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Year 2 NSF > Diverse Species > Flashcards

Diverse Species Flashcards

1
Q

What additional requirement might some bird require?

A

Fresh and clean water- regularly change
Mineral/vit supplements
Grit- passerines

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2
Q

How many chambers are in a chelonians heart?

A

3 chambers

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3
Q

What diet is needed for ferrets?

A

Short GI, simple microflora, need high concentration of fat and easily digestible meat-based protein, lactose intolerant
30-40% protein 10-12% fat
Bones and raw food diet considered best- commercial better for most people- not dog food

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4
Q

What is the choanae useful for?

A

Swabbing for respiratory disease

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5
Q

What is the ratio of Ca:P in reptiles?

A

1.5-2: 1

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6
Q

What is the terminal portion of the GI, reproductive and urinary tract called?

A

Cloaca

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7
Q

Are ferrets young altirical or precocial?

A

Altricial- undeveloped

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8
Q

What is a copulatory plug?

A

Congealed sperm/mucus which hardens within cervix, for 8-12 hours follow copulation

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9
Q

What muscles are mainly responsible for jaw closing and opening in reptiles?

A

Pterygoideus and external adductor jaw closers

Depresson mandible jaw opener

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10
Q

What is a polyphydonty?

A

Teeth continually replaced

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11
Q

What is found in the the middle 1/3 of a snake?

A

Stomach, liver, lung, spleen, pancreas

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12
Q

What is semi-closed fish management?

A

Flowing fast continuous water (canal), maintains quality

Allows higher density of fish

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13
Q

Why do fish need filtration system?

A

Ammonia released is very toxic therefore needs to be removed
Mechanical, biological and chemical filtration

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14
Q

What is often a cause of weight gain in rabbits?

A

Clover- very high energy

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15
Q

What are the 3 different breeds of rabbit with fancy coats?

A

Angora- fluff balls, easily matted
Rex- short fur, prone to abrasions
Satin

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16
Q

Where would ferrets blood be sampled from?

A

Cephalic and jugular vein

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17
Q

What overlies the dermal bone plates?

A

Scutes

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18
Q

What immune organ do birds lack?

A

Lymph nodes

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19
Q

How many salivary glands to ferrets have?

A

5 salivary glands

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20
Q

How does the nasal cavity communicate with the oral cavity in birds?

A

The choanae

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21
Q

How do snakes allow enlargement of integument after a meal?

A

Scales are joined by small folded areas of skin allowing for explansion

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22
Q

What is the calamus of a feather?

A

Anchors feather into follicle

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23
Q

What is the normal nutrition for psittacines?

A

Wide variety- fruit, nuts
Commercial diets available but poorly balanced- usually selectively feed
Home made- 30% fruit, 30% veg, 30% sprouted pulses, 10% seed and nuts, vit and min supplement

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24
Q

What is the variation in GI tract for seed eating birds?

A

Seed eaters- well developed crop, proventriculus and gizzard, long intestine, distinct caeca

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25
Q

How are ferrets sexed?

A

Males much larger, obvious penis and testes, vulva under tail in females swells in season

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26
Q

How do birds cause inspiration and expiration?

A

Lungs are fixed and don’t expand, thoracic and abdominal muscles expand thoracic cavity

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27
Q

How many lobes does a bird liver have?

A

Bilobed- right larger

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28
Q

What problem does excess digestible fibre cause in rabbits?

A

caecal dysbiosis- lawn clippings

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29
Q

What family of birds are parrots?

A

Psittacines

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30
Q

What is a specialist in terms of husbandry?

A

Precisely adapted to ecological niches

range limited to specific diets, habitats, climates

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31
Q

Why is neutering advised in jills?

A

Pyometras common

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32
Q

What is the main characteristic of Lops?

A

Floppy ears

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33
Q

All rodents are duplex except … which has …

A

1- Guinea pig

2- Bicornuate

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34
Q

What is dysecdysis?

A

Failure to shed, usually husbandry related

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35
Q

What type of stomach do rodents have?

A

Monogastric- simple chambered (not hamster)

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36
Q

What is external anatomy of birds important for?

A

Identification, locating structures underneath, indicator of health

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37
Q

What special requirements to chinchillas have?

A

Need to be dry, require different levels for jumping, require dust bath, susceptible to heat stroke

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38
Q

Where is the coracoid process found in Chelonia?

A

Scapula

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39
Q

How can you detect the stage of oestrus in rodents?

A

Count lymphocytes, count epithelial cells and stage

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40
Q

What causes ferrets odour?

A

Sebaceous glands all over body

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41
Q

What are the 4 distinct periods of rodents oestrus?

A

Proestrus, Oestrus, metoestrus, dioestrus

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42
Q

What ocular organ do snakes lack?

A

nicitating membrane

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43
Q

How many vertebral scutes are there?

A

5

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44
Q

What is the function of the uterus/shell gland

A

Calcification of the shell

20 hours

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45
Q

Which birds are commonly referred to as the ‘song birds’?

A

Passerines

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46
Q

How can you stimulate certain breeds to hibernate?

A

Withhold food for 2 weeks, place in box with bedding, reduce temperature to below 10 degrees, monitor

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47
Q

What is the vane of a feather?

A

Either side of the central rachis, consists of series of interlocking barbs- fluffy bit

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48
Q

Do reptiles seek a higher or lower temperature when sick or stressed?

A

Higher temperature

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49
Q

Why do rabbits eyes stick out when frightened?

A

They have a large retrobulbar venous plexus, therefore stick out under increased blood pressure

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50
Q

What problems can keeping several cockatiels have?

A

Males can fight, but usually very sociable

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51
Q

When does ovulation occur in a rabbit?

A

10-13 hours after coitus

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52
Q

Do hystricomorphs or myomorphs have precocial young?

A

Hystricomorphs, myomorphs altricial

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53
Q

How should snakes be handled?

A

Can be aggressive- be careful- easily bruised/rib fracture

Thumb and second finger behind head, forefinger in top of head

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54
Q

Rodents have a large diastema what does that mean?

A

They have a large gap in-between incisors and cheek teeth

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55
Q

What are specialist features of a birds skull?

A

Lightweight
No teeth
Sclerotic rings support globe

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56
Q

What can be some potential problems with domesticated rats/mice?

A

Aggression between males, incisors (dental disease)

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57
Q

Name all relevant rabbit breeds- try 5

A

Lops, dwarf lops, mini lop, French and English Lop, lion head, Angora, Rex, Satin, Himalayan, Dutch, English, Netherland dwarf, Polish, New-Zealand red/white, Belgian hare, Continental giant, Flemish giant

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58
Q

What are the major skeletal modifications of the Chelonia?

A

Limbs project laterally, spine and ribs fused, pectoral and pelvic girdle vertical within ribcage

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59
Q

What is tonic immobility in rabbits?

A

Put on back and rabbits freezes, is a fear response- increases HR, respiratory rate, cortisol

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60
Q

What is the ventral flattened part of a shell called?

A

Plastron

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61
Q

What is the order of passerines?

A

Passeriformes

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62
Q

Where does the GI tract of reptiles terminate?

A

Cloaca

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63
Q

What is the difference in GI for fruit eating birds?

A

Shorter intestine, caeca less distinct

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64
Q

What shape is a rabbits stomach?

A

J- shaped

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65
Q

What are common signs of adrenal disease in ferrets?

A

Alopecia, muscle/weight loss

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66
Q

Why should over-handling after eating be avoided?

A

May regurgitate

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67
Q

Through which oral cavity to rodents breath?

A

Nasal cavity (mouth breathing shows respiratory distress)

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68
Q

How do female snakes produce young?

A

Oviparous or viviparous

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69
Q

Why should nail clippers not be used to trim rodents teeth?

A

Teeth can fracture

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70
Q

What are some poisonous foods to birds?

A

Avocados, onions, garlic, celery (causes impactions), tomatoes, mushrooms

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71
Q

What is a separate tank recommended for?

A

Feeding

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72
Q

Which of a ferrets teeth are rooted?

A

All of them! Got ya

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73
Q

What legislation applies to rabbit care?

A

Animal welfare act- 2006
Codes of practice
In England- rabbits are protected under welfare of farmed animals regulations 2007

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74
Q

How do you sex lizards?

A

Males- larger, more colourful, presence of prominent dewlaps, crest and spines, prominent femoral pores, cloacal bulge
Can use probe, ultrasound

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75
Q

What kind of breathers are rabbits?

