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Year 2 NSF > Gastro-Intestinal Tract > Flashcards

Gastro-Intestinal Tract Flashcards

1
Q

What branches of the spinal cord of the peripheral nervous system supply the abdominal organs?

A

T13

L1-3

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2
Q

What does the dorsal and ventral branch of the peripheral nervous system supply?

A

Dorsal- dorsal abdominal skin

Ventral- splits medial, lateral and lateral cutaneous

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3
Q

What do the three parts of the ventral branch of the peripheral nervous system supply?

A

Medial- runs between transverse abdominus and internal abdominal oblique- supplies TA, IAO, RA and ventral abdominal skin

Lateral- perforates internal abdominal oblique and runs between IAO and external abdominal oblique- supply IAO and EAO

Lateral cutaneous- perforates external abdominal oblique supplying lateral skin

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4
Q

What are the differences between the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Sympathetic fight or flight, suspend digestion, ganglia as site of synapses, long post ganglionic
Parasympathetic- homeostasis, promote digestion, plexus- no synapses until reach organ of innervation, short post ganglionic

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5
Q

What two types of nerves from the sympathetic nervous system supply the GI?

A

Major/minor splanchnic nerves

Lumbar splanchnic nerves

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6
Q

Where do the major and minor splanchnic nerves synapse and where do the lumbar splanchnic nerves synapse?

A

Major/minor- caeliaco-mesenteric ganglia

Lumbar- caudal mesenteric ganglion

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7
Q

What two nerves parasympathetically supply the GI?

A

Vagus and Pelvic

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8
Q

How does the vagus supply the abdominal organs?

A

Splits as it enters abdomen and reunites to form:
Dorsal vagal trunk- visceral surface of stomach/ pylorus
Ventral vagal trunk- parietal surface of stomach/ pylorus and liver
Continues to calico-mesenteric plexus and follows arteries to rest of organs

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9
Q

Where does the pelvic nerve emerge from the spinal cord and where does it pass through before the organs?

A

S1-S3

Passes through pelvic plexus then follows arteries to pelvic organs

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10
Q

What arteries supply the abdominal wall?

A

Cranial abdominal
Deep external iliac
Cranial epigastric
Caudal epigastric

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11
Q

What do each of the abdominal wall arteries supply?

A

Cranial abdominal- cranio-dorso-lateral
Deep external iliac- caudo-dorsal-lateral
Cranial epigastric- cranio-ventero-lateral
Caudal epigastric- caudo-ventero-lateral

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12
Q

What are the three major branches off the aorta which supply the abdominal organs?

A

Caeliac- cranial abdominal organs
Cranial mesenteric- mid-abdominal
Caudal mesenteric- caudal abdominal organs

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13
Q

What are the three branches of the caeliac artery?

A

Hepatic
Left gastric
Splenic

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14
Q

What are the three branches of the hepatic artery?

A

Hepatic branches
Right gastric
Gastroduodenal

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15
Q

What does each of the three hepatic artery branches supply?

A

Hepatic branches- liver, cystic artery to gall bladder

Right gastric- right lesser curvature of stomach

Gastroduodenal- right gastro-epiploic artery to right greater curvature of stomach, cranial pancreatico-duodenal artery (cranial lobe of pancreas/duodenum)

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16
Q

What does the left gastric artery supply?

A

Left lesser curvature of the stomach

Oesophageal branches to oesophagus

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17
Q

What does the splenic artery supply?

A

Short gastric arteries- greater curvature of stomach
Pancreatic branches- left lobe of pancreas
Left gastro-epiploic- left greater curvature of stomach

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18
Q

What are the three branches of the cranial mesenteric artery?

A

Ileo-colic artery
Caudal pancreatico-duodenal artery
Jejunal arteries

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19
Q

What do the caudal pancreatico-duodenal artery and jejunal arteries supply

A

Pancreatico-duodenal artery- caudal right lobe of pancreas and duodenum

Jejunal arteries- jejunum

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20
Q

What are the 5 branches of the ileo-colic artery and what do they supply?

A 
Middle colic artery- transverse colon
Right colic artery- right colic flexure
Colic branch of ileo-colic- ascending colon
Caecal branch of ileo-colic- caecum 
Mesenteric ileal- ileum
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21
Q

What are the two branches of the caudal mesenteric arteries and what to they supply?

A

Left colic artery- left colic flexure/descending colon

Cranial rectal artery- cranial rectum

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22
Q

What other abdominal organs are there that don’t supply GI organs?

A

Left and right renal arteries

Left and right ovarian/testicular arteries

23
Q

What is an anastomoses?

A

Safety mechanism for if an artery gets occluded the organ will continue to receive blood

24
Q

Where are anatomises present in the GI artery tract?

A 
Left/right gastric
Left/right gastro-epipoloic
Cranial/caudal pancreatico-duodenal
Middle/right colic
Middle/left colic
Colic branch of ileo-colic/right colic
Mesenteric ileal/jejunal 
jejunal/jejunal
25
Q

How do all GI organs drain venously?

A

Hepatic portal vein to vena cava

26
Q

Where do veins differ to arteries supplying/draining GI organs?

