Diverse Species Flashcards
1
Q
What additional requirement might some bird require?
A
Fresh and clean water- regularly change
Mineral/vit supplements
Grit- passerines
2
Q
How many chambers are in a chelonians heart?
A
3 chambers
3
Q
What diet is needed for ferrets?
A
Short GI, simple microflora, need high concentration of fat and easily digestible meat-based protein, lactose intolerant
30-40% protein 10-12% fat
Bones and raw food diet considered best- commercial better for most people- not dog food
4
Q
What is the choanae useful for?
A
Swabbing for respiratory disease
5
Q
What is the ratio of Ca:P in reptiles?
A
1.5-2: 1
6
Q
What is the terminal portion of the GI, reproductive and urinary tract called?
A
Cloaca
7
Q
Are ferrets young altirical or precocial?
A
Altricial- undeveloped
8
Q
What is a copulatory plug?
A
Congealed sperm/mucus which hardens within cervix, for 8-12 hours follow copulation
9
Q
What muscles are mainly responsible for jaw closing and opening in reptiles?
A
Pterygoideus and external adductor jaw closers
Depresson mandible jaw opener
10
Q
What is a polyphydonty?
A
Teeth continually replaced
11
Q
What is found in the the middle 1/3 of a snake?
A
Stomach, liver, lung, spleen, pancreas
12
Q
What is semi-closed fish management?
A
Flowing fast continuous water (canal), maintains quality
Allows higher density of fish
13
Q
Why do fish need filtration system?
A
Ammonia released is very toxic therefore needs to be removed
Mechanical, biological and chemical filtration
14
Q
What is often a cause of weight gain in rabbits?
A
Clover- very high energy
15
Q
What are the 3 different breeds of rabbit with fancy coats?
A
Angora- fluff balls, easily matted
Rex- short fur, prone to abrasions
Satin
16
Q
Where would ferrets blood be sampled from?
A
Cephalic and jugular vein
17
Q
What overlies the dermal bone plates?
A
Scutes
18
Q
What immune organ do birds lack?
A
Lymph nodes
19
Q
How many salivary glands to ferrets have?
A
5 salivary glands
20
Q
How does the nasal cavity communicate with the oral cavity in birds?
A
The choanae
21
Q
How do snakes allow enlargement of integument after a meal?
A
Scales are joined by small folded areas of skin allowing for explansion
22
Q
What is the calamus of a feather?
A
Anchors feather into follicle
23
Q
What is the normal nutrition for psittacines?
A
Wide variety- fruit, nuts
Commercial diets available but poorly balanced- usually selectively feed
Home made- 30% fruit, 30% veg, 30% sprouted pulses, 10% seed and nuts, vit and min supplement
24
Q
What is the variation in GI tract for seed eating birds?
A
Seed eaters- well developed crop, proventriculus and gizzard, long intestine, distinct caeca
25
How are ferrets sexed?
Males much larger, obvious penis and testes, vulva under tail in females swells in season
26
How do birds cause inspiration and expiration?
Lungs are fixed and don't expand, thoracic and abdominal muscles expand thoracic cavity
27
How many lobes does a bird liver have?
Bilobed- right larger
28
What problem does excess digestible fibre cause in rabbits?
caecal dysbiosis- lawn clippings
29
What family of birds are parrots?
Psittacines
30
What is a specialist in terms of husbandry?
Precisely adapted to ecological niches
| range limited to specific diets, habitats, climates
31
Why is neutering advised in jills?
Pyometras common
32
What is the main characteristic of Lops?
Floppy ears
33
All rodents are duplex except ... which has ...
1- Guinea pig
| 2- Bicornuate
34
What is dysecdysis?
Failure to shed, usually husbandry related
35
What type of stomach do rodents have?
Monogastric- simple chambered (not hamster)
36
What is external anatomy of birds important for?
Identification, locating structures underneath, indicator of health
37
What special requirements to chinchillas have?
Need to be dry, require different levels for jumping, require dust bath, susceptible to heat stroke
38
Where is the coracoid process found in Chelonia?
Scapula
39
How can you detect the stage of oestrus in rodents?
Count lymphocytes, count epithelial cells and stage
40
What causes ferrets odour?
Sebaceous glands all over body
41
What are the 4 distinct periods of rodents oestrus?
Proestrus, Oestrus, metoestrus, dioestrus
42
What ocular organ do snakes lack?
nicitating membrane
43
How many vertebral scutes are there?
5
44
What is the function of the uterus/shell gland
Calcification of the shell
| 20 hours
45
Which birds are commonly referred to as the 'song birds'?
Passerines
46
How can you stimulate certain breeds to hibernate?
Withhold food for 2 weeks, place in box with bedding, reduce temperature to below 10 degrees, monitor
47
What is the vane of a feather?
Either side of the central rachis, consists of series of interlocking barbs- fluffy bit
48
Do reptiles seek a higher or lower temperature when sick or stressed?
Higher temperature
49
Why do rabbits eyes stick out when frightened?
They have a large retrobulbar venous plexus, therefore stick out under increased blood pressure
50
What problems can keeping several cockatiels have?
Males can fight, but usually very sociable
51
When does ovulation occur in a rabbit?
10-13 hours after coitus
52
Do hystricomorphs or myomorphs have precocial young?
Hystricomorphs, myomorphs altricial
53
How should snakes be handled?
Can be aggressive- be careful- easily bruised/rib fracture
| Thumb and second finger behind head, forefinger in top of head
54
Rodents have a large diastema what does that mean?
They have a large gap in-between incisors and cheek teeth
55
What are specialist features of a birds skull?
Lightweight
No teeth
Sclerotic rings support globe
56
What can be some potential problems with domesticated rats/mice?
Aggression between males, incisors (dental disease)
57
Name all relevant rabbit breeds- try 5
Lops, dwarf lops, mini lop, French and English Lop, lion head, Angora, Rex, Satin, Himalayan, Dutch, English, Netherland dwarf, Polish, New-Zealand red/white, Belgian hare, Continental giant, Flemish giant
58
What are the major skeletal modifications of the Chelonia?
Limbs project laterally, spine and ribs fused, pectoral and pelvic girdle vertical within ribcage
59
What is tonic immobility in rabbits?
Put on back and rabbits freezes, is a fear response- increases HR, respiratory rate, cortisol
60
What is the ventral flattened part of a shell called?
Plastron
61
What is the order of passerines?
Passeriformes
62
Where does the GI tract of reptiles terminate?
Cloaca
63
What is the difference in GI for fruit eating birds?
Shorter intestine, caeca less distinct
64
What shape is a rabbits stomach?
J- shaped
65
What are common signs of adrenal disease in ferrets?
Alopecia, muscle/weight loss
66
Why should over-handling after eating be avoided?
May regurgitate
67
Through which oral cavity to rodents breath?
Nasal cavity (mouth breathing shows respiratory distress)
68
How do female snakes produce young?
Oviparous or viviparous
69
Why should nail clippers not be used to trim rodents teeth?
Teeth can fracture
70
What are some poisonous foods to birds?
Avocados, onions, garlic, celery (causes impactions), tomatoes, mushrooms
71
What is a separate tank recommended for?
Feeding
72
Which of a ferrets teeth are rooted?
All of them! Got ya
73
What legislation applies to rabbit care?
Animal welfare act- 2006
Codes of practice
In England- rabbits are protected under welfare of farmed animals regulations 2007
74
How do you sex lizards?