A

Obligate nasal breathers

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76
Q

At what temperature does reptiles digestion stop?

A

7 degrees

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77
Q

Where is the thymus locates in birds?

A

Neck

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78
Q

What are all the lobes of a rodents right lung?

A

Cranial, middle, caudal, intermediate

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79
Q

What can happen if a Jill ferret doesn’t mate during season?

A

Causes prolonged secretion of oestrogen which causes anaemia (suppressing bone marrow) and potentially death

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80
Q

What are the major anatomical differences of birds hindlimbs?

A

Fused bones- Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarsus

Proximal muscles long tendons to digits

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81
Q

When do young rabbits start to take solid food?

A

18-21 days

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82
Q

What is the feather shaft?

A

Combination of calamus and central rachis

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83
Q

What is essential for lighting?

A

Timing

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84
Q

What are the differences in GI tract go herbivore reptiles?

A

Cecum and colon large

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85
Q

How do sharks detect pressure changes in the water?

A

Head and lateral line contains pores with neuromast cells which contain sensory hairs
Also contains electroreceptors ampullae of lorenzini to detect electrical impulses of fish under sand

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86
Q

What is the usual cause of adrenal disease in ferrets?

A

Early neutering or abnormal photoperiods

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87
Q

What are carnivores like snakes usually fed?

A

Rodents, rabbits

monitor lizards- rodent, fish, eggs

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88
Q

What type of uterus does a ferret have?

A

Bicornuate

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89
Q

What are the 4 types of feathers?

A

Contour feathers
Semi-plumes
Down feathers
Powder down feathers

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90
Q

How is a rodents respiratory system optimised?

A

Short airways, increased respiratory rates, increased alveoli, high chest compliance (higher vital capacity/lower residual lung capacity)

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91
Q

What are Chondrichthyes?

A

Cartilagenoius fish- sharks

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92
Q

What are the 4 methods of snake locomotion?

A

Lateral undulation, rectilinear, concertina, sidewinding

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93
Q

What are the two suborders of Chelonia?

A

Pleurodira

Cryptodira

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94
Q

What shape are rodents incisor teeth?

A

Chisel shaped

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95
Q

What are the differences between a male and female Chelonia?

A

Males have concave plastron for mounting
Presence of phallus in males
Cloaca further from plastron in males
Longer broader tails in males

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96
Q

Why are male rabbits castrated?

A

Stop breeding, easier litter training, reduced aggression

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97
Q

What is the name of rabbits extra ocular muscle?

A

Rectus dorsalis

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98
Q

What is unusual about a birds thoracic vertebrae?

A

Notrarium- fused to resist twisting forces of flight

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99
Q

What does ectothermic mean?

A

Metabolism and physiological function is directly related to environmental conditions

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100
Q

What are insectivores fed?

A

Mealworms, wax worms, crickets, locusts

Gut load insects with fruit and calcium supplement

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101
Q

Do birds have a nicitiating membrane?

A

Yes

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102
Q

How would you describe the structure of a ferrets skull?

A

Large cranium, short jaw, typical carnivore

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103
Q

What is ingestible fibre vital for in rabbits?

A

Gut motility

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104
Q

When does a rabbit reach sexual maturity?

A

small 4-5 months, large 5-8 months

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105
Q

Where do budgies originate, what is their normal weight, life expectancy?

A

Originate from australia
Weight 35-55g
Life ex up to 10 years

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106
Q

What family are rabbits in?

A

Leporidae

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107
Q

What are the names for a ferrets 5 salivary glands?

A 
1- Submandibular
2- Parotid
3- Sublingual
4- Molar
5- zygomatic
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108
Q

What are the different techniques for wing clipping?

A

Bilateral/Unilateral

Some do primary feathers some secondary some both

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109
Q

What is the function of the isthmus in birds repro tract?

A

Shell membranes produced

75 mins

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110
Q

What is different about a rabbits calcium absorption?

A

Rabbits absorb all available dietary calcium through the gut and excrete excess via kidneys

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111
Q

What do the ureters attach to?

A

Ureters open directly into cloaca

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112
Q

What extra tooth do some reptiles have?

A

Egg tooth for rupturing membranes and leathery egg shells

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113
Q

How often does moulting occur?

A

Generally once a year, requires increased energy, affected by season, temperature

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114
Q

How many chambers of the heart do most reptiles have?

A

Three- , 4 in crocodiles

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115
Q

What are the four pairs of salivary glands in rabbits?

A

Parotid, Sublingual, Zygomatic, Mandibular

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116
Q

How do some fish have partial endothermy?

A

Counter-current heat exchange between venous blood leaving and cold blood from gills

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117
Q

What are the different humidities for reptiles?

A

Species dependent
Lower for desert species- 20-30%
Most 50-70%
Higher for rainforest species- 70-80%

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118
Q

What are the social differences of finches and canaries?

A

Canaries best singly, finches very social

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119
Q

What are common problems of Netherland dwarf rabbits?

A

Very easily startled, prone to dental disease

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120
Q

What dental disease is common in rabbits?

A

Buccal spur

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121
Q

What happens to reptiles if plasma calcium is low?

A

Parathyroid hormone mobilises calcium causing metabolic bone disease

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122
Q

What is meant by altricial and precocial?

A

Altricial- young born undeveloped

Precocial- young born in developed advanced state

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123
Q

How many chambers are in birds hearts?

A

4

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124
Q

How many lobes does a birds kidney have?

A

3- cranial middle caudal x 2

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125
Q

What is different on rabbits feet compared with a dog/cat?

A

No footpads

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126
Q

What accessory glands are present in male birds?

A

none

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127
Q

What are the different kinds of egg layers?

A

Continual- hens
Determinate- produce a clutch then cease for period
Intermediate- produce clutch but ‘replace’ lost eggs

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128
Q

What does mouth breathing mean for a Chelonia?

A

Sign of distress- nasal breathers

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129
Q

What are the three phases to a reptiles reproductive cycle?

A

Quiescent
Vitteline
Gravid

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130
Q

Which muscles are used for wing depression and elevations

A

Pectoralis major- wind depressor

Supracoracoideus

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131
Q

What is normal % of bw for ferrets blood?

A

5-7%

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132
Q

Are ferrets obligate nasal breathers?

A

No but they do prefer it

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133
Q

How long does it take mice/hamsters/rats/gerbils to reach sexual maturity?

A

6-8 weeks

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134
Q

Which two digestive organs do ferrets lack?

A

No caecum/appendix

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135
Q

Why do reptiles have a kinetic skull?

A

Allows for a wider gape

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136
Q

What are canary birds bred for?

A

Song, colour and type

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137
Q

What type of skull do reptiles have?

A

Diapsid- snakes, lizards, crocodiles

Anapsid- Chelonia

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138
Q

How would you decide the living environment for reptiles?

A

Think about their wild habitat
Terrestrial, Arboreal
Aquatic
Hide area important

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139
Q

What is the light requirement for temperate reptiles in summer and winter?

A

Summer- 15 hours

Winter- 9 hours

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140
Q

Describe a lion head rabbit appearance

A

Small mane around the face

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141
Q

When do birds beaks stop growing?

A

Never- continually grow

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142
Q

What kind of roots do rodents teeth have?

A

Open rooted- Aradicular

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143
Q

What are the different heat sources required for temperature management of reptiles?

A

Primary heat source- low end of POTZ, provides background/ambient, not a light source
Secondary heat source- higher temperature in specific areas, shouldn’t exceed high end of POTZ

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144
Q

What is the rachis of a feather?

A

Hollow central tube- contains capillaries during growth bur loses them and becomes hollow as feather matures

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145
Q

What do rabbits caecotrophs contain?

A

Protein, vitamin B and K

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146
Q

What snakes are found in the families colubridae?

A

Corn snakes

King snakes- superhans

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147
Q

What is the gland called that is located in the dorsum of the tail in ducks for waterproofing?

A

uropygial gland

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148
Q

What monitors humidity?

A

Hygrometer

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149
Q

Which of ferrets teeth are long and curved?

A

Canines

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150
Q

Whats the ph of rabbits urine and what problem could this cause?

A

ph 8-9

Predispose the formation of calcium precipitates

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151
Q

What are the 2 breeds of tiny rabbits?

A

Netherland dwarf

Polish

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152
Q

How do some reptiles do prehension of food?

A

Oral cavity- mucus secreting glands, modified to venom in some
Teeth- in lizards and snakes

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153
Q

Which rodent is likely to have an impaction?

