Higher Cortical Function 2

Question 1

They parvocellular stream processing involves pathways from the ______ and projects to the _____.

Answer 1

1. Lateral geniculate nucleus
2. Inferior temporal region

Question 2

The ______ processes color, high-resolution shape, and face recognition

Answer 2

parvocellular stream (the “where” stream)

Question 3

What is the result of a lesion of the middle temporal cortex?

Answer 3

Loss of appreciation of motion of objects (people appear to teleport from place to place and objects going from far to near)

Question 4

The middle temporal cortex is vital to detection of _____ (2).

Answer 4

moving edges and the appreciation of motion

(magnocellular pathway - the “where” stram)

Question 5

Define blindsight as it relates to damage to the magnocellular pathway

Answer 5

Damage to the genicular striate pathways will cause patients to demonstrate perception of movements and illumination without conscious vision

(they can detect objects without actually knowing where it is)

Question 6

List two clinical syndromes related to damage of the parvocellular pathway

Answer 6

1. Prosopagnosia
2. Cerebral Acromatopsia

Question 7

Prosopagnosia is due to lesions of the ______ & ______.

Answer 7

bilateral lesions of the inferior temporal gyrus and parts of the fusiform gyrus

(can’t recognize faces; damage to the parvocellular pathway)

Question 8

Cerebral achromatopsia is due to lesions of the _______.

Answer 8

Lesion of the V4 location of the fusiform gyrus

(color blindness; damage to the parvocellular pathway)

Question 9

Damage to the visual motor pathway will lead to ______ syndrome.

Answer 9

Balint syndrome: bilateral lesions of the parietal occipital Junction

Question 10

Balint syndrome: triad of issues

Answer 10

1. Optic apraxia
2. Optic ataxia
3. Simultagnosia

(damage to visual motor pathway)

Question 11

Optic Apraxia

Answer 11

Loss of eye movement control

(part of balint syndrome)

Question 12

Optic ataxia

Answer 12

Poorly visually guided movements and ability to point at objects

Question 13

Simultagnosia

Answer 13

Inability to perceive the entire visual field

Question 14

Non-dominant parietal lesions: deficits (2)

Answer 14

1. Disruption of spatial relationships
2. Contralateral neglect syndrome

Question 15

Damage to the prefrontal cortex causes a change in _______.

Answer 15

judgment, foresight, purpose, responsibility, and social propriety

Question 16

Deficits resulting from damage to the left hemisphere of the frontal lobes

Answer 16

• Higher incidence of depression with left hemispheric lesions

(Left hemisphere is Laughing/happy and Right hemisphere is moRose)

Question 17

Deficits resulting from damage to the right hemisphere of the frontal lobes

Answer 17

inappropriately cheery disposition

(normal function: Left hemisphere is Laughing/happy and Right hemisphere is moRose)

Question 18

Many components constitute a neural system that supports language function. As part of this system, the _______ structures are essential for language implementation.

Answer 18

perisylvian

(These areas interface with a distributed system for encoding conceptual knowledge in order to associate word forms with meaning)

Question 19

Broca’s area which is responsible for ____ and Wernicke’s area that is responsible for _____ are linked by the _____.

Answer 19

• motor speech
• language comprehension
• arcuate fasciculus

Question 20

Reading a word involves transfer information from the visual cortex to the ______.

Answer 20

angular gyrus

Question 21

Constructional apraxia

Answer 21

abnormal picture drawing

Question 22

Differentiate between sensory loss and extinction.

Answer 22

• Extinction means they aren’t attending to one side when multiple stimuli are applied.
• Sensory deficit, they can’t register unilateral stimuli (on one side).

(When you test the somatosensory system, they can identify stimulus was applied. but if you apply bilateral stimulus, they would only register one side.)

Question 23

Anosognosia

Answer 23

Lack of awareness of illness despite significant deficits

(could be extreme illness; not to be confused with prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces)

Question 24

Which types of aphasia has intact comprehension (3)?

Answer 24

1. Transcortical
2. Conduction
3. Brocha’s

Question 25

Pronator drift positive test

Answer 25

patient stands w/ eyes closed & arms out front → positive test if one wrist pronates

Question 26

Pronator drift indicates ________ weakness

Answer 26

pyramidal

Question 27

If there is forehead sparing, is the lesion UMN or LMN?

Answer 27

UMN

(forehead receives bilateral innervation)

Question 28

What is the major difference between transcortical motor and Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 28

Broca’s

(unable to repeat after you)

Question 29

What is a common feature in all types of aphasia?

Answer 29

anomia

(last thing to recover as well)

Question 30

Why would you see weakness in a patient w/Broca’s aphasia?

Answer 30

motor cortex representing the upper extremity is right next to Broca’s area

Question 31

What is a key difference between Wernicke’s Aphagia and Transcortical sensory aphagia?

Answer 31

TCA has intact repetition

Question 32

Which area of the brain handles arythmatic?

Answer 32

left hemisphere

Question 33

Finger agnosia

Answer 33

the inability to identify one’s fingers or fingers on a diagram

Question 34

How can you differentiate between anomia and finger agnosia when examining a patient?

Answer 34

test other objects & see if they can identify it.

Question 35

Define Gerstmann’s syndrome occurs after ______ that affect the ____.

Answer 35

• Strokes
• Dominant parietal cortex

Question 36

4 features of Gerstmann Syndrome

Answer 36

1. agraphia
2. finger agnosia
3. R/L confusion
4. arythmatic problems (acalculia)

Question 37

What area of the brain is Gerstmann Syndrome involved with?

Answer 37

Dominant parietal cortex, angular gyrus

(Rare disease. may look like Wernicke’s or Transcortical Sensory)

Question 38

Define R/L confusion

Answer 38

They have difficulty identifying right and left side of their body

(to test this, ask them to point to different parts of their body on the R, then the L and point to parts of your body on R and then L)