Males- larger, more colourful, presence of prominent dewlaps, crest and spines, prominent femoral pores, cloacal bulge
Can use probe, ultrasound
75
What kind of breathers are rabbits?
Obligate nasal breathers
76
At what temperature does reptiles digestion stop?
7 degrees
77
Where is the thymus locates in birds?
Neck
78
What are all the lobes of a rodents right lung?
Cranial, middle, caudal, intermediate
79
What can happen if a Jill ferret doesn't mate during season?
Causes prolonged secretion of oestrogen which causes anaemia (suppressing bone marrow) and potentially death
80
What are the major anatomical differences of birds hindlimbs?
Fused bones- Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarsus
| Proximal muscles long tendons to digits
81
When do young rabbits start to take solid food?
18-21 days
82
What is the feather shaft?
Combination of calamus and central rachis
83
What is essential for lighting?
Timing
84
What are the differences in GI tract go herbivore reptiles?
Cecum and colon large
85
How do sharks detect pressure changes in the water?
Head and lateral line contains pores with neuromast cells which contain sensory hairs
Also contains electroreceptors ampullae of lorenzini to detect electrical impulses of fish under sand
86
What is the usual cause of adrenal disease in ferrets?
Early neutering or abnormal photoperiods
87
What are carnivores like snakes usually fed?
Rodents, rabbits
| monitor lizards- rodent, fish, eggs
88
What type of uterus does a ferret have?
Bicornuate
89
What are the 4 types of feathers?
Contour feathers
Semi-plumes
Down feathers
Powder down feathers
90
How is a rodents respiratory system optimised?
Short airways, increased respiratory rates, increased alveoli, high chest compliance (higher vital capacity/lower residual lung capacity)
91
What are Chondrichthyes?
Cartilagenoius fish- sharks
92
What are the 4 methods of snake locomotion?
Lateral undulation, rectilinear, concertina, sidewinding
93
What are the two suborders of Chelonia?
Pleurodira
| Cryptodira
94
What shape are rodents incisor teeth?
Chisel shaped
95
What are the differences between a male and female Chelonia?
Males have concave plastron for mounting
Presence of phallus in males
Cloaca further from plastron in males
Longer broader tails in males
96
Why are male rabbits castrated?
Stop breeding, easier litter training, reduced aggression
97
What is the name of rabbits extra ocular muscle?
Rectus dorsalis
98
What is unusual about a birds thoracic vertebrae?
Notrarium- fused to resist twisting forces of flight
99
What does ectothermic mean?
Metabolism and physiological function is directly related to environmental conditions
100
What are insectivores fed?
Mealworms, wax worms, crickets, locusts
| Gut load insects with fruit and calcium supplement
101
Do birds have a nicitiating membrane?
Yes
102
How would you describe the structure of a ferrets skull?
Large cranium, short jaw, typical carnivore
103
What is ingestible fibre vital for in rabbits?
Gut motility
104
When does a rabbit reach sexual maturity?
small 4-5 months, large 5-8 months
105
Where do budgies originate, what is their normal weight, life expectancy?
Originate from australia
Weight 35-55g
Life ex up to 10 years
106
What family are rabbits in?
Leporidae
107
What are the names for a ferrets 5 salivary glands?
```
1- Submandibular
2- Parotid
3- Sublingual
4- Molar
5- zygomatic
```
108
What are the different techniques for wing clipping?
Bilateral/Unilateral
| Some do primary feathers some secondary some both
109
What is the function of the isthmus in birds repro tract?
Shell membranes produced
| 75 mins
110
What is different about a rabbits calcium absorption?
Rabbits absorb all available dietary calcium through the gut and excrete excess via kidneys
111
What do the ureters attach to?
Ureters open directly into cloaca
112
What extra tooth do some reptiles have?
Egg tooth for rupturing membranes and leathery egg shells
113
How often does moulting occur?
Generally once a year, requires increased energy, affected by season, temperature
114
How many chambers of the heart do most reptiles have?
Three- , 4 in crocodiles
115
What are the four pairs of salivary glands in rabbits?
Parotid, Sublingual, Zygomatic, Mandibular
116
How do some fish have partial endothermy?
Counter-current heat exchange between venous blood leaving and cold blood from gills
117
What are the different humidities for reptiles?
Species dependent
Lower for desert species- 20-30%
Most 50-70%
Higher for rainforest species- 70-80%
118
What are the social differences of finches and canaries?
Canaries best singly, finches very social
119
What are common problems of Netherland dwarf rabbits?
Very easily startled, prone to dental disease
120
What dental disease is common in rabbits?
Buccal spur
121
What happens to reptiles if plasma calcium is low?
Parathyroid hormone mobilises calcium causing metabolic bone disease
122
What is meant by altricial and precocial?
Altricial- young born undeveloped
| Precocial- young born in developed advanced state
123
How many chambers are in birds hearts?
4
124
How many lobes does a birds kidney have?
3- cranial middle caudal x 2
125
What is different on rabbits feet compared with a dog/cat?
No footpads
126
What accessory glands are present in male birds?
none
127
What are the different kinds of egg layers?
Continual- hens
Determinate- produce a clutch then cease for period
Intermediate- produce clutch but 'replace' lost eggs
128
What does mouth breathing mean for a Chelonia?
Sign of distress- nasal breathers
129
What are the three phases to a reptiles reproductive cycle?
Quiescent
Vitteline
Gravid
130
Which muscles are used for wing depression and elevations
Pectoralis major- wind depressor
| Supracoracoideus
131
What is normal % of bw for ferrets blood?
5-7%
132
Are ferrets obligate nasal breathers?
No but they do prefer it
133
How long does it take mice/hamsters/rats/gerbils to reach sexual maturity?
6-8 weeks
134
Which two digestive organs do ferrets lack?
No caecum/appendix
135
Why do reptiles have a kinetic skull?
Allows for a wider gape
136
What are canary birds bred for?
Song, colour and type
137
What type of skull do reptiles have?
Diapsid- snakes, lizards, crocodiles
| Anapsid- Chelonia
138
How would you decide the living environment for reptiles?
Think about their wild habitat
Terrestrial, Arboreal
Aquatic
Hide area important
139
What is the light requirement for temperate reptiles in summer and winter?
Summer- 15 hours
| Winter- 9 hours
140
Describe a lion head rabbit appearance
Small mane around the face
141
When do birds beaks stop growing?
Never- continually grow
142
What kind of roots do rodents teeth have?
Open rooted- Aradicular
143
What are the different heat sources required for temperature management of reptiles?
Primary heat source- low end of POTZ, provides background/ambient, not a light source
Secondary heat source- higher temperature in specific areas, shouldn't exceed high end of POTZ
144
What is the rachis of a feather?
Hollow central tube- contains capillaries during growth bur loses them and becomes hollow as feather matures
145
What do rabbits caecotrophs contain?
Protein, vitamin B and K
146
What snakes are found in the families colubridae?
Corn snakes
| King snakes- superhans
147
What is the gland called that is located in the dorsum of the tail in ducks for waterproofing?
uropygial gland
148
What monitors humidity?
Hygrometer
149
Which of ferrets teeth are long and curved?
Canines
150
Whats the ph of rabbits urine and what problem could this cause?
ph 8-9
| Predispose the formation of calcium precipitates
151
What are the 2 breeds of tiny rabbits?
Netherland dwarf
| Polish
152
How do some reptiles do prehension of food?
Oral cavity- mucus secreting glands, modified to venom in some
Teeth- in lizards and snakes
153
Which rodent is likely to have an impaction?