A

Hamsters cheek pouches

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154
Q

What enzymes are rich in rabbits saliva?

A

Amylase rich

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155
Q

What is the crop of a bird used for?

A

Temporary storage, for feeding young

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156
Q

Where do finches originate?

A

Australia, Indonesia, Americas

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157
Q

How slow can digestion of a Chelonia be?

A

2-4 weeks

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158
Q

Where on a rat can blood be taken venously?

A

Lateral tail vein, lateral saphenous, ventral tail artery

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159
Q

What is the waxy structure found as the base of the beak in some species of birds?

A

Cere- raptors, parrots, owls

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160
Q

What extra features of integument do some lizards have?

A

Spines or horns for defence

Flaps for courtship

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161
Q

What is the innapropriate maturation of follicles called?

A

Follicular stasis

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162
Q

How do snakes thermoregulate?

A 
Behaviour 
Tapor at below 10
Heat stress at 35
Bask in sun
Hide in shade
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163
Q

What id the function of the proctodeum in the cloaca?

A

Houses bursa of fabrics on dorsal midline

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164
Q

Name the plastron scutes from head to tail

A

Intergular, gular, humerai, pectoral, auxillary, marginal, inframarginal, abdominal, inguinal, femoral, anal

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165
Q

What cages are recommended for rodents?

A

Wire sides- good ventilation and easy to clean

Tank- protection from draughts, needs mesh lid for ventilation

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166
Q

Why should ferret housing not be super clean?

A

they make a territory

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167
Q

Which vertebrae lack a rib in a snake?

A

the first two

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168
Q

What are the two types of boidae commonly kept?

A

Pythons

Boas

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169
Q

When is a higher humidity for reptiles required?

A

Ecdysis- shedding

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170
Q

When so snakes reach sexual maturity?

A

1-5 years depending on size

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171
Q

Where are reptiles testes found?

A

Internally

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172
Q

How many digits are on a rabbits hindlimb and forelimb?

A

5 digits on fore

4 digits on hindlimb

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173
Q

Which rodent has yellow incisors and why?

A

Rats due to iron pigment

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174
Q

What are Russian hamsters prone to?

A

Diabetes

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175
Q

What is a swim bladder?

A

Small pocket of air below spine for buoyancy

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176
Q

What roles other then respiration do lungs play in snakes?

A

Buoyancy
Vocalisation
Display

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177
Q

How are feathers defined?

A

Areas which they’re found- pterylae

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178
Q 
Which fins do fish use for the following:
Hovering, manoeuvring and backing
Fast acceleration
Cruising 
Complex habitats
A

Hovering- dorsal/anal/pectoral fins
Acceleration-caudal tail
Cruising- caudal fins
Complex habitats- trunk (eel)

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179
Q

What is the cause of most diseases in reptiles?

A

Poor nutrition and husbandry

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180
Q

When do ferrets go through puberty?

A

6-9 months

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181
Q

What substrate is recommended and what shouldn’t be used for reptiles?

A

Astroturf/washable carpet squares good alternative
Newspaper- cheap, digestible, disposable
Avoid things that can be ingested- gravel

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182
Q

What is the pectoral girdle?

A

Supports the large flight muscles

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183
Q

How can a Guinea Pigs genitals be distinguished between sexes?

A

Females- Y

Males- I

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184
Q

What controls the thermoregulation in reptiles?

A

Controlled by the hypothalamus- pre optic nucleus receives information from central and peripheral thermoreceptors

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185
Q

What does a females reptiles reproductive tract enter ?

A

Urodeum

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186
Q

How do Chelonia masticate?

A

Beaks

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187
Q

How are caecal contents protected from stomach?

A

Mucus

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188
Q

How do reptiles retain water?

A

Cloacal reflux into colon/bladder

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189
Q

How often do rabbits malt?

A

twice

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190
Q

How many lobes does a ferrets left lung have?

A

2- cranial and caudal

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191
Q

Where is urine excreted from in Chelonia and how can it conserve water?

A

Excreted into urodeum

Can be refluxed back into colon for water conservation

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192
Q

Which side of the oviduct regresses in most birds?

A

Right side regresses, left ovary and oviduct fully develop

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193
Q

What is the function of the ventriculus?

A

Muscular stomach, sometimes contains grit for grinding food

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194
Q

How often would large snakes be fed?

A

once every 2-4 weeks

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195
Q

What are the three compartments of the cloaca

A

Coprodeum
Urodeum
Proctodeum

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196
Q

What is problematic about muesli?

A

Calcium balance wrong, dental disease, high protein, boredom, obesity

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197
Q

What is the gestation length of guinea pigs?

A

59-72

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198
Q

What is the gestation length of a chinchilla?

A

111 days

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199
Q

What is the kingdom, phylum and class of birds?

A

Kingdom- animalia
Phylum- Chordata
Class- Aves

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200
Q

What is likely to cause urethral blockage in ferrets?

A

Enlarged prostate- associated with adrenal disease

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201
Q

Whats a normal respiratory rate for a rabbit?

A

30-60 bpm

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202
Q

What do ferrets lack the ability to digest?

A

Fibre- higher then 4% causes problems

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203
Q

What are the three methods of fish management?

A

Open, semi-closed, closed

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204
Q

What are omnivores usually fed (terrapins and turtles)?

A

Earthworms, pinkies, fish, green veg, commercial food

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205
Q

What is unusual about ferrets acid secretion in stomach?

A

Large spontaneous secretions

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206
Q

How do lizards thermoregulate?

A

Colour change
Body posture
Behaviour

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207
Q

What are the 4 infaorders of lizards?

A

Iguania- iguana
Gekkita- geckos
Scincomorpha- skinks
Varinoidea- komodo dragon

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208
Q

What are the major anatomical differences of a birds eye?

A

Cornea thinner, lens softer, retina thick and avascular

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209
Q

Where are Chelonias kidneys located?

A

Under caudal carapace- lobulated

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210
Q

How is uric acid secreted?

A

Mixed with copies mucus

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211
Q

What respiratory muscle do reptiles lack?

A

Diaphragm

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212
Q

How many chambers does a lizards heart have and what extra blood vessel system do they posses?

A

3 chambers

Renal portal system

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213
Q

How can rodents gnaw and chew?

A

Gnaw- lower jaw can move forwards, incisors aligned

Chew- lower jack back, opposed molars

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214
Q

Why are snakes susceptible to pneumonia?

A

Simple unicameral lung

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215
Q

Which bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

Scapula
Clavicle
Coracoid
Sternum

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216
Q

What is the difference between myomorph and hystricomorph cheek teeth?

A

Myomorph- erupt and stop

Hystricomorph- continually erupt

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217
Q

How does the skeletal system support flight?

A

By reducing weight- fused bones, light structure, no teeth

Providing attachment for flight muscles

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218
Q

Describe a ferrets adrenal glands

A

embedded in fat, right gland much larger

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219
Q

What is a ceca in birds?

A

Outpouching of large intestine- size varies in species

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220
Q

What are the 5 functional regions of the reproductive tract in female birds?

A 
Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Uterus (shell gland)
Vagina
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221
Q

What does the pancreas secrete?

A

Exocrine- amylases, proteases, lipases

Endocrine- insulin, glucagons, somatostatin

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222
Q

What % of a rabbits diet should grass be?

A

80%- fresh, dried, hay

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223
Q

What are the pros and cons of stimulating normal hibernation?

A

Pros- stimulates normal thyroid function and reproductive behaviour
Cons- harmful in young, ill or underweight animals

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224
Q

What is needed to be known about fish for good husbandry?

A

Environment, Oxygen, temp tolerance, salinity, pH requirements, water hardness, behaviour, space, shoaling, aggression

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225
Q

What problems are female lizards prone to in the reproductive tract and why?

A

Follicular stasis as mature oocytes fail to ovulate

Egg binding- oocytes remain on the oviduct

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226
Q

What type of penis do rodents have?

A

Os penis

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227
Q

Describe the structure of the trachea and lungs in birds

A

Trachea bifurcates into left/right primary bronchi
Primary bronchi further subdivide into secondary bronchi, then parabronchi, parabronuhi open into atria which contains air capillaries (like alveoli)

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228
Q

When cleaning what should be preserved in rabbits housing?

A

Scent markings

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229
Q

How many pleural scutes are there?

A

4 on each side (8)

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230
Q

Which part of the reptiles GI is simple and has muscular walls?

A

Stomach

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231
Q

Why do male bird testes dramatically increase in size?

