Higher Cortical Function 2 Flashcards
They parvocellular stream processing involves pathways from the ______ and projects to the _____.
- Lateral geniculate nucleus
- Inferior temporal region
The ______ processes color, high-resolution shape, and face recognition
parvocellular stream (the “where” stream)
What is the result of a lesion of the middle temporal cortex?
Loss of appreciation of motion of objects (people appear to teleport from place to place and objects going from far to near)
The middle temporal cortex is vital to detection of _____ (2).
moving edges and the appreciation of motion
(magnocellular pathway - the “where” stram)
Define blindsight as it relates to damage to the magnocellular pathway
Damage to the genicular striate pathways will cause patients to demonstrate perception of movements and illumination without conscious vision
(they can detect objects without actually knowing where it is)
List two clinical syndromes related to damage of the parvocellular pathway
- Prosopagnosia
- Cerebral Acromatopsia
Prosopagnosia is due to lesions of the ______ & ______.
bilateral lesions of the inferior temporal gyrus and parts of the fusiform gyrus
(can’t recognize faces; damage to the parvocellular pathway)
Cerebral achromatopsia is due to lesions of the _______.
Lesion of the V4 location of the fusiform gyrus
(color blindness; damage to the parvocellular pathway)
Damage to the visual motor pathway will lead to ______ syndrome.
Balint syndrome: bilateral lesions of the parietal occipital Junction
Balint syndrome: triad of issues
- Optic apraxia
- Optic ataxia
- Simultagnosia
(damage to visual motor pathway)
Optic Apraxia
Loss of eye movement control
(part of balint syndrome)
Optic ataxia
Poorly visually guided movements and ability to point at objects
Simultagnosia
Inability to perceive the entire visual field
Non-dominant parietal lesions: deficits (2)
- Disruption of spatial relationships
- Contralateral neglect syndrome
Damage to the prefrontal cortex causes a change in _______.
judgment, foresight, purpose, responsibility, and social propriety
Deficits resulting from damage to the left hemisphere of the frontal lobes
- Higher incidence of depression with left hemispheric lesions
(Left hemisphere is Laughing/happy and Right hemisphere is moRose)
Deficits resulting from damage to the right hemisphere of the frontal lobes
inappropriately cheery disposition
(normal function: Left hemisphere is Laughing/happy and Right hemisphere is moRose)
Many components constitute a neural system that supports language function. As part of this system, the _______ structures are essential for language implementation.
perisylvian
(These areas interface with a distributed system for encoding conceptual knowledge in order to associate word forms with meaning)
Broca’s area which is responsible for ____ and Wernicke’s area that is responsible for _____ are linked by the _____.
- motor speech
- language comprehension
- arcuate fasciculus
Reading a word involves transfer information from the visual cortex to the ______.
angular gyrus
Constructional apraxia
abnormal picture drawing
Differentiate between sensory loss and extinction.
- Extinction means they aren’t attending to one side when multiple stimuli are applied.
- Sensory deficit, they can’t register unilateral stimuli (on one side).
(When you test the somatosensory system, they can identify stimulus was applied. but if you apply bilateral stimulus, they would only register one side.)
Anosognosia
Lack of awareness of illness despite significant deficits
(could be extreme illness; not to be confused with prosopagnosia: inability to recognize faces)
Which types of aphasia has intact comprehension (3)?
- Transcortical
- Conduction
- Brocha’s
Pronator drift positive test
patient stands w/ eyes closed & arms out front → positive test if one wrist pronates
Pronator drift indicates ________ weakness
pyramidal
If there is forehead sparing, is the lesion UMN or LMN?
UMN
(forehead receives bilateral innervation)
What is the major difference between transcortical motor and Broca’s aphasia?
Broca’s
(unable to repeat after you)
What is a common feature in all types of aphasia?
anomia
(last thing to recover as well)
Why would you see weakness in a patient w/Broca’s aphasia?
motor cortex representing the upper extremity is right next to Broca’s area
What is a key difference between Wernicke’s Aphagia and Transcortical sensory aphagia?
TCA has intact repetition
Which area of the brain handles arythmatic?
left hemisphere
Finger agnosia
the inability to identify one’s fingers or fingers on a diagram
How can you differentiate between anomia and finger agnosia when examining a patient?
test other objects & see if they can identify it.
Define Gerstmann’s syndrome occurs after ______ that affect the ____.
- Strokes
- Dominant parietal cortex
4 features of Gerstmann Syndrome
- agraphia
- finger agnosia
- R/L confusion
- arythmatic problems (acalculia)
What area of the brain is Gerstmann Syndrome involved with?
Dominant parietal cortex, angular gyrus
(Rare disease. may look like Wernicke’s or Transcortical Sensory)
Define R/L confusion
They have difficulty identifying right and left side of their body
(to test this, ask them to point to different parts of their body on the R, then the L and point to parts of your body on R and then L)