Hamsters cheek pouches
154
What enzymes are rich in rabbits saliva?
Amylase rich
155
What is the crop of a bird used for?
Temporary storage, for feeding young
156
Where do finches originate?
Australia, Indonesia, Americas
157
How slow can digestion of a Chelonia be?
2-4 weeks
158
Where on a rat can blood be taken venously?
Lateral tail vein, lateral saphenous, ventral tail artery
159
What is the waxy structure found as the base of the beak in some species of birds?
Cere- raptors, parrots, owls
160
What extra features of integument do some lizards have?
Spines or horns for defence
| Flaps for courtship
161
What is the innapropriate maturation of follicles called?
Follicular stasis
162
How do snakes thermoregulate?
```
Behaviour
Tapor at below 10
Heat stress at 35
Bask in sun
Hide in shade
```
163
What id the function of the proctodeum in the cloaca?
Houses bursa of fabrics on dorsal midline
164
Name the plastron scutes from head to tail
Intergular, gular, humerai, pectoral, auxillary, marginal, inframarginal, abdominal, inguinal, femoral, anal
165
What cages are recommended for rodents?
Wire sides- good ventilation and easy to clean
| Tank- protection from draughts, needs mesh lid for ventilation
166
Why should ferret housing not be super clean?
they make a territory
167
Which vertebrae lack a rib in a snake?
the first two
168
What are the two types of boidae commonly kept?
Pythons
| Boas
169
When is a higher humidity for reptiles required?
Ecdysis- shedding
170
When so snakes reach sexual maturity?
1-5 years depending on size
171
Where are reptiles testes found?
Internally
172
How many digits are on a rabbits hindlimb and forelimb?
5 digits on fore
| 4 digits on hindlimb
173
Which rodent has yellow incisors and why?
Rats due to iron pigment
174
What are Russian hamsters prone to?
Diabetes
175
What is a swim bladder?
Small pocket of air below spine for buoyancy
176
What roles other then respiration do lungs play in snakes?
Buoyancy
Vocalisation
Display
177
How are feathers defined?
Areas which they're found- pterylae
178
```
Which fins do fish use for the following:
Hovering, manoeuvring and backing
Fast acceleration
Cruising
Complex habitats
```
Hovering- dorsal/anal/pectoral fins
Acceleration-caudal tail
Cruising- caudal fins
Complex habitats- trunk (eel)
179
What is the cause of most diseases in reptiles?
Poor nutrition and husbandry
180
When do ferrets go through puberty?
6-9 months
181
What substrate is recommended and what shouldn't be used for reptiles?
Astroturf/washable carpet squares good alternative
Newspaper- cheap, digestible, disposable
Avoid things that can be ingested- gravel
182
What is the pectoral girdle?
Supports the large flight muscles
183
How can a Guinea Pigs genitals be distinguished between sexes?
Females- Y
| Males- I
184
What controls the thermoregulation in reptiles?
Controlled by the hypothalamus- pre optic nucleus receives information from central and peripheral thermoreceptors
185
What does a females reptiles reproductive tract enter ?
Urodeum
186
How do Chelonia masticate?
Beaks
187
How are caecal contents protected from stomach?
Mucus
188
How do reptiles retain water?
Cloacal reflux into colon/bladder
189
How often do rabbits malt?
twice
190
How many lobes does a ferrets left lung have?
2- cranial and caudal
191
Where is urine excreted from in Chelonia and how can it conserve water?
Excreted into urodeum
| Can be refluxed back into colon for water conservation
192
Which side of the oviduct regresses in most birds?
Right side regresses, left ovary and oviduct fully develop
193
What is the function of the ventriculus?
Muscular stomach, sometimes contains grit for grinding food
194
How often would large snakes be fed?
once every 2-4 weeks
195
What are the three compartments of the cloaca
Coprodeum
Urodeum
Proctodeum
196
What is problematic about muesli?
Calcium balance wrong, dental disease, high protein, boredom, obesity
197
What is the gestation length of guinea pigs?
59-72
198
What is the gestation length of a chinchilla?
111 days
199
What is the kingdom, phylum and class of birds?
Kingdom- animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Aves
200
What is likely to cause urethral blockage in ferrets?
Enlarged prostate- associated with adrenal disease
201
Whats a normal respiratory rate for a rabbit?
30-60 bpm
202
What do ferrets lack the ability to digest?
Fibre- higher then 4% causes problems
203
What are the three methods of fish management?
Open, semi-closed, closed
204
What are omnivores usually fed (terrapins and turtles)?
Earthworms, pinkies, fish, green veg, commercial food
205
What is unusual about ferrets acid secretion in stomach?
Large spontaneous secretions
206
How do lizards thermoregulate?
Colour change
Body posture
Behaviour
207
What are the 4 infaorders of lizards?
Iguania- iguana
Gekkita- geckos
Scincomorpha- skinks
Varinoidea- komodo dragon
208
What are the major anatomical differences of a birds eye?
Cornea thinner, lens softer, retina thick and avascular
209
Where are Chelonias kidneys located?
Under caudal carapace- lobulated
210
How is uric acid secreted?
Mixed with copies mucus
211
What respiratory muscle do reptiles lack?
Diaphragm
212
How many chambers does a lizards heart have and what extra blood vessel system do they posses?
3 chambers
| Renal portal system
213
How can rodents gnaw and chew?
Gnaw- lower jaw can move forwards, incisors aligned
| Chew- lower jack back, opposed molars
214
Why are snakes susceptible to pneumonia?
Simple unicameral lung
215
Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?
Scapula
Clavicle
Coracoid
Sternum
216
What is the difference between myomorph and hystricomorph cheek teeth?
Myomorph- erupt and stop
| Hystricomorph- continually erupt
217
How does the skeletal system support flight?
By reducing weight- fused bones, light structure, no teeth
| Providing attachment for flight muscles
218
Describe a ferrets adrenal glands
embedded in fat, right gland much larger
219
What is a ceca in birds?
Outpouching of large intestine- size varies in species
220
What are the 5 functional regions of the reproductive tract in female birds?
```
Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus (shell gland)
Vagina
```
221
What does the pancreas secrete?
Exocrine- amylases, proteases, lipases
| Endocrine- insulin, glucagons, somatostatin
222
What % of a rabbits diet should grass be?
80%- fresh, dried, hay
223
What are the pros and cons of stimulating normal hibernation?
Pros- stimulates normal thyroid function and reproductive behaviour
Cons- harmful in young, ill or underweight animals
224
What is needed to be known about fish for good husbandry?
Environment, Oxygen, temp tolerance, salinity, pH requirements, water hardness, behaviour, space, shoaling, aggression
225
What problems are female lizards prone to in the reproductive tract and why?
Follicular stasis as mature oocytes fail to ovulate
| Egg binding- oocytes remain on the oviduct
226
What type of penis do rodents have?
Os penis
227
Describe the structure of the trachea and lungs in birds
Trachea bifurcates into left/right primary bronchi
Primary bronchi further subdivide into secondary bronchi, then parabronchi, parabronuhi open into atria which contains air capillaries (like alveoli)
228
When cleaning what should be preserved in rabbits housing?
Scent markings
229
How many pleural scutes are there?
4 on each side (8)
230
Which part of the reptiles GI is simple and has muscular walls?
Stomach
231
Why do male bird testes dramatically increase in size?
When breeding
232
Other then ano-genital distance how can gerbils be sexed?