A

No celiac vein

Cranial/caudal mesenteric are terminal veins of hepatic portal vein

27
Q

How does ruminants blood supply to stomach vary compared to all other species?

A

Rumino-reticulum and greater curvature of abomasum- left/right gastro-epiploid. Rather then greater curvature

Omasum/lesser curvature of abomasum- left/right gastric. Rather then lesser curvature

28
Q

How does the caecum blood supply of dogs, ruminants, horses and pigs vary?

A

Dog/ruminants- small caecum- caecal branch of ileo-colic, anti-mesenteric ileal branch of ileum

Horse/Pig- large caecum- medial caecal, lateral caecal- no anti-mesenteric

29
Q

What arteries are all the same in species supplying the colon?

A

Proximal ascending- colic branch of ileocolic
Distal ascending- right colic
Transverse- middle colic
Descending- left colic

30
Q

What arteries are different in species supplying the colon?

A

Colic branch of ileocolic in horses supplies ventral colon, pigs and ruminants- centripetal coils
Right colic horse- dorsal colon, pigs/ruminants- centrifugal coils

31
Q

How does the omentum vary between horse, pig and dog?

A

Horse and Pig are similar to dog

Horses doesn’t extend back to cover intestinal mass

32
Q

In which species is the peritoneum most and least developed?

A

Least developed in a horse

Most developed in ruminants

33
Q

Describe the structure of a ruminants omentum?

A

Superficial wall attaches to rumen on the left
Deep wall attaches to rumen on right
Space between is mental bursa

34
Q

How do species livers differ in situ?

A

Pig straight like dog/cat
Horse- oblique (right lobe dorsal, left more ventral)
Ruminant= 90 degrees

35
Q

How does the structure of the liver vary between species?

A

Ruminants- caudate lobe larger in ox, papillary lobe larger in sheep
Horse- no papillary lobe, no gall bladder
Pig/dog/cat- left and right lobes sub-divided

36
Q

What are the different lobes of the liver?

A 
Left lobe
Right Lobe
Quadrate Lobe
Caudate Lobe 
Papillary lobe
37
Q

How do different species spleen vary in shape?

A 
Horse- comma shaped
Ox tongue shaped
Sheep oval
Pig elongated- bright red
Dog hockey stick shaped
38
Q

Which species liver doesn’t have a caudate process with a renal impression?

A

Pig

39
Q

Which species have both a pancreatic and accessory duct, just pancreatic and just accessory?

A

Both- horse and dog
Just pancreatic- sheep/goat
Just accessory- ox/pig

40
Q

What is different about a pigs stomach compared to a dog?

A

Gastric diverticulum (increased secretion of mucous)
Large cardiac gland region
Prominence of lymphatic tissue
Torus pyloricus

41
Q

How does the small intestine differ between species?

A

Similar
Pig jejunum- LI pushes most to right
Thickened ileum in a horse

42
Q

How does the large intestine differ between pigs and ruminants?

A

Pigs- Caecum on left, colon in spiral loop

Ruminants- colon in coiled loop

43
Q

Describe the structure of a horses large intestine?

A

Large caecum
right ventral, sternal flexure, left ventral, pelvic flexure, left dorsal, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal, transverse, descending colon

44
Q

What aids mixing and propulsion in the horses LI?

A

Sacculated and taenial bands

45
Q

How many taenial bands do each part of a horses large intestine have?

A 
Caecum- 4
RVC- 4
LVC- 4
LDC- 1
RDC- 3
Transverse- 2
Small- 2
46
Q

How does a horses blood supply differ to a dogs?

A

Caecum- lateral and medial caecal vessels
Ventral colon- colic branch of ileocolic
Dorsal colon- right colic
No anti-mesenteric ileal supply

47
Q

How does a pigs blood supply differ to a dogs?

A

Left gastric artery- branch of splenic
proximal centripetal coils- colic branch of ileocolic
distal centrifugal coils- right colic

48
Q

How do ruminants blood supply differ to dogs?

A

Omasum/lesser curvature of abomasum derived from lesser curvature of embryonic stomach- supplied by left/right gastric

ruminoreticulum/greater curvature of abomasum derived from greater curvature of embryonic stomach- supplies by left/right gastroepiploic and short gastric branches of splenic

Centripetal coils- colic branch of ileocolic
Centrifugal coils- right colic

49
Q

Describe a ruminants topographical anatomy?

A

Left side- ruminoreticulum

Right side- colon, jejunum, omasum/abomasum, liver

50
Q

Describe a pigs topographical anatomy?

A

Left side- caecum, colon

Right side- jejunum

51
Q

Describe a horses topographical anatomy?

A

Left- jejunum and small colon, left colon

Right- caecum, right colon, most of liver

52
Q

What is a rectal examination used for in both horses and ruminants?

A

To examine reproductive tract

53
Q

Other then reproductive tract what is rectal examination used for in horses?

A

To examine digestive tract

54
Q

What can be palpated in a horses rectum and in what area (left dorsal/ventral, right dorsal/ventral)?

A

Left dorsal- jejunum/small colon- taenial bands
Left ventral- pelvic flexure
Right dorsal- base of caecum
Right ventral- body of caecum

Year 2 NSF (16 decks)

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