Higher Cortical Function

Question 1

Define aphasia

Answer 1

• a disturbance of language function in the comprehension and formulation of language, not of hearing, vision, or motor control.
• Cannot form words, cannot understand words

Question 2

Define paraphagia

Answer 2

Production of an incorrect word instead of or in addition to a Target word

(ex; Telophone → lelophone or apple → papple)

Question 3

Define neologism

Answer 3

Type of paraphasic errors where a novel word is produced

(ex: when responding to a person asking a command they may say, “Goobgoob.” in response)

Question 4

Define prosody

Answer 4

• The melodic Contour of speech
• To speak in prose

Question 5

Define anomia

Answer 5

Difficulty in the acquisition of names to objects

(ex: person can see a ball and may even know what a ball does but cannot dictate that they have a ball)

Question 6

Dominant hemisphere

Answer 6

Primary cerebral hemisphere for control of language

Question 7

The vast majority of people process language in the _____ hemisphere.

Answer 7

Left

(Language is in the Left hemisphere)

The right cerebral hemisphere is this the non-dominant hemisphere

Question 8

Damage to the superior posterior temporal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus can lead to ______.

Answer 8

Aprosadia

Question 9

Define aprosadia

Answer 9

loss of vocal tone and/or emotion (monotone)

Question 10

Spatial relationships and related selective attentions are found in the _____ hemisphere.

Answer 10

right

(whereas language is found in the left hemisphere)

Question 11

Define contralateral neglect

Answer 11

Patients with damage to the right parietal association complex that they become completely unaware of objects and events on the left side of their body.

Question 12

In contralateral neglect, the un-neglected side will be _______ (ipsilateral/contralateral) to the side of the lesion.

Answer 12

ipsilateral

(They will be unable to manipulate objects in space. Loss of function with spatial surroundings)

Question 13

Expressive aphasia signs and symptoms (4)

Answer 13

1. Loss of the ability to speak fluently
2. Difficulty writing (agraphia)
3. Frustration and use of expletives
4. Contralateral motor signs and symptoms

Question 14

Describe the contralateral motor signs and symptoms of expressive aphasia

Answer 14

Weakness of the right lower part of the face
Lateral deviation of the tongue
Weakness of right arm

(this is indicative of a more proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (M₁)

Question 15

Expressive Aphasia lesion location

Answer 15

Inferior frontal gyrus of the hemisphere

Question 16

Most common reason for lesions of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere (expressive aphasia)

Answer 16

Tumors and occlusions of the M₄ branches of the middle cerebral artery

Question 17

Expressive Aphasia is also known as _____ (2).

Answer 17

1. Broca’s aphasia
2. Nonfluent aphasia

Question 18

Receptive aphasia is also known as ______ (2)

Answer 18

1. Wernicke’s aphasia
2. Fluent aphasia

Question 19

Receptive aphasia signs and symptoms (4)

Answer 19

1. Loss of the ability to comprehend speech, NOT in expression
2. Fluent paraphasic speech
3. Alexia (unable to read)
4. Agraphia (unable to write)

(they are less aware of their issue, it sounds right to that)

Question 20

Receptive aphasia location of lesion

Answer 20

• Supramarginal and angular gyri (BA 37, 39 & 40)
• Posterior Superior temporal gyrus (BA22) of the left hemisphere

Question 21

Most common reason for receptive aphasia

Answer 21

Occlusion of the temporal and parietal M₄ branch of the cerebral artery

Question 22

Conduction Aphasia signs and symptoms

Answer 22

• Impaired naming and repetition with intact comprehension
• Difficulty translating what someone says to a reply

Question 23

Conduction aphasia lesion location

Answer 23

Arcuate fasciculus: connecting fibers between