranial femur I- tibial tuberosity via patellar ligament Innervated by femoral ```
49
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the biceps femoris and semitendinosus?
``` Biceps femoris O- ishium I- fascia latae/ calcaneus Semitendinosus- O- ishium I- tibia/calcaneus Innervated by sciatic nerve ```
50
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the semeimembranosus and gastrocnemius?
``` Semimembranosus O- ischium I- Femur and tibia Sciatic nerve Gastrocnemius- O- Caudal femur I- Calcaneus Tibial (sciatic) ```
51
What are the bones of the tarsus?
Proximal row- talus and calcaneus Middle- Central and IV Distal- I, II, III, IV
52
In which species are all bones off the tarsus present?
Dog and pig
53
What are the tarsal joints?
Tarso-crural joint- talus and tibia and fibula Proximal inter tarsal joint- talus/calcaneous and central and IV Distal intertarsal joint- central- I,II, III Tarso-metatarsal joint- distal row and metatarsal bones
54
Which joint of the tarsal has the most movement?
Most at tarso-crural joint
55
What supports the tarsus?
Long lateral, long medial collateral ligamaments Short ligaments Plantar ligament- calcaneus to metatarsals Retinaculum
56
What muscles are responsible for hock flexion?
``` Cranial tibial Peroneus longus Peroneus brevis Peroneus Tertius Long digital extensor Lateral digital extensor ```
57
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the lateral tibial muscle?
O- lateral tibia I- Metatarsal bones Innervation- peroneal (sciatic)
58
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the peroneus longs, brevis and terminus?
Longus- O- lateral tibia/fibula I- plantar tarsus Brevis- O- tibia and fibula I- 5th metatarsal bone Tertius Innervation- peroneal nerve
59
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the long digital extensor muscle and lateral digital extensor?
``` Long O- extensor fossa femur I- all digits Lateral O- Lateral tibia I- Fuses with lateral branches of long ```
60
What is the common calcanean tendon (achilles) common tendons of?
Bicep femoris Semitendinosus Gracilis
61
What is the origin, insertion and innervation of the superficial digital flexor?
O- lateral popliteal fossa femur I- calcaneus I- branches to all digits Innervation- tibial nerve (sciatic)
62
What is the origin and insertion and innervation of the deep digital flexor tendon?
O- tibia I- all digits Innervation- tibial nerve
63
What efferent does the gluteal nerve carry and what muscles does it supply?
Motor only | Supplies hindlimb abductors
64
What efferents does the obturator nerve and what muscles does it supply?
Motor only | Supplies Adductors: GAPE
65
What efferents does the femoral nerve carry and what does it supply?
Motor and sensory Supplies- hip flexors, stifle extensors Iliopsoas, sartorius, quadriceps
66
What happens if the femoral nerve is damaged?
Cannot extend stifle- weight bare | Loss of patella reflex
67
What efferent does the sciatic nerve carry and what does it supply?
Mixed motor and sensory | Hamstring muscles
68
What is the tibial nerve a branch of?
Sciatic nerve
69
What does the sciatic supply motor and sensorially?
Motor- Hock extensors, digital flexors | Sensory- caudal plantar aspect of limb
70
What is the peroneal nerve a branch of?
Sciatic
71
What does the fibular/peroneal nerve supply?
Motor- hock flexors, digital extensors | Sensory- cranial/dorsal aspect of limb
72
Describe the overall blood supply of the hindlimb?
External iliac to femoral to Popliteal to Cranial tibial to paw
73
What are the arteries that supply the superficial and deep parts of paw?
Superficial- common digital arteries (dorsal and plantar) | Deep- Metatarsal arteries (dorsal and plantar
74
Which digit is weight bearing in horses?
3rd digit
75
What are hindlimb in horses mainly for?
Propulsion
76
How many sacral vertebrae are fused in horses?
5
77
What ligament covers the lateral pelvis?
The sacrotuberous/broad ligament
78
What direction does the sacrotuberous ligament run?
One dorsally- dorsal sacroiliac joint | One ventrally- ventral sacroiliac joint
79
What is the accessory ligament in a horses pelvis?
A continuation of the prepubic tendon Runs under transverse ligament Tension from abdominal weight contents
80
What are the three main hindlimb retractor muscles?
Biceps femoris Semitendinous Semimembranosus Innervated by sciatic
81
What movement is not possible in horses hindlimb?
No abduction
82
What extra features do horses femurs have?
Greater trochanter in two parts Lesser trochanter This trochanter
83
Which femoral trochlear is larger in horses?
Medial
84
What are the three patellar ligaments of a horse?
Medial Middle Lateral
85
What sesamoid bones do horses lack?
Popliteal sesamoid
86
What are the femoro-patellar components of the horse?
Medial femoro-patellar ligament | Lateral femoro-patellar ligament
87
How does the patella lock in a horse?
Patella moves proximally and rotates medially | Tubercle of medial trochlear ridge veteran middle and medial patellar ligaments
88
Why does a horses patella need to lock?
For stay apparatus
89
What is different about the fibula of a horse?
Reduced in size | Fuses half way down tibia
90
What tarsal bones are present in horses?
Proximal- calcaneus, talus Middle- central, IV Distal- I/II fused, III, IV
91
What muscle is the cunean tendon in horses attached to?
Cranial tibial muscle
92
What muscles are associates with the common calcanean tendon in horses?
``` Biceps femoris Semitendinosus Gracilis Gastrocnemius Soleus Superficial digital flexor ```
93
What are the long and lateral digital flexor tendons responsible for in horses?
Digital extension and tarsal flexion
94
What two joints must move together in horses?
Stifle and hock
95
Why are the talus trochlea angled?
Prevents over-reach injuries
96
What are the three nerve blocks?
Plantar digital block- top of hoof Abaxial sesamoid block- top of middle phalanx Plantar metatarsal block- 6 point block
97
What are the three longitudinal muscles of the spine?
Transversospinalis- medial Longissimus- middle Illicostalis- lateral
98
What ligament holds up a horses head?
Nuchal ligament

Year 2 NSF (16 decks)

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