A

When breeding

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232
Q

Other then ano-genital distance how can gerbils be sexed?

A

Pigmented scrotum, more obvious ventral scent gland

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233
Q

What legislations applies to keeping exotic mammals?

A

Dangerous wild animals act 1976- revised 1984/2008
Zoo licensing act- 1981
Animals (scientific procedures) act 1986- protect animals against research

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234
Q

Where would you inject a bird intramuscularly?

A

Pectoral muscles, except in ratites and nestlings

Avoid thigh/leg muscles

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235
Q

How often would a small snake/lizard be fed?

A

1-2 times per week

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236
Q

Describe a birds integument

A

Feathers, thin and elastic skin, scaly skin on legs, reduced glands- no sweat/sebaceous

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237
Q

Why is catheterisation of ferrets nob difficult ?

A

J shaped cock

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238
Q

What are the main features of tails in lizards?

A

Site of fat storage, Can shed as defence

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239
Q

How should you handle small birds?

A

Bare hands/ fine cloth
Restrain head with 1st and 2nd fingers gently
Wrap wings with hand/cloth

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240
Q

What are the 9 different air sacs found in birds?

A 
1 intraclavicular
2 cervical air sacs
2 anterior thoracic air sacs
2 posterior thoracic air sacs
2 abdominal air sacs
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241
Q

What external features do Chondrichthyes have?

A

Unpaired medial fins- first dorsal, second dorsal, caudal, anal fines
Paired fins- lateral and pectoral
pelvic fins- claspers in male fish

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242
Q

What does the mesometrium store in rabbits?

A

Fat

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243
Q

What are the different types of pythons found?

A

Ball python
Burmese python
Reticulated

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244
Q

What is the relation between heart size and body mass in birds?

A

Heart size inversely proportional to body mass

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245
Q

What is different about a pygmy hedgehog to a normal European one?

A

Don’t hibernate

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246
Q

What is the topography of a rabbits stomach?

A

Left of midline

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247
Q

Describe a female chelonians reproductive organs?

A

Paired ovaries and oviducts
Ova travel down reproductive tract and egg is formed
Oviparous

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248
Q

Which reptiles have external ears?

A

Crocodiles

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249
Q

What is the name for a neutered and non-neutered male ferret?

A

Neutered- Gib

Non-neutered- Hob

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250
Q

Why are outdoor systems well suited for ferrets?

A

Good space and enrichment and natural light cycles

Indoor requires large cage and daily excercise

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251
Q

What type of ovulators are rodents?

A

Polyoestrous spontaneous except chinchillas

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252
Q

Where is the bursa of fabrics located in birds?

A

Located in dorsal cloaca

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253
Q

What range of temperature should rabbit housing remain at?

A

10-20 degrees

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254
Q

How many lobes does a ferrets right lung have?

A

4- cranial, middle, accessory, caudal

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255
Q

Where are kidneys located in lizards?

A

Caudodorsal celom

256
Q

What do Chelonia excrete from their urinary system?

A

Different in different species- urea or uric acid

257
Q

How many marginal scutes are there?

A

12

258
Q

What size are rodents lungs relative to size?

A

Large lungs

259
Q

What are the 5 parts to a feather

A 
Vane
Rachis
Calamus
Feather shaft 
Barb
260
Q

What are the different lobes of a rabbits lungs?

A

Left- Cranial, Middle, Caudal

Right- Cranial, Middle, Caudal, Accessory

261
Q

Where would you take blood from Chelonia?

A

Jugular vein

Dorsal coccygeal vein

262
Q

Which of the large parrots species are endangered?

A

All of them- illegal to import

263
Q

What are the three types of water requirements different fish have?

A

fresh, brackish and marine

264
Q

What is closed fish management?

A

recirculating agriculture systems, water re-conditioned and re-circulated, marine or fresh
High fish densities
Highly trained staff
High green house gas emissions

265
Q

Why can female chinchillas not be bred until fully grown?

A

Malocclusion will occur and cause slobbering, eye discharge and death

266
Q

What are the major adoptions of chelonians respiratory system?

A

Short trachea
No diaphragm
Head and limbs move to alter internal pressure to assist breathing

267
Q

What is the optimal calcium level for rabbits health in diet?

A

0.6-1%

510mg for 2.5kg

268
Q

Which of a ferrets small/long intestines are short and long?

A

Both small and large intestine short

269
Q

How often does a dam feed its kit in rabbits?

A

Fed once or twice a day, 3-5 mins, milk has higher fat, protein and calories

270
Q

What reproductive organ do snakes and lizards possess?

A

Paired extraclocal hemipenes- can prolapse

271
Q

Whats a normal resting heart rate for a ferret?

A

180-250 bpm

272
Q

Which bones in birds are pneumatic?

A

Humerus, skull, clavicle, keel, pelvic girdle, lumbar and sacral vertebrae, varies with species

273
Q

What is the name for a female ferret?

A

A Jill

274
Q

Where does sperm and eggs leave in fish?

A

Genetic pore

275
Q

Do rabbits have a third eyelid?

A

Yes

276
Q

What are the most commonly kept type of finches?

A

Zebra, Gouldian, Society

277
Q

Which of a ferrets teeth have 3 roots?

A

Upper 3rd premolar

278
Q

What is egg binding?

A

Takes longer then normal to pass an egg causing dystocia

279
Q

What is the gestation period in rabbits?

A

30-32 days

280
Q

How should chelonians be handled?

A

Hold shell just infront of hindlimb- like a hamburger

281
Q

Why can it look like rats cry blood?

A

When rats are stressed they can release porphyrin

282
Q

What is the normal permanent dental formula for ferrets?

A

I 3/3, C 1/1, P3/3, M1/2 = 34

283
Q

Is reptiles skin waterproof?

A

Yes- evolutionary advantage

284
Q

What is the alula?

A

Name given to the first digit, located on carpometacarpal joint, support stiff feathers for flight stability

285
Q

What kind of uterus does a rabbit have?

A

Duplex- two uterus

286
Q

What of the urinary system are Chelonia prone to?

A

Prone to cloaca stones/ bladder stones

287
Q

Why can rabbits not vomit?

A

Well-developed cardiac sphincter

288
Q

Why are rabbits prone to ulceration on their feet?

A

No footpads

289
Q

What muscle makes up a ferrets oesophagus?

A

Striated muscle throughout

290
Q

What is a barb of a feather?

A

The individual structures that make up a vane, have interlocking barbules

291
Q

What are the minimum recommended requirements for rabbit housing indoor?

A

Space to sit up with ears erect, hop and lie down fully stretched out, play, eat and drink, maintain hygiene

Variety of levels and spaces
Scent marking surfaces
Access to outside

292
Q

Where are a reptiles kidneys located?

A

Caudal coelomic cavity

293
Q

Why do ferrets have binocular vision?

A

Laterally placed eyes give good peripheral vision

294
Q

Where does a rabbits fur not cover?

A

Nose, scrotum and inguinal

295
Q

Why is identification of taxonomy and phylogeny important for husbandry?

A

To allow comparison of shared requirements

For animals ecological niche

296
Q

Where does a snakes tongue lie and how can it protrude without opening its mouth?

A

Lies in a sheath below glottis, protrudes through lingual notch

297
Q

What problems can occur with birds air sacs?

A

Susceptible to arterial infection

Trauma can result in sub-cutaneous emphysema (bubble wrap)

298
Q

What are common problems of continental giant rabbits and flemish giant?

A

Problems with their skeleton and weight

299
Q

What urinary organ do lizards have that most reptiles don’t?

A

Bladder

300
Q

What are the three phases of respiration in snakes?

A

Inhalation, Exhalation, rest

301
Q

What are the different type of contour feathers and what are the differences?

A

Coverts- small contour on wing
Remiges- large contour (flight feathers)
Retrices- tail feathers

302
Q

Can ferrets vomit and why?

A

They can vomit, there is no true oesophageal sphincter

303
Q

In which species of rodents can presence of nipples be used to distinguish sex?

A

Mice and rats

304
Q

What are the different fur types in rabbits?

A

Satin, rex, wool, normal

305
Q

What is the name for a juvenile ferret?

A

Kitten or Pup

306
Q

Is a ferrets PCV low, ‘normal’ or high?

A

Packed cell volume- High

307
Q

What are the 4 families of snakes?

A

Colubridae
Boidae
Viperidae
Elapidae

308
Q

What vaccinations should a rabbit have?