Pigmented scrotum, more obvious ventral scent gland
233
What legislations applies to keeping exotic mammals?
Dangerous wild animals act 1976- revised 1984/2008
Zoo licensing act- 1981
Animals (scientific procedures) act 1986- protect animals against research
234
Where would you inject a bird intramuscularly?
Pectoral muscles, except in ratites and nestlings
| Avoid thigh/leg muscles
235
How often would a small snake/lizard be fed?
1-2 times per week
236
Describe a birds integument
Feathers, thin and elastic skin, scaly skin on legs, reduced glands- no sweat/sebaceous
237
Why is catheterisation of ferrets nob difficult ?
J shaped cock
238
What are the main features of tails in lizards?
Site of fat storage, Can shed as defence
239
How should you handle small birds?
Bare hands/ fine cloth
Restrain head with 1st and 2nd fingers gently
Wrap wings with hand/cloth
240
What are the 9 different air sacs found in birds?
```
1 intraclavicular
2 cervical air sacs
2 anterior thoracic air sacs
2 posterior thoracic air sacs
2 abdominal air sacs
```
241
What external features do Chondrichthyes have?
Unpaired medial fins- first dorsal, second dorsal, caudal, anal fines
Paired fins- lateral and pectoral
pelvic fins- claspers in male fish
242
What does the mesometrium store in rabbits?
Fat
243
What are the different types of pythons found?
Ball python
Burmese python
Reticulated
244
What is the relation between heart size and body mass in birds?
Heart size inversely proportional to body mass
245
What is different about a pygmy hedgehog to a normal European one?
Don't hibernate
246
What is the topography of a rabbits stomach?
Left of midline
247
Describe a female chelonians reproductive organs?
Paired ovaries and oviducts
Ova travel down reproductive tract and egg is formed
Oviparous
248
Which reptiles have external ears?
Crocodiles
249
What is the name for a neutered and non-neutered male ferret?
Neutered- Gib
| Non-neutered- Hob
250
Why are outdoor systems well suited for ferrets?
Good space and enrichment and natural light cycles
| Indoor requires large cage and daily excercise
251
What type of ovulators are rodents?
Polyoestrous spontaneous except chinchillas
252
Where is the bursa of fabrics located in birds?
Located in dorsal cloaca
253
What range of temperature should rabbit housing remain at?
10-20 degrees
254
How many lobes does a ferrets right lung have?
4- cranial, middle, accessory, caudal
255
Where are kidneys located in lizards?
Caudodorsal celom
256
What do Chelonia excrete from their urinary system?
Different in different species- urea or uric acid
257
How many marginal scutes are there?
12
258
What size are rodents lungs relative to size?
Large lungs
259
What are the 5 parts to a feather
```
Vane
Rachis
Calamus
Feather shaft
Barb
```
260
What are the different lobes of a rabbits lungs?
Left- Cranial, Middle, Caudal
| Right- Cranial, Middle, Caudal, Accessory
261
Where would you take blood from Chelonia?
Jugular vein
| Dorsal coccygeal vein
262
Which of the large parrots species are endangered?
All of them- illegal to import
263
What are the three types of water requirements different fish have?
fresh, brackish and marine
264
What is closed fish management?
recirculating agriculture systems, water re-conditioned and re-circulated, marine or fresh
High fish densities
Highly trained staff
High green house gas emissions
265
Why can female chinchillas not be bred until fully grown?
Malocclusion will occur and cause slobbering, eye discharge and death
266
What are the major adoptions of chelonians respiratory system?
Short trachea
No diaphragm
Head and limbs move to alter internal pressure to assist breathing
267
What is the optimal calcium level for rabbits health in diet?
0.6-1%
| 510mg for 2.5kg
268
Which of a ferrets small/long intestines are short and long?
Both small and large intestine short
269
How often does a dam feed its kit in rabbits?
Fed once or twice a day, 3-5 mins, milk has higher fat, protein and calories
270
What reproductive organ do snakes and lizards possess?
Paired extraclocal hemipenes- can prolapse
271
Whats a normal resting heart rate for a ferret?
180-250 bpm
272
Which bones in birds are pneumatic?
Humerus, skull, clavicle, keel, pelvic girdle, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, varies with species
273
What is the name for a female ferret?
A Jill
274
Where does sperm and eggs leave in fish?
Genetic pore
275
Do rabbits have a third eyelid?
Yes
276
What are the most commonly kept type of finches?
Zebra, Gouldian, Society
277
Which of a ferrets teeth have 3 roots?
Upper 3rd premolar
278
What is egg binding?
Takes longer then normal to pass an egg causing dystocia
279
What is the gestation period in rabbits?
30-32 days
280
How should chelonians be handled?
Hold shell just infront of hindlimb- like a hamburger
281
Why can it look like rats cry blood?
When rats are stressed they can release porphyrin
282
What is the normal permanent dental formula for ferrets?
I 3/3, C 1/1, P3/3, M1/2 = 34
283
Is reptiles skin waterproof?
Yes- evolutionary advantage
284
What is the alula?
Name given to the first digit, located on carpometacarpal joint, support stiff feathers for flight stability
285
What kind of uterus does a rabbit have?
Duplex- two uterus
286
What of the urinary system are Chelonia prone to?
Prone to cloaca stones/ bladder stones
287
Why can rabbits not vomit?
Well-developed cardiac sphincter
288
Why are rabbits prone to ulceration on their feet?
No footpads
289
What muscle makes up a ferrets oesophagus?
Striated muscle throughout
290
What is a barb of a feather?
The individual structures that make up a vane, have interlocking barbules
291
What are the minimum recommended requirements for rabbit housing indoor?
Space to sit up with ears erect, hop and lie down fully stretched out, play, eat and drink, maintain hygiene
Variety of levels and spaces
Scent marking surfaces
Access to outside
292
Where are a reptiles kidneys located?
Caudal coelomic cavity
293
Why do ferrets have binocular vision?
Laterally placed eyes give good peripheral vision
294
Where does a rabbits fur not cover?
Nose, scrotum and inguinal
295
Why is identification of taxonomy and phylogeny important for husbandry?
To allow comparison of shared requirements
| For animals ecological niche
296
Where does a snakes tongue lie and how can it protrude without opening its mouth?
Lies in a sheath below glottis, protrudes through lingual notch
297
What problems can occur with birds air sacs?
Susceptible to arterial infection
| Trauma can result in sub-cutaneous emphysema (bubble wrap)
298
What are common problems of continental giant rabbits and flemish giant?
Problems with their skeleton and weight
299
What urinary organ do lizards have that most reptiles don't?
Bladder
300
What are the three phases of respiration in snakes?
Inhalation, Exhalation, rest
301
What are the different type of contour feathers and what are the differences?
Coverts- small contour on wing
Remiges- large contour (flight feathers)
Retrices- tail feathers
302
Can ferrets vomit and why?
They can vomit, there is no true oesophageal sphincter
303
In which species of rodents can presence of nipples be used to distinguish sex?
Mice and rats
304
What are the different fur types in rabbits?
Satin, rex, wool, normal
305
What is the name for a juvenile ferret?
Kitten or Pup
306
Is a ferrets PCV low, 'normal' or high?
Packed cell volume- High
307
What are the 4 families of snakes?
Colubridae
Boidae
Viperidae
Elapidae
308
What vaccinations should a rabbit have?
Myxomatosis
| RHD
309
Do rabbits have tapetum?
