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OMS - 2 Neuro Final > Basic Eye Disorders 1 > Flashcards

Basic Eye Disorders 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Cataracts affects which population?

A

1 in 2 elderly

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2
Q

Cataract is due to _____ damage to the lens proteins that reduce _____.

A
  • oxidative
  • solubility

(insoluble OPACITIES form in otherwise transparent tissue)

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3
Q

In cataract, ________ w/in lens causes clouding of vision and progressive vision loss.

A

protein clumping (coagulation and crystallization)

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4
Q

Senile cataracts is _______ (unilateral/bilateral) and has a ______ appearance.

A
  • unilateral or bilateral
  • radial
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5
Q

Cataracts has 3 main pathophysiologic causes*** (***different than risk factors; see chronic vision loss)

(other than idiopathic)

A
  1. congenital/viral
  2. chromosomopathy (trisomy 21)
  3. inborn error of metabolism
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6
Q

First dx test done if you suspect cataracts

A

pin hole

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7
Q

pin hole test

A

visual acuity chart through a pin hole, if it improves then nothing wrong w/ macula or retina.

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8
Q

How is cataracts dx?

A

Examining fundus: reduced or obstructed red reflex

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9
Q

Diabetic retinopathy occurs in almost all ______ patients and the majority of _____ patients

A
  • DMT1
  • DMT2
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10
Q

Diabetic retinopathy affects 1 in _____.

A

2,500

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11
Q

______ are particularly affected by increased blood sugar and lose the ability to auto-regulate.

A

Vascular pericytes

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12
Q

hemorrhage over the macula will lead to _______.

A

sudden vision loss

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13
Q

What causes cotton-whool spots?

A

retinal capillaries infarct → hypoxia

(possibly infarct of neuron → mitochondrial accumulation at the swollen ends)

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14
Q

neovascularization (diabetic retinopathy) is the result of _______.

A

ischemia

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15
Q

What is the main difference in proliferative vs. non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy

A

neovascularization

(proliferative can hemorrhage→visualized with green slit)

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16
Q

diabetic retinopathy occurs 10-15 years after dx, and chronic retinal problems can lead to ________.

A

retinal detachment → sudden vision loss

(TQ!!)

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17
Q

visual acuity in patients with diabetic retinopathy depends on ______.

A

involvement of the macula

18
Q

Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy is treated with _______; proliferative is treated with ________.

A
  • surgery (temp. improvement)
  • anti-VEGF
19
Q

How do you measure the anterior chamber depth

A

ophthalmoscopy: measure the distance between the iris reaction and the cornea

20
Q

a shallow anterior chamber indicates ________.

A

glaucoma

21
Q

3 Most common causes of red eye

A
  1. Keratoconjunctivitis
  2. uveitis
  3. Acute Glaucoma (side of face hurts, medical emergency)
22
Q

Who does closed angle glaucoma affect (2)

A
  1. asians
  2. pts w/hyperopia
23
Q

MC cause of viral conjunctivitis and kerititis

A

adenovirus

(also HSV & VZV)

24
Q

Cobblestoning of the conjunctiva, watery discharge and an abrupt onset indicates ________.

A

viral conjunctivitis

25
Q

Eosinophils are found in _____ (allergic/bacterial) conjunctivitis and keratitis; neutrophils are found in ________ (allergic/bacterial).

A
  • allergic
  • bacterial
26
Q

herpes keratoconjunctivitis usually affects which population?

A
  1. children
  2. neonates
27
Q

Hutchinson sign

A

lesions on nose, related to herpes zoster conjunctivitis and keratitis

28
Q

________ (microbe) seen in patients who use tap water to clean their contacts

A

acanthamoeba

29
Q

MC cause of vision loss in the elderly?

A

dry macular edema

(1 in 40 white females)

30
Q

Macular degeneration is always ______ (unilateral/bilateral)

A

bilateral

31
Q

How are drusen visualized on fundoscopic exam?

A

green light filters out red, blue filters out yellow

32
Q

Dry macular degeneration presents with ______ (slow/sudden) vision loss

A

slow

33
Q

Dry form of macular degeneration is due to idiopathic _________.

A

disintegration of retinal pigment epithelium & loss of overlying photoreceptors

34
Q

Wet form of macular degeration is ________(slow/sudden)

A

can be either progressive or sudden

35
Q

Patient states, “I see worse in the middle of my vision.” What do you suspect?

A

Wet form of macular degeneration

36
Q

Lack of visual acuity w/pinhole indicates _______ involvement.

A

retina

(seen in wet form of macular degeneration)

37
Q

Optic neuritis is strongly associated with _______ (diz)

A

MS

(precedes MS by a few years)

38
Q

optic neuritis may simulate ____(diz).

A

glaucoma

39
Q

optic neuritis presents with ____ (2) due to inflammation of the optic nerve.

A
  1. papilledema
  2. pale white disc where margin is obscured
40
Q

A woman comes in with numbness in her arm, a headache and has papilledema. Dx?

A

optic neuritis

41
Q

Head MRI of a patient with optic neuritis may reveal ______.

A

optic nerve demyelination

OMS - 2 Neuro Final (36 decks)

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