A

Myxomatosis

RHD

309
Q

Do rabbits have tapetum?

A

No

310
Q

Where are semi-plume feathers found and what are there function?

A

Under contour feathers, loose structure and provide insulation

311
Q

How many lobes make up the left and right lungs of rodents?

A

Left- single lobe

Right- four lobes

312
Q

What is the difference between oviparous, viviparous and parthogenesis?

A

Oviparous- layer with yolk sac
Viviparous- eggs develop and hatch in body before being born
Parthogenesis- live young

313
Q

What reproductive organs do mail lizards posses and where are they found?

A

Abdominal testes

Paired hemipenes- stored at tail base, only one used in each copulation, protrudes from cloaca

314
Q

Describe a ferret eyes

A

Large domed cornea, spherical lens and tapetum lucidum, horizontal pupil slits

315
Q

Where does the oesophagus extend to in rabbits?

A

Cardia of the stomach

316
Q

What function do rabbits ears perform?

A

Thermoregulation and funnelling sound

317
Q

What is needed for ferret housing?

A 
Susceptible to damp and heat stroke
don't thrive above 30 degrees
they are easily enclosed
not good jumpers- use tunnels and burrows
need dry separate sleeping off the floor
Out of the sun
318
Q

How often would iguanas/chelonians be fed?

A

Daily

319
Q

What is normal serum calcium concentration in rabbits?

A

1.25-1.6 mol- higher then other mammals

320
Q

How should lizards be handled?

A

Hold around neck and upper body with one hand

Other hand supports pelvis and hindlimb

321
Q

What makes up a beak?

A

Bony projection with keratinised sheath

322
Q

How do snakes avoid occlusion of breathing while swallowing?

A

Glottis is rostral

323
Q

What do lizards use their large volume of lungs for?

A

Respiration- obvs, Buoyancy, Display, Vocalisation

324
Q

What is the mekels diverticulum?

A

Remnant of yolk sac attachment, junction between jejunum and ileum

325
Q

Where are the venepuncture sites of rabbits?

A

Jugular, Lateral saphenous (back leg), Cephalic (front leg), Marginal vein (ear)

326
Q

Whats a normal life span of a ferret?

A

6-9 years

327
Q

Do myomorphs and hystricomorphs usually have large or small litters?

A

Myomorphs- large

Hystricomorphs- small

328
Q

What are the three suborders of rodents?

A

Myomorph, Sciuromorpha, Hystricomorph

329
Q

What causes excessive egg production in birds?

A

An overactive reproductive tract

330
Q

What urinary organ do snakes lack?

A

Bladder- ureters direct into cloaca

331
Q

What would be recommended for passerines housing?

A

Bigger the better
Cages for confinment over night or when supervised
Ideal aviary to allow flight
Provide enrichment but not at expense of space

332
Q

What is the difference in birds RBCs?

A

Nucleated due to evolution

333
Q

What is the gestation length of hamsters?

A

15-18 days

334
Q

What are the two main orders for veterinary of reptiles?

A

Chelonia- shelled

Squamata- snakes and lizards

335
Q

What kind of oestrus cycle do rabbits have?

A

Induced ovulators- no defined cycle

336
Q

What is the function of powder down feathers?

A

Specialised down feathers where tips of barbules disintegrate during preening, seen mostly in in birds with absent uropygial glands- pigeons

337
Q

What kind of light are ferrets eyes adapted for?

A

Low light conditions, nocturnal

338
Q

How do reptiles control heat loss?

A 
increase or decrease HR
Vasodilation
Lungs can be bypassed to reduce heat loss by water 
Body position and shape
Burrowing/hiding
Pigmentation
339
Q

What do Chelonia lack in their kidneys?

A

No loop of henle or renal pelvis

340
Q

What is a very distinguishable feature of the animals in the order of Rynococephalia?

A

Pronounced third eye

341
Q

How are a ferrets salivary glands likely to get damaged?

A

Fighting, trauma, dental disease

342
Q

What two types of light is essential for reptiles?

A

UVA- reproductive behaviour in lizards

UVB- required for conversion of Vit D3 and calcium metabolism

343
Q

What is open fish management?

A

Caged environments in rivers, lakes, open sea
rely on natural system
Pollution and health risks

344
Q

Where can a ferrets heart be auscultated?

A

6-8th Rib

345
Q

What respiratory structure is easily identifiable in reptiles?

A

Larynx

346
Q

How can you describe rabbits oviducts?

A

Long and convoluted

347
Q

What is the normal lifespan of a rabbit?

A

5-10 years

348
Q

How do rabbits subtly communicate?

A

Scent markings and body language

349
Q

How long is a ferrets gestation?

A

42 days

350
Q

What are jawless fish called?

A

Agnatha

351
Q

What urinary organ do snakes lack?

A

Bladder

352
Q

What is different about birds and reptiles RBCs?

A

Nucleated

353
Q

What are the three subsections of a rabbits proximal colon?

A

3 haustra (three leaved clover), single haustra, fusses coli

354
Q

What can cause Chelonia to struggle to cool down?

A

Their shell

355
Q

What is the main way Chelonia gain heat and what is this called?

A

Basking in the sun

Heliothermic

356
Q

What composes the shell in most Chelonia species?

A

Keratinised plates called scutes

357
Q

What urinary systems is similar to a ferrets?

A

Dogs/cats

358
Q

Why are rabbits prone to fractures and osteoporosis?

A

Low calcium diets, reduced exposure to sunlight, lack of exercise

359
Q

What membrane near ferrets eyes in well developed?

A

Nicitating

360
Q

What is the problem with rabbits absorbing all dietary calcium?

A

Forms calcium carbonate crystals in urine once reabsorptive capacity of kidney is reached

361
Q

What is the difference between normal and down feathers?

A

Down feathers have no barbs

362
Q

What do flying squirrels require?

A

require tall aviary, highly nocturnal, needs fruit and nuts and a calcium supplement

363
Q

Which kind of feather are the outmost and what is its function?

A

Contour- gives colour and shows shape, protects from elements

364
Q

Where are rodents not naturally found?

A

Antartica and New Zealand

365
Q

What are the 6 commonly kept lizards?

A 
Geckos
Bearded dragons
Iguana
Chameleons
Skinks
Chinese water dragon
366
Q

What does elodont mean and give an example?

A

Teeth that continually erupt like hystricomorphs premolars and molars

367
Q

What are the two main ways reptiles acquire heat?

A

Heliothermy

Thigmothermy

368
Q

What variation is their in meat and fish eating birds GI tract?

A

Caeca and gizzard rudimentary

Well developed pancreas and proventriculus

369
Q

How can cardiovascular performance be measured in a ferret?

A

Urine output/pulse pressure

370
Q

Why do birds have high cardiac outputs?

A

High metabolic demand for flight

371
Q

How can nutrition help rabbits stress levels?

A

Increase dietary fibre

372
Q

What is a pecten found in birds eyes?

A

Out-folding of retinal surface, rich blood supply

373
Q

What are the basic features that distinguish reptiles?

A 
Vertebrates
Heavily keratinised skin
Ectothermic
Internal fertilisation
Nucleated RBCs
374
Q

What is the standard dental formula of a myomorpha rodent?

A

I1/1, C0/0, PM 0/0, M3/3 = 16

375
Q

What causes the variety of beaks in birds?

A

Diet and lifestyle

376
Q

Where does blood from rabbits eyes drain?

A

External jugular

377
Q

How many different lung types are there in lizards?

A

3

Unicameral, Paucicameral, Multicameral

378
Q

Where do African greys originate from?

A

West Africa

379
Q

What does aneldont mean and give an example?

A

When teeth grow for short period then cease like in myomorphs molars

380
Q

Where are chelonians testes?

A

In the caudal coelomic cavity, cranial to kidneys

381
Q

What is the concentration of a Chelonia urine compared to its blood?

A

Hypo or iso tonic

382
Q

What are the most commonly kept passerines?

A

Finches and canaries

383
Q

How can food enrichment be produced for rabbits?

A

Scatter food

384
Q

What extra organs do birds posses for respiration than lungs?

A

System of air sacs

385
Q

How does a rodents O2 binding curve differ to humans?

A

Shifted to the right (lower affinity), released more readily

386
Q

Describe the structure of the syrinx in birds?

A

Last few tracheal rings, first few left and right bronchial rings with a central ‘tympanic’ membrane

387
Q

What does motlitin cause in rabbits GI tract?