No
310
Where are semi-plume feathers found and what are there function?
Under contour feathers, loose structure and provide insulation
311
How many lobes make up the left and right lungs of rodents?
Left- single lobe
| Right- four lobes
312
What is the difference between oviparous, viviparous and parthogenesis?
Oviparous- layer with yolk sac
Viviparous- eggs develop and hatch in body before being born
Parthogenesis- live young
313
What reproductive organs do mail lizards posses and where are they found?
Abdominal testes
| Paired hemipenes- stored at tail base, only one used in each copulation, protrudes from cloaca
314
Describe a ferret eyes
Large domed cornea, spherical lens and tapetum lucidum, horizontal pupil slits
315
Where does the oesophagus extend to in rabbits?
Cardia of the stomach
316
What function do rabbits ears perform?
Thermoregulation and funnelling sound
317
What is needed for ferret housing?
```
Susceptible to damp and heat stroke
don't thrive above 30 degrees
they are easily enclosed
not good jumpers- use tunnels and burrows
need dry separate sleeping off the floor
Out of the sun
```
318
How often would iguanas/chelonians be fed?
Daily
319
What is normal serum calcium concentration in rabbits?
1.25-1.6 mol- higher then other mammals
320
How should lizards be handled?
Hold around neck and upper body with one hand
| Other hand supports pelvis and hindlimb
321
What makes up a beak?
Bony projection with keratinised sheath
322
How do snakes avoid occlusion of breathing while swallowing?
Glottis is rostral
323
What do lizards use their large volume of lungs for?
Respiration- obvs, Buoyancy, Display, Vocalisation
324
What is the mekels diverticulum?
Remnant of yolk sac attachment, junction between jejunum and ileum
325
Where are the venepuncture sites of rabbits?
Jugular, Lateral saphenous (back leg), Cephalic (front leg), Marginal vein (ear)
326
Whats a normal life span of a ferret?
6-9 years
327
Do myomorphs and hystricomorphs usually have large or small litters?
Myomorphs- large
| Hystricomorphs- small
328
What are the three suborders of rodents?
Myomorph, Sciuromorpha, Hystricomorph
329
What causes excessive egg production in birds?
An overactive reproductive tract
330
What urinary organ do snakes lack?
Bladder- ureters direct into cloaca
331
What would be recommended for passerines housing?
Bigger the better
Cages for confinment over night or when supervised
Ideal aviary to allow flight
Provide enrichment but not at expense of space
332
What is the difference in birds RBCs?
Nucleated due to evolution
333
What is the gestation length of hamsters?
15-18 days
334
What are the two main orders for veterinary of reptiles?
Chelonia- shelled
| Squamata- snakes and lizards
335
What kind of oestrus cycle do rabbits have?
Induced ovulators- no defined cycle
336
What is the function of powder down feathers?
Specialised down feathers where tips of barbules disintegrate during preening, seen mostly in in birds with absent uropygial glands- pigeons
337
What kind of light are ferrets eyes adapted for?
Low light conditions, nocturnal
338
How do reptiles control heat loss?
```
increase or decrease HR
Vasodilation
Lungs can be bypassed to reduce heat loss by water
Body position and shape
Burrowing/hiding
Pigmentation
```
339
What do Chelonia lack in their kidneys?
No loop of henle or renal pelvis
340
What is a very distinguishable feature of the animals in the order of Rynococephalia?
Pronounced third eye
341
How are a ferrets salivary glands likely to get damaged?
Fighting, trauma, dental disease
342
What two types of light is essential for reptiles?
UVA- reproductive behaviour in lizards
| UVB- required for conversion of Vit D3 and calcium metabolism
343
What is open fish management?
Caged environments in rivers, lakes, open sea
rely on natural system
Pollution and health risks
344
Where can a ferrets heart be auscultated?
6-8th Rib
345
What respiratory structure is easily identifiable in reptiles?
Larynx
346
How can you describe rabbits oviducts?
Long and convoluted
347
What is the normal lifespan of a rabbit?
5-10 years
348
How do rabbits subtly communicate?
Scent markings and body language
349
How long is a ferrets gestation?
42 days
350
What are jawless fish called?
Agnatha
351
What urinary organ do snakes lack?
Bladder
352
What is different about birds and reptiles RBCs?
Nucleated
353
What are the three subsections of a rabbits proximal colon?
3 haustra (three leaved clover), single haustra, fusses coli
354
What can cause Chelonia to struggle to cool down?
Their shell
355
What is the main way Chelonia gain heat and what is this called?
Basking in the sun
| Heliothermic
356
What composes the shell in most Chelonia species?
Keratinised plates called scutes
357
What urinary systems is similar to a ferrets?
Dogs/cats
358
Why are rabbits prone to fractures and osteoporosis?
Low calcium diets, reduced exposure to sunlight, lack of exercise
359
What membrane near ferrets eyes in well developed?
Nicitating
360
What is the problem with rabbits absorbing all dietary calcium?
Forms calcium carbonate crystals in urine once reabsorptive capacity of kidney is reached
361
What is the difference between normal and down feathers?
Down feathers have no barbs
362
What do flying squirrels require?
require tall aviary, highly nocturnal, needs fruit and nuts and a calcium supplement
363
Which kind of feather are the outmost and what is its function?
Contour- gives colour and shows shape, protects from elements
364
Where are rodents not naturally found?
Antartica and New Zealand
365
What are the 6 commonly kept lizards?
```
Geckos
Bearded dragons
Iguana
Chameleons
Skinks
Chinese water dragon
```
366
What does elodont mean and give an example?
Teeth that continually erupt like hystricomorphs premolars and molars
367
What are the two main ways reptiles acquire heat?
Heliothermy
| Thigmothermy
368
What variation is their in meat and fish eating birds GI tract?
Caeca and gizzard rudimentary
| Well developed pancreas and proventriculus
369
How can cardiovascular performance be measured in a ferret?
Urine output/pulse pressure
370
Why do birds have high cardiac outputs?
High metabolic demand for flight
371
How can nutrition help rabbits stress levels?
Increase dietary fibre
372
What is a pecten found in birds eyes?
Out-folding of retinal surface, rich blood supply
373
What are the basic features that distinguish reptiles?
```
Vertebrates
Heavily keratinised skin
Ectothermic
Internal fertilisation
Nucleated RBCs
```
374
What is the standard dental formula of a myomorpha rodent?
I1/1, C0/0, PM 0/0, M3/3 = 16
375
What causes the variety of beaks in birds?
Diet and lifestyle
376
Where does blood from rabbits eyes drain?
External jugular
377
How many different lung types are there in lizards?
3
| Unicameral, Paucicameral, Multicameral
378
Where do African greys originate from?
West Africa
379
What does aneldont mean and give an example?
When teeth grow for short period then cease like in myomorphs molars
380
Where are chelonians testes?
In the caudal coelomic cavity, cranial to kidneys
381
What is the concentration of a Chelonia urine compared to its blood?
Hypo or iso tonic
382
What are the most commonly kept passerines?
Finches and canaries
383
How can food enrichment be produced for rabbits?
Scatter food
384
What extra organs do birds posses for respiration than lungs?
System of air sacs
385
How does a rodents O2 binding curve differ to humans?
Shifted to the right (lower affinity), released more readily
386
Describe the structure of the syrinx in birds?
Last few tracheal rings, first few left and right bronchial rings with a central 'tympanic' membrane
387
What does motlitin cause in rabbits GI tract?
Stimulates motility in SI, Colon and rectum
388
What does crepuscular mean and what animals are?
Most active at dawn and dusk- rabbits
389
What are the 4 types of lops?
Dwarf, mini, French and English
390
How does the structure of the SI vary between bird species?
Highly coiled in herbivores/omnivores
| Shorter in meat eaters
391
Where are the lungs of Chelonia located?
Lungs lie under the carapace- aids buoyancy
392
Why are snakes teeth only used for prehension?
Just swallow
393
What are the most commonly kept psittacines?
budgies, cockatoos, cockatiels, lovebirds, African greys, amazon, macaws
394
When should hibernation take place?
November to march
395
What is the name for a vasectomised male ferret?
Hoblet
396
What order are rabbits in?
Lagomorpha
397
What is motilin stimulated and inhibited by in rabbits?
Released in response to fat, inhibited by carbohydrates
398
Where do Macaws and amazon parrots originate?
South America
399
What is the name for a neutered female ferret?
A Sprite
400
Why is reptiles holding their breath relevant for anaesthesia?
During breath holding pressure in the lungs increases and therefore causes blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation
401
What are the different feathers of the wing?
Primary remiges, greater primary coverts, alula, secondary reminges, greater secondary coverts, median secondary coverts, lesser secondary coverts, tertiary remiges, scapulares
402
What are some rules of thumb of temperature monitoring?
Ambient temp shouldn't exceed PBT
Heat source should not exceed POTZ
Min and max thermometers essential
403
What is the function of the parietal eye?
No role in vision
| Detects light
404
Where are the testes located in snakes and what other reproductive organ do they possess?
Cranial to kidneys
| Paired hemipenes
405
What are the three types of black and white rabbits?
Himalayan, Dutch, English
406
What are the two distinct areas of a birds stomach?
Proventriculus, Ventriculus (gizzard)
407
What are some different breeds of tortoises?
Mediterranean spur-thighed
Horsfield
Hermanns
Marginated
408
Where do cockatoos originate from?
Australasia
409
What kind of retina do rabbits have?
Merangiotic- blood vessels defined in the retina
410
Where are immune cells produces in birds?
Embryonic liver, yolk sac, bone marrow
411
Which vitamin do guniea pigs require (cannot produce)?
Vitamin C
412
What drains fish urine from kidneys?
Paired archinephric ducts
413
What is a possible cause of pseudopregnancy in rabbits and what treatment is required?
Infertile/presence of males, causes secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum which regresses naturally
414
What is the difference between a pleurodira and cryptodira?
Pleurodira has a snake like neck that flexes at three pints and cannot be drawn into the shell
Crytpodira has a neck that flexes at two points and can be fully drawn into shell
415
What sort of order do follicles develop in, in birds?
Sequential
416
What protects a birds ear?
Auricular feathers- no external pinna
417
What type of teeth do snakes have?
pleurodont teeth- fused to inner surface of the jaw
418
Where are B cells/ T cells matures in birds?
Bursa of fabrics- B cells
| Thymus- T cells
419
What happens during inspiration in birds?
Air flows down trachea, along bronchi, into posterior air sacs, simultaneously air moves from lung parabronchi into anterior sacs- 2 respiratory cycles
420
What reproductive organ to male Chelonia possess?
Single phallus
421
Why might a female rabbit be spayed?
Stop pyometra, mammary tumours, reduced aggression
422
What are the three types of teeth found in reptiles?
Acrodont
Pleurodont
Thecodont
423
When should bunnies be sexed?
best from 5-8 weeks
424
What is the function of the vagina in birds?
Adds egg cuticle, site of storage for sperm
425
How does a ferret come into season?
Increased photoperiod (day length)
426
What is specialised about most Chelonias GI tract?
Large colon and distinct caecum
427
What is the POTZ of a reptile?
Preferred optimum temp zone- the range of temp required for thermoregulation- different required
428
How is the fore stomach separated from the glandular stomach in rodents?
A Ridge
429
Which region of the cloaca receives faeces and digestive waste?
coprodeum
430
What tumour are rats prone to?
Mammary
431
What is the normal colour of rabbits urine?
Pale yellow to dark red
432
What kind of muscle makes up the iris of a snake?
Skeletal muscle, so no responce to atropine
433
What part of dentition do reptiles lack?
Peridontal ligament
434
How do terrestrial tortoises grow their shell?
By adding additional keratin layers at the base
435
Where are VFA absorbed in rabbits?
Caecal wall
436
How do snakes detect thermoreception?
Infrared sensors, between eye and nostril
437
What is the easiest way in most rodents to differ sex?
Ano-genital distance, larger in males
438
How do bones support the respiratory system?
Hollow bones house extension of air sacs
439
Where are reptiles not found in the world?
Antartica
440
What are the three reproductive strategies of lizards?
Oviparous
Viviparous
Parthenogenesis
441
How many sets of inguinal scent glands do rabbits have?
Anal glands, submental glands (chin), Inguinal glands
442
Which gland of the eye do birds lack?
Meibomian gland
443
What is the end product of metabolism in birds?
Uric acid
444
What additional lung lobe does a hamster have?
Caudal accessory lobe
445
Describe rabbits skin?
Thin and elastic
446
Why is it difficult to inject ferrets under their necks?
Thick skin for mating and fighting
447
What is the name for the dorsal domed part of the shell?
Carapace
448
What do the caudal vertebrae not involved in the synsacrum make up?
Pygostyle- attachment of tail feathers and musculature
449
What happens during expiration in birds?
Air flows from posterior air sacs through parabronchi, air from anterior air sacs expelled through trachea- 2 respiratory cycles
450
Why is a potential blockage in a rabbits circulation very dangerous?
Little collateral circulation
451
What are the three regions of the cloaca from anterior to posterior?
Coprodeum
Urodeum. CUP
Proctodeum
452
What is the variable number of cervical vertebrae in birds
11-25
453
How is a normal reptiles ventricle sub-divided?
Cavase arteriosum, cavar pulmonale, cavae venosum
454
How do lizards breathe?
Rely on respiratory muscles- no diaphragm
455
Where is the oesophagus entrance found in birds?
Lateral to glottis, right hand side of birds
456
What ensures full mastication in rabbits?
Strong tongue
457
What is the normal requirement for light for reptiles?
12-14 hours
458
Where are the ovaries in birds located?
Cranially to kidney, tightly attached to dorsal body wall and adhered to caudal vena cava
459
How often would young large boas/python be fed?
3 times per week
460
What are the two types of boas found?
Boa constrictor
| Rosy boa
461
What gland produces very stable tear film in rabbits?
Harderian gland
462
What allows range of vocal sound in birds?
Syrinx
463
What clinical environment should birds be handled in?
Get rid of owners
Quiet darkened room
Towel for protection
Approach the bird from the back
464
Why can rodents not vomit?
Ridge in the stomach combined with a strong oesophageal sphincter and weak diaphragm
465
What do kept birds require legally for space?
Must be able to stretch and flap wings
466
True or false ferrets chew before swallowing?
False- no chewing
467
What is found in the caudal 1/3 of a snake?
Intestines, kidneys, gonads
468
What are the different categories of teleosts?
Cyprinidae- carps, goldfish
Gobiidae- gobies
Salmonidae- salmon
Characidae- piranha
469
Where is 99% of reptiles calcium stored?
Bones
470
What can birds HR reach in some species?
800 bpm
471
How are rabbits sexed?