A

Stimulates motility in SI, Colon and rectum

388
Q

What does crepuscular mean and what animals are?

A

Most active at dawn and dusk- rabbits

389
Q

What are the 4 types of lops?

A

Dwarf, mini, French and English

390
Q

How does the structure of the SI vary between bird species?

A

Highly coiled in herbivores/omnivores

Shorter in meat eaters

391
Q

Where are the lungs of Chelonia located?

A

Lungs lie under the carapace- aids buoyancy

392
Q

Why are snakes teeth only used for prehension?

A

Just swallow

393
Q

What are the most commonly kept psittacines?

A

budgies, cockatoos, cockatiels, lovebirds, African greys, amazon, macaws

394
Q

When should hibernation take place?

A

November to march

395
Q

What is the name for a vasectomised male ferret?

A

Hoblet

396
Q

What order are rabbits in?

A

Lagomorpha

397
Q

What is motilin stimulated and inhibited by in rabbits?

A

Released in response to fat, inhibited by carbohydrates

398
Q

Where do Macaws and amazon parrots originate?

A

South America

399
Q

What is the name for a neutered female ferret?

A

A Sprite

400
Q

Why is reptiles holding their breath relevant for anaesthesia?

A

During breath holding pressure in the lungs increases and therefore causes blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation

401
Q

What are the different feathers of the wing?

A

Primary remiges, greater primary coverts, alula, secondary reminges, greater secondary coverts, median secondary coverts, lesser secondary coverts, tertiary remiges, scapulares

402
Q

What are some rules of thumb of temperature monitoring?

A

Ambient temp shouldn’t exceed PBT
Heat source should not exceed POTZ
Min and max thermometers essential

403
Q

What is the function of the parietal eye?

A

No role in vision

Detects light

404
Q

Where are the testes located in snakes and what other reproductive organ do they possess?

A

Cranial to kidneys

Paired hemipenes

405
Q

What are the three types of black and white rabbits?

A

Himalayan, Dutch, English

406
Q

What are the two distinct areas of a birds stomach?

A

Proventriculus, Ventriculus (gizzard)

407
Q

What are some different breeds of tortoises?

A

Mediterranean spur-thighed
Horsfield
Hermanns
Marginated

408
Q

Where do cockatoos originate from?

A

Australasia

409
Q

What kind of retina do rabbits have?

A

Merangiotic- blood vessels defined in the retina

410
Q

Where are immune cells produces in birds?

A

Embryonic liver, yolk sac, bone marrow

411
Q

Which vitamin do guniea pigs require (cannot produce)?

A

Vitamin C

412
Q

What drains fish urine from kidneys?

A

Paired archinephric ducts

413
Q

What is a possible cause of pseudopregnancy in rabbits and what treatment is required?

A

Infertile/presence of males, causes secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum which regresses naturally

414
Q

What is the difference between a pleurodira and cryptodira?

A

Pleurodira has a snake like neck that flexes at three pints and cannot be drawn into the shell
Crytpodira has a neck that flexes at two points and can be fully drawn into shell

415
Q

What sort of order do follicles develop in, in birds?

A

Sequential

416
Q

What protects a birds ear?

A

Auricular feathers- no external pinna

417
Q

What type of teeth do snakes have?

A

pleurodont teeth- fused to inner surface of the jaw

418
Q

Where are B cells/ T cells matures in birds?

A

Bursa of fabrics- B cells

Thymus- T cells

419
Q

What happens during inspiration in birds?

A

Air flows down trachea, along bronchi, into posterior air sacs, simultaneously air moves from lung parabronchi into anterior sacs- 2 respiratory cycles

420
Q

What reproductive organ to male Chelonia possess?

A

Single phallus

421
Q

Why might a female rabbit be spayed?

A

Stop pyometra, mammary tumours, reduced aggression

422
Q

What are the three types of teeth found in reptiles?

A

Acrodont
Pleurodont
Thecodont

423
Q

When should bunnies be sexed?

A

best from 5-8 weeks

424
Q

What is the function of the vagina in birds?

A

Adds egg cuticle, site of storage for sperm

425
Q

How does a ferret come into season?

A

Increased photoperiod (day length)

426
Q

What is specialised about most Chelonias GI tract?

A

Large colon and distinct caecum

427
Q

What is the POTZ of a reptile?

A

Preferred optimum temp zone- the range of temp required for thermoregulation- different required

428
Q

How is the fore stomach separated from the glandular stomach in rodents?

A

A Ridge

429
Q

Which region of the cloaca receives faeces and digestive waste?

A

coprodeum

430
Q

What tumour are rats prone to?

A

Mammary

431
Q

What is the normal colour of rabbits urine?

A

Pale yellow to dark red

432
Q

What kind of muscle makes up the iris of a snake?

A

Skeletal muscle, so no responce to atropine

433
Q

What part of dentition do reptiles lack?

A

Peridontal ligament

434
Q

How do terrestrial tortoises grow their shell?

A

By adding additional keratin layers at the base

435
Q

Where are VFA absorbed in rabbits?

A

Caecal wall

436
Q

How do snakes detect thermoreception?

A

Infrared sensors, between eye and nostril

437
Q

What is the easiest way in most rodents to differ sex?

A

Ano-genital distance, larger in males

438
Q

How do bones support the respiratory system?

A

Hollow bones house extension of air sacs

439
Q

Where are reptiles not found in the world?

A

Antartica

440
Q

What are the three reproductive strategies of lizards?

A

Oviparous
Viviparous
Parthenogenesis

441
Q

How many sets of inguinal scent glands do rabbits have?

A

Anal glands, submental glands (chin), Inguinal glands

442
Q

Which gland of the eye do birds lack?

A

Meibomian gland

443
Q

What is the end product of metabolism in birds?

A

Uric acid

444
Q

What additional lung lobe does a hamster have?

A

Caudal accessory lobe

445
Q

Describe rabbits skin?

A

Thin and elastic

446
Q

Why is it difficult to inject ferrets under their necks?

A

Thick skin for mating and fighting

447
Q

What is the name for the dorsal domed part of the shell?

A

Carapace

448
Q

What do the caudal vertebrae not involved in the synsacrum make up?

A

Pygostyle- attachment of tail feathers and musculature

449
Q

What happens during expiration in birds?

A

Air flows from posterior air sacs through parabronchi, air from anterior air sacs expelled through trachea- 2 respiratory cycles

450
Q

Why is a potential blockage in a rabbits circulation very dangerous?

A

Little collateral circulation

451
Q

What are the three regions of the cloaca from anterior to posterior?

A

Coprodeum
Urodeum. CUP
Proctodeum

452
Q

What is the variable number of cervical vertebrae in birds

A

11-25

453
Q

How is a normal reptiles ventricle sub-divided?

A

Cavase arteriosum, cavar pulmonale, cavae venosum

454
Q

How do lizards breathe?

A

Rely on respiratory muscles- no diaphragm

455
Q

Where is the oesophagus entrance found in birds?

A

Lateral to glottis, right hand side of birds

456
Q

What ensures full mastication in rabbits?

A

Strong tongue

457
Q

What is the normal requirement for light for reptiles?

A

12-14 hours

458
Q

Where are the ovaries in birds located?

A

Cranially to kidney, tightly attached to dorsal body wall and adhered to caudal vena cava

459
Q

How often would young large boas/python be fed?

A

3 times per week

460
Q

What are the two types of boas found?

A

Boa constrictor

Rosy boa

461
Q

What gland produces very stable tear film in rabbits?

A

Harderian gland

462
Q

What allows range of vocal sound in birds?

A

Syrinx

463
Q

What clinical environment should birds be handled in?

A

Get rid of owners
Quiet darkened room
Towel for protection
Approach the bird from the back

464
Q

Why can rodents not vomit?

A

Ridge in the stomach combined with a strong oesophageal sphincter and weak diaphragm

465
Q

What do kept birds require legally for space?

A

Must be able to stretch and flap wings

466
Q

True or false ferrets chew before swallowing?

A

False- no chewing

467
Q

What is found in the caudal 1/3 of a snake?

A

Intestines, kidneys, gonads

468
Q

What are the different categories of teleosts?

A

Cyprinidae- carps, goldfish
Gobiidae- gobies
Salmonidae- salmon
Characidae- piranha

469
Q

Where is 99% of reptiles calcium stored?

A

Bones

470
Q

What can birds HR reach in some species?

A

800 bpm

471
Q

How are rabbits sexed?