Males have no nipples, males have two hairless sacks either size of urogenital area
472
What is the normal nutrition of passerines?
Grain or seed eaters- commercial diets available
Supplemented with soft or egg food- extra min/protein
Supply grit
473
What are the 4 species of large parrots?
African Grey
Macaw
Cockatoo
Amazon
474
What secondary tissues of immunity are found in birds?
GALT, Caecal tonsils, RALT, CALT, spleen, hardaerian gland
475
How does the crop differ in pigeons?
Double sac, produces crop milk
476
What are the breeds of rabbits called which are huge?
Continental giant, Flemish giant
477
What is important to note about reptiles diet?
Calcium phosphate ratio
478
Describe the structure of air sacs of birds?
Muco-serous extensions of secondary bronchi
| Thin walled poor blood supply
479
What is the light requirement for topical reptiles in summer and in winter?
Summer- 13 hours
| Winter- 11 hours
480
What category of therm are reptiles?
Ectotherm
481
What is the structure below and above birds beaks such as chickens?
Comb and wattle
482
What family are ferrets in?
Mustelidae
483
What is found in the cranial 1/3 of a snake?
Heart, trachea, oesophagus, thyroid, Proximal lung
484
Where are testes in male birds found?
In abdominal cavity, above cranial lobe of kidneys- function at body temperature
485
What additional route do some reptiles have for excretion?
Salt glands
486
Why are rabbits selective with food?
Browsing creatures
487
How do birds without phalluses achieve fertilisation?
Cloacal kiss
488
Why can ferrets cause damage to their dams teats?
Teeth erupt from 3-4 weeks
489
Why is auscultation of a chelonians heart difficult?
Heart lies posterior to pectoral girdle so the shell can make it difficult
490
How can the sex of a reptile be influenced?
Incubation temperature- high temp = more male lizards and more female Chelonia
491
What part of the light spectrum doe reptiles require?
300-400nmn- UVA
| 290-320nm- UVB
492
What are the 2 New-Zealand breeds?
New Zealand red and white
493
What does blinking show in birds?
Ill health- they rarely blink
494
How long is a ferrets gestation period?
42 days
495
What does the beak house?
Nares
496
How does ingestible fibre effect motility in rabbits?
Fibre encourages motility and reduces time in caecum
497
What is the choanae?
Opening of dorsal oral cavity from nares
498
What should herbivores be fed?
| tortoises, spiny tailed lizards, green iguana
Green veg, flowers, succulents, calcium supplement, UVB essential
499
Do beaks have a blood and nerve supply?
Yes
500
Which vertebrae do not have ribs in lizards?
Cervical
501
What is the dental formula of rabbits?
I 2/1, C0/0, PM 3/2, M3/3
502
How many gill slits does a Chondrichthyes have?
5 gill slits 4 internal gill arches
503
What kind of stomach do Chelonia have and what organ is it near?
Simple stomach
| Near bilobed liver
504
What muscle makes up a rabbits oesophagus and how many layers are present?
three layers of striated muscle
505
Why can snakes jaws 'walk' over prey?
Independent movement of upper and lower jaw
506
What order are lizards found in?
Squamata
507
What is the function of the infundibulum in birds?
Receives ovulated follicle- fertilisation takes place
Site of formation of chalaze (albuminous cords which holds yolk in place)
15-17 mins
508
What are the 4 generic categories of birds?
Passerines- perching/song birds
Psittacines- parrots, budgies
Raptors- birds of Prey
Poultry and waterfowl- domestic and wild
509
What is the gestation length of rats?
21-23 days
510
What is the standard dental formula of a hystricomorpha?
I 1/1, C0/0, PM 1/1, M3/3= 20
511
What controls motility of the GI tract in rabbits?
ANS with the fusus coli
512
What problems commonly occur with marsupials?
elongates claws, obesity in males
513
Why can ferrets be given blood transfusions easily?
no cross matching required
514
Where would you take blood from a lizard?
```
Ventral coccygeal (tail)
Axillary Venous Plexus
Ventral abdominal vein
```
515
What do rabbits develop under their face when they become obese?
Dewlap- large
516
What support the eye sockets in birds?
Scletortic rings
517
What factors influence rate of digestion?
Temperature, disease, diet
518
What frequency of sound do snakes detect well?
Low frequency sounds
519
What position should housing for psittacines be?
Eye level in busy part of house, no draughts, warm 25 degrees, not kitchen
520
How do bones support egg production?
Medullary bone provides a source of stored calcium for times of peak egg production
521
What accessory male sex glands do rodents have?
Seminal vesicles, prostate, coagulating gland, bulbourethral, preputial gland
522
How do birds uptake water after passage through kidneys?
Mechanism into colon from cloaca
523
What type of cervix to rodents have?
Duplex (two cervixes)- except guinea pig
524
How much of a birds cranial volume do eyes take up?
50%
525
What is the proventriculus responsible for?
Glandular stomach, secretes enzymes
526
How many air sacs do birds usually have?
9
527
How does the small intestine of reptiles compare to mammals?
Short
528
What is the integument of most lizards like?
Heavily keratinised and waterproof
529
How many kits can a rabbit have a year?
Up to 60 kits
530
What difference is there in birds which fly less?
Powerful leg muscles
531
Which colon is elongated in rodents?
Large colon
532
How often do rabbits produce caecotrophs?
Every 8 hours
533
What does increased urea in mean in a ferrets serum?
Kidney disease, creatine doesn't rise in parallel
534
What is chronic hypothermia in reptiles?
Impaired metabolism function and immune suppression
535
Where is the terminal end of the ilium in rabbits?
Sacculus rotundus
536
What is the order of lizards?
Squamata
537
What bones make up the forelimb of a bird?
Humerus- pneumatic (air sac)
Ulna and radius- ulna larger
Radial and ulnar carpal bones- support primary flight feathers
Carpometacarpus- supports three digits
538
How long is a ferrets intestinal time?
3-4 hours, rapid
539
Where are rabbits blind spots?
Tip of its nose and behind
540
What options of heat sources are recommended?
Heat mats
Heat tape
Incandescent bulbs
Ceramic lamps
541
Is fertilisation in reptiles internal or external?
Internal
542
How should a rabbit be handled?
From a young age, supporting hindlimb
543
Where do canary birds originate from?
canary island
544
What are common problems of the crop?
Sour crop- yeast infection
| Crop impaction
545
What is the difference between heliothermy and thigmothermy?
Heliothermy- sun
| Thigmothermy- conduction from surface
546
What is the difference between dwarf/mini lops and French and English lops
English and French lops have long floppy ears
547
What makes up the synsacrum of birds spine?
Comprised of fused lumbar, sacral, some caudal vertebrae
548
What key information is needed for husbandry of exotic mammals?
Taxonomy/Phlogeny
| Purpose of keeping
549
What is the main function of the LI in birds?
Reabsorption of water and electrolytes
550
Where do immune cells mature in birds?
Primary lymphatic organs
551
How many sub orders of rodents are there?
5 sub orders
552
What should you do if bitten by a snake?
Don't panic, push hand deeper into mouth immerse snakes head in water
Can use isopropyl alcohol if this doesn't work
553
What produces ferrets natural mustelid?
Skin gland secretions
554
How should large birds be handled?
Hold wings to prevent flapping
restrain head
hold legs with other hand above claws
555
What kind of diet causes dental disease in rabbits?
Low fibre diets
556
Which vain should be used to take blood from hamsters?
Jugular and cephalic
557
How is a ferrets skull optimised for slicing and shearing?
No lateral movement
558
What is the crop of a bird?
An out-pouching of the oesophagus, muscular sac
559
Which species of birds have phallus?
Ducks, geese and ratites
560
What can be abnormal about a snakes lungs?
Left lung is often vestigial or absent
561
What extra requirement do aquatic species of reptiles need?
Heated and filtered body of water
562
What happens to faeces in rabbits before being excreted?
Hard is moved into centre of colon and more water ins absorbed, smaller particles move into periphery and return to caecum for more fermentation
563
What will frequency of feeding depend on for reptiles?
Weight gain and condition
564
What is the function of UVB light for reptiles?
Conversion of vit D3 to and calcium metabolism
565
What reproductive organ to male Chelonia have?
Single phallus which protrudes from the proctodeum
566
When does a glottis in lizards open?
Only for inspiration/expiration
567
What are the the 4 families of snakes?
Viperidae
Elapidae
Colubridae
Boidae
568
What does PBT mean of reptiles?
Preferred body temperature- optimum for all systems
569
What do herbivore lizards require?
Microorganisms and high ambient temperature
570
Describe a snakes eyelids?
Fused transparent eyelids
571
How do fish release metabolic waste?
release ammonia from the gills and urine
572
Which out of hystricomorphs and myomorphs have long gestation periods?
Hystricomorphs, myomorphs have short
573
What does the pineal gland do in snakes?
Pineal gland
574
Which rodent often doesn't have descended testicles?
Chinchillas
575
What is a normal life expectancy of a large parrot?
30-50 years
576
What is the gestation length of gerbils?
23-26 days
577
What can reduce rabbits gut motility significantly?
Gut motility
578
What is the difference in cells in the stages of oestrus in rodents?
Proestrus- large round nucleated epithelial cells
Oestrus- flattened, no nucleus
Metoestrus/dioestrus- more WBCs
579
How does air pass through the upper respiratory tract of birds?
Air drawn in through nares and travels through conches and paranasal sinuses
580
What are the three layers of integument?
Stratum corneum, intermediate layer, stratum germinativum
581
What kind of diets do lizards have?
Ominovers/ insectivores/herbivores
582
What are the three functions of the skeletal system?
Respiration, Flight and egg production
583
What order are psittacines in?
Psittaciformes
584
Which species of reptiles don't stop growing?
Chelonians, snakes, crocodiles
585
What are the 2 sub orders of rodents containing pets?
Myomorpha (mouse, gerbils, hamsters)
| Hysticomorpha (procupine, ginea pig)
586
What affects structure of feet in birds
Lifestyle- perching, running, grasping
587
What is the gestation length of mice?
19-21 days
588
What are the suborders of the Squamata?
Serpentes- snakes
Lacertilia- lizards
Amphisbaena- worm lizards
589
What can overhanding of young reptiles lead to?
Food refusal
590
Why are ferrets prone to heat stroke?
No sweat glands
591
How can budgies be sexed and how are they best kept?
Females have brown ceres
Males have blue ceres
Best kept in pairs
592
What can be given to growing rabbits due to high protein and calcium?
Alfalfa
593
What type of ovulators are ferrets?
Seasonal monoestrus, reflex ovulators
594
What do the caecal contents leave as?
Caecotrophs
595
What organ detects olfaction in reptiles?
Jacobsons organ
596
What is the function of the magnum in birds reproductive tract?
```
Egg white (albumin) develops around follicle/yolk
180 mins
```
597
What order are crocodiles and alligators found in?
Crocodilia
598
What organ do rats and horses lack?
Gall bladder
599
What is the life expectancy of canaries and finches?
9-10 years- canaries
| 5-10 years- finches
600
What is the upper and lower beak called?
Rhinotheca- upper
| Gnathotheca- lower
601
What is needed for mechanical, biological and chemical filtration?
Mechanical- filter matts, swirl filters, brushes, sand filters
Biological- bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrate, ammonia oxidising bacteria, nitrate oxidising bacteria (think a level biology)
Chemical- carbon granules, zeolites remove ammonia and are recharged, phosphate granules prevent algae
602
What is the approximate weight of canaries and which sex usually only sings?
20g
| Generally only males sing
603
What do reptiles excrete as a product of the urinary system?
Uric acid
604
How does dental disease occur in rabbits from the wrong diet?
High CHO low fibre diets causes elongation of crowns, causing teeth to touch at rest, this puts pressure onto the bone and makes chewing difficult, up and down chewing causes buccal spurs, jaws forced apart and incisor teeth wear incorrectly causing malocclusion and elongation
605
What is unusual about renal portal system in reptiles?
External iliac veins enter a large renal portal vein therefore blood returning from the hindlimb enters kidneys and is filtered before returning to circulation
606
What is the kingdom, plylum and class of reptiles?
Kingdom- animalia
Phylum- chordata
Class- reptile
607
Where do cockatiels originate, what is their normal weight, life expectancy?
Originate from Australia
Weight 70-120g
Life ex 20 years
608
How many recognises breeds of rabbits are there?
60
609
Where can guinea pigs blood be taken venously?
Vena cava and jugular
610
What controls the rate of a reptiles breathing?
Temperature
611
What is the minimum enclosure size recommended?
6ft x 2ft x2ft plus access to an outdoor run of 8ft
612
What controls ecdysis?
Thyroid gland
613
What is recommended for housing of psittacines?
Cages should be square, with horizontal bands
Door large enough for parrot and hand
Non-toxic perches
614
What are the most common colours of macaws?
Blue and gold, scarlet and green winged
615
What are the three hair types on rabbits?
long guard hairs, short guard hairs, undercoat
616
Where is the pancreas of birds found?
Duodenal loop
617
Why are rodents teeth chisel shaped?
Hard enamel rostrally, soft enamel caudally when ground down forms chisel shape
618
What is the rabbit breed which isn't a hare?
Belgian hare
619
Where is the epiglottis relative to soft palate in rabbits?
Rostral
620
What enzyme does rabbits SI secrete?
Motilin
621
How is food moved through a snakes body?
Axial muscles
622
What is the function of down feathers?
Provide insulation
623
What does the metabolism of reptiles depend on?
Diet, size, species, body temp
624
Where are snakes kidneys located?
dorsal caudal abdomen
625
What is behavioural fever in reptiles?
Sick reptiles will seek out higher temperatures
626
Which region of the cloaca receives ureters and produces of reproductive tract?
Urodeum
627
Why is a hygiene important for rabbits?
Can predispose to flystrike/myiasis, pododermatitis, respiratory disease
628
How is the mixing go blood in reptiles heart minimised?
Muscular chamber divisions and timing of contractions
629
Where is the liver of a bird located?
caudal to heart (no diaphragm) close to spleen and proventriculus
630
How long is a rabbits gestation?
30-33 days
631
How do you sex a snake?
Probe cloaca- bigger in males
Eversion of hemipenes
Tail base broader in males
Males have larger spurs
632
How can rabbits increase caecotrophy?
Hight fibre, low protein diet
633
What is a 'generalist' and what impact does that have on husbandry?
Able to adapt to a wide range of environments/conditions
| Typically wide ranging broad diet
634
What is ecdysis?
Shedding of old skin
635
Describe the nitrogen cycle in aquaria?
Food eater
Fish water contains ammonia
Excess food and decomposing plant matter release NH3
ammonia oxidising bacteria- NH3 to nitrite
nitrite oxidising bacteria- nitrite to nitrate