A

Males have no nipples, males have two hairless sacks either size of urogenital area

472
Q

What is the normal nutrition of passerines?

A

Grain or seed eaters- commercial diets available
Supplemented with soft or egg food- extra min/protein
Supply grit

473
Q

What are the 4 species of large parrots?

A

African Grey
Macaw
Cockatoo
Amazon

474
Q

What secondary tissues of immunity are found in birds?

A

GALT, Caecal tonsils, RALT, CALT, spleen, hardaerian gland

475
Q

How does the crop differ in pigeons?

A

Double sac, produces crop milk

476
Q

What are the breeds of rabbits called which are huge?

A

Continental giant, Flemish giant

477
Q

What is important to note about reptiles diet?

A

Calcium phosphate ratio

478
Q

Describe the structure of air sacs of birds?

A

Muco-serous extensions of secondary bronchi

Thin walled poor blood supply

479
Q

What is the light requirement for topical reptiles in summer and in winter?

A

Summer- 13 hours

Winter- 11 hours

480
Q

What category of therm are reptiles?

A

Ectotherm

481
Q

What is the structure below and above birds beaks such as chickens?

A

Comb and wattle

482
Q

What family are ferrets in?

A

Mustelidae

483
Q

What is found in the cranial 1/3 of a snake?

A

Heart, trachea, oesophagus, thyroid, Proximal lung

484
Q

Where are testes in male birds found?

A

In abdominal cavity, above cranial lobe of kidneys- function at body temperature

485
Q

What additional route do some reptiles have for excretion?

A

Salt glands

486
Q

Why are rabbits selective with food?

A

Browsing creatures

487
Q

How do birds without phalluses achieve fertilisation?

A

Cloacal kiss

488
Q

Why can ferrets cause damage to their dams teats?

A

Teeth erupt from 3-4 weeks

489
Q

Why is auscultation of a chelonians heart difficult?

A

Heart lies posterior to pectoral girdle so the shell can make it difficult

490
Q

How can the sex of a reptile be influenced?

A

Incubation temperature- high temp = more male lizards and more female Chelonia

491
Q

What part of the light spectrum doe reptiles require?

A

300-400nmn- UVA

290-320nm- UVB

492
Q

What are the 2 New-Zealand breeds?

A

New Zealand red and white

493
Q

What does blinking show in birds?

A

Ill health- they rarely blink

494
Q

How long is a ferrets gestation period?

A

42 days

495
Q

What does the beak house?

A

Nares

496
Q

How does ingestible fibre effect motility in rabbits?

A

Fibre encourages motility and reduces time in caecum

497
Q

What is the choanae?

A

Opening of dorsal oral cavity from nares

498
Q

What should herbivores be fed?

tortoises, spiny tailed lizards, green iguana

A

Green veg, flowers, succulents, calcium supplement, UVB essential

499
Q

Do beaks have a blood and nerve supply?

A

Yes

500
Q

Which vertebrae do not have ribs in lizards?

A

Cervical

501
Q

What is the dental formula of rabbits?

A

I 2/1, C0/0, PM 3/2, M3/3

502
Q

How many gill slits does a Chondrichthyes have?

A

5 gill slits 4 internal gill arches

503
Q

What kind of stomach do Chelonia have and what organ is it near?

A

Simple stomach

Near bilobed liver

504
Q

What muscle makes up a rabbits oesophagus and how many layers are present?

A

three layers of striated muscle

505
Q

Why can snakes jaws ‘walk’ over prey?

A

Independent movement of upper and lower jaw

506
Q

What order are lizards found in?

A

Squamata

507
Q

What is the function of the infundibulum in birds?

A

Receives ovulated follicle- fertilisation takes place
Site of formation of chalaze (albuminous cords which holds yolk in place)
15-17 mins

508
Q

What are the 4 generic categories of birds?

A

Passerines- perching/song birds
Psittacines- parrots, budgies
Raptors- birds of Prey
Poultry and waterfowl- domestic and wild

509
Q

What is the gestation length of rats?

A

21-23 days

510
Q

What is the standard dental formula of a hystricomorpha?

A

I 1/1, C0/0, PM 1/1, M3/3= 20

511
Q

What controls motility of the GI tract in rabbits?

A

ANS with the fusus coli

512
Q

What problems commonly occur with marsupials?

A

elongates claws, obesity in males

513
Q

Why can ferrets be given blood transfusions easily?

A

no cross matching required

514
Q

Where would you take blood from a lizard?

A 
Ventral coccygeal (tail)
Axillary Venous Plexus
Ventral abdominal vein
515
Q

What do rabbits develop under their face when they become obese?

A

Dewlap- large

516
Q

What support the eye sockets in birds?

A

Scletortic rings

517
Q

What factors influence rate of digestion?

A

Temperature, disease, diet

518
Q

What frequency of sound do snakes detect well?

A

Low frequency sounds

519
Q

What position should housing for psittacines be?

A

Eye level in busy part of house, no draughts, warm 25 degrees, not kitchen

520
Q

How do bones support egg production?

A

Medullary bone provides a source of stored calcium for times of peak egg production

521
Q

What accessory male sex glands do rodents have?

A

Seminal vesicles, prostate, coagulating gland, bulbourethral, preputial gland

522
Q

How do birds uptake water after passage through kidneys?

A

Mechanism into colon from cloaca

523
Q

What type of cervix to rodents have?

A

Duplex (two cervixes)- except guinea pig

524
Q

How much of a birds cranial volume do eyes take up?

A

50%

525
Q

What is the proventriculus responsible for?

A

Glandular stomach, secretes enzymes

526
Q

How many air sacs do birds usually have?

A

9

527
Q

How does the small intestine of reptiles compare to mammals?

A

Short

528
Q

What is the integument of most lizards like?

A

Heavily keratinised and waterproof

529
Q

How many kits can a rabbit have a year?

A

Up to 60 kits

530
Q

What difference is there in birds which fly less?

A

Powerful leg muscles

531
Q

Which colon is elongated in rodents?

A

Large colon

532
Q

How often do rabbits produce caecotrophs?

A

Every 8 hours

533
Q

What does increased urea in mean in a ferrets serum?

A

Kidney disease, creatine doesn’t rise in parallel

534
Q

What is chronic hypothermia in reptiles?

A

Impaired metabolism function and immune suppression

535
Q

Where is the terminal end of the ilium in rabbits?

A

Sacculus rotundus

536
Q

What is the order of lizards?

A

Squamata

537
Q

What bones make up the forelimb of a bird?

A

Humerus- pneumatic (air sac)
Ulna and radius- ulna larger
Radial and ulnar carpal bones- support primary flight feathers
Carpometacarpus- supports three digits

538
Q

How long is a ferrets intestinal time?

A

3-4 hours, rapid

539
Q

Where are rabbits blind spots?

A

Tip of its nose and behind

540
Q

What options of heat sources are recommended?

A

Heat mats
Heat tape
Incandescent bulbs
Ceramic lamps

541
Q

Is fertilisation in reptiles internal or external?

A

Internal

542
Q

How should a rabbit be handled?

A

From a young age, supporting hindlimb

543
Q

Where do canary birds originate from?

A

canary island

544
Q

What are common problems of the crop?

A

Sour crop- yeast infection

Crop impaction

545
Q

What is the difference between heliothermy and thigmothermy?

A

Heliothermy- sun

Thigmothermy- conduction from surface

546
Q

What is the difference between dwarf/mini lops and French and English lops

A

English and French lops have long floppy ears

547
Q

What makes up the synsacrum of birds spine?

A

Comprised of fused lumbar, sacral, some caudal vertebrae

548
Q

What key information is needed for husbandry of exotic mammals?

A

Taxonomy/Phlogeny

Purpose of keeping

549
Q

What is the main function of the LI in birds?

A

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes

550
Q

Where do immune cells mature in birds?

A

Primary lymphatic organs

551
Q

How many sub orders of rodents are there?

A

5 sub orders

552
Q

What should you do if bitten by a snake?

A

Don’t panic, push hand deeper into mouth immerse snakes head in water
Can use isopropyl alcohol if this doesn’t work

553
Q

What produces ferrets natural mustelid?

A

Skin gland secretions

554
Q

How should large birds be handled?

A

Hold wings to prevent flapping
restrain head
hold legs with other hand above claws

555
Q

What kind of diet causes dental disease in rabbits?

A

Low fibre diets

556
Q

Which vain should be used to take blood from hamsters?

A

Jugular and cephalic

557
Q

How is a ferrets skull optimised for slicing and shearing?

A

No lateral movement

558
Q

What is the crop of a bird?

A

An out-pouching of the oesophagus, muscular sac

559
Q

Which species of birds have phallus?

A

Ducks, geese and ratites

560
Q

What can be abnormal about a snakes lungs?

A

Left lung is often vestigial or absent

561
Q

What extra requirement do aquatic species of reptiles need?

A

Heated and filtered body of water

562
Q

What happens to faeces in rabbits before being excreted?

A

Hard is moved into centre of colon and more water ins absorbed, smaller particles move into periphery and return to caecum for more fermentation

563
Q

What will frequency of feeding depend on for reptiles?

A

Weight gain and condition

564
Q

What is the function of UVB light for reptiles?

A

Conversion of vit D3 to and calcium metabolism

565
Q

What reproductive organ to male Chelonia have?

A

Single phallus which protrudes from the proctodeum

566
Q

When does a glottis in lizards open?

A

Only for inspiration/expiration

567
Q

What are the the 4 families of snakes?

A

Viperidae
Elapidae
Colubridae
Boidae

568
Q

What does PBT mean of reptiles?

A

Preferred body temperature- optimum for all systems

569
Q

What do herbivore lizards require?

A

Microorganisms and high ambient temperature

570
Q

Describe a snakes eyelids?

A

Fused transparent eyelids

571
Q

How do fish release metabolic waste?

A

release ammonia from the gills and urine

572
Q

Which out of hystricomorphs and myomorphs have long gestation periods?

A

Hystricomorphs, myomorphs have short

573
Q

What does the pineal gland do in snakes?

A

Pineal gland

574
Q

Which rodent often doesn’t have descended testicles?

A

Chinchillas

575
Q

What is a normal life expectancy of a large parrot?

A

30-50 years

576
Q

What is the gestation length of gerbils?

A

23-26 days

577
Q

What can reduce rabbits gut motility significantly?

A

Gut motility

578
Q

What is the difference in cells in the stages of oestrus in rodents?

A

Proestrus- large round nucleated epithelial cells
Oestrus- flattened, no nucleus
Metoestrus/dioestrus- more WBCs

579
Q

How does air pass through the upper respiratory tract of birds?

A

Air drawn in through nares and travels through conches and paranasal sinuses

580
Q

What are the three layers of integument?

A

Stratum corneum, intermediate layer, stratum germinativum

581
Q

What kind of diets do lizards have?

A

Ominovers/ insectivores/herbivores

582
Q

What are the three functions of the skeletal system?

A

Respiration, Flight and egg production

583
Q

What order are psittacines in?

A

Psittaciformes

584
Q

Which species of reptiles don’t stop growing?

A

Chelonians, snakes, crocodiles

585
Q

What are the 2 sub orders of rodents containing pets?

A

Myomorpha (mouse, gerbils, hamsters)

Hysticomorpha (procupine, ginea pig)

586
Q

What affects structure of feet in birds

A

Lifestyle- perching, running, grasping

587
Q

What is the gestation length of mice?

A

19-21 days

588
Q

What are the suborders of the Squamata?

A

Serpentes- snakes
Lacertilia- lizards
Amphisbaena- worm lizards

589
Q

What can overhanding of young reptiles lead to?

A

Food refusal

590
Q

Why are ferrets prone to heat stroke?

A

No sweat glands

591
Q

How can budgies be sexed and how are they best kept?

A

Females have brown ceres
Males have blue ceres
Best kept in pairs

592
Q

What can be given to growing rabbits due to high protein and calcium?

A

Alfalfa

593
Q

What type of ovulators are ferrets?

A

Seasonal monoestrus, reflex ovulators

594
Q

What do the caecal contents leave as?

A

Caecotrophs

595
Q

What organ detects olfaction in reptiles?

A

Jacobsons organ

596
Q

What is the function of the magnum in birds reproductive tract?

A 
Egg white (albumin) develops around follicle/yolk
180 mins
597
Q

What order are crocodiles and alligators found in?

A

Crocodilia

598
Q

What organ do rats and horses lack?

A

Gall bladder

599
Q

What is the life expectancy of canaries and finches?

A

9-10 years- canaries

5-10 years- finches

600
Q

What is the upper and lower beak called?

A

Rhinotheca- upper

Gnathotheca- lower

601
Q

What is needed for mechanical, biological and chemical filtration?

A

Mechanical- filter matts, swirl filters, brushes, sand filters
Biological- bacteria to convert ammonia to nitrate, ammonia oxidising bacteria, nitrate oxidising bacteria (think a level biology)
Chemical- carbon granules, zeolites remove ammonia and are recharged, phosphate granules prevent algae

602
Q

What is the approximate weight of canaries and which sex usually only sings?

A

20g

Generally only males sing

603
Q

What do reptiles excrete as a product of the urinary system?

A

Uric acid

604
Q

How does dental disease occur in rabbits from the wrong diet?

A

High CHO low fibre diets causes elongation of crowns, causing teeth to touch at rest, this puts pressure onto the bone and makes chewing difficult, up and down chewing causes buccal spurs, jaws forced apart and incisor teeth wear incorrectly causing malocclusion and elongation

605
Q

What is unusual about renal portal system in reptiles?

A

External iliac veins enter a large renal portal vein therefore blood returning from the hindlimb enters kidneys and is filtered before returning to circulation

606
Q

What is the kingdom, plylum and class of reptiles?

A

Kingdom- animalia
Phylum- chordata
Class- reptile

607
Q

Where do cockatiels originate, what is their normal weight, life expectancy?

A

Originate from Australia
Weight 70-120g
Life ex 20 years

608
Q

How many recognises breeds of rabbits are there?

A

60

609
Q

Where can guinea pigs blood be taken venously?

A

Vena cava and jugular

610
Q

What controls the rate of a reptiles breathing?

A

Temperature

611
Q

What is the minimum enclosure size recommended?

A

6ft x 2ft x2ft plus access to an outdoor run of 8ft

612
Q

What controls ecdysis?

A

Thyroid gland

613
Q

What is recommended for housing of psittacines?

A

Cages should be square, with horizontal bands
Door large enough for parrot and hand
Non-toxic perches

614
Q

What are the most common colours of macaws?

A

Blue and gold, scarlet and green winged

615
Q

What are the three hair types on rabbits?

A

long guard hairs, short guard hairs, undercoat

616
Q

Where is the pancreas of birds found?

A

Duodenal loop

617
Q

Why are rodents teeth chisel shaped?

A

Hard enamel rostrally, soft enamel caudally when ground down forms chisel shape

618
Q

What is the rabbit breed which isn’t a hare?

A

Belgian hare

619
Q

Where is the epiglottis relative to soft palate in rabbits?

A

Rostral

620
Q

What enzyme does rabbits SI secrete?

A

Motilin

621
Q

How is food moved through a snakes body?

A

Axial muscles

622
Q

What is the function of down feathers?

A

Provide insulation

623
Q

What does the metabolism of reptiles depend on?

A

Diet, size, species, body temp

624
Q

Where are snakes kidneys located?

A

dorsal caudal abdomen

625
Q

What is behavioural fever in reptiles?

A

Sick reptiles will seek out higher temperatures

626
Q

Which region of the cloaca receives ureters and produces of reproductive tract?

A

Urodeum

627
Q

Why is a hygiene important for rabbits?

A

Can predispose to flystrike/myiasis, pododermatitis, respiratory disease

628
Q

How is the mixing go blood in reptiles heart minimised?

A

Muscular chamber divisions and timing of contractions

629
Q

Where is the liver of a bird located?

A

caudal to heart (no diaphragm) close to spleen and proventriculus

630
Q

How long is a rabbits gestation?

A

30-33 days

631
Q

How do you sex a snake?

A

Probe cloaca- bigger in males
Eversion of hemipenes
Tail base broader in males
Males have larger spurs

632
Q

How can rabbits increase caecotrophy?

A

Hight fibre, low protein diet

633
Q

What is a ‘generalist’ and what impact does that have on husbandry?

A

Able to adapt to a wide range of environments/conditions

Typically wide ranging broad diet

634
Q

What is ecdysis?

A

Shedding of old skin

635
Q

Describe the nitrogen cycle in aquaria?

A

Food eater
Fish water contains ammonia
Excess food and decomposing plant matter release NH3
ammonia oxidising bacteria- NH3 to nitrite
nitrite oxidising bacteria- nitrite to nitrate

Year 2 NSF (16 decks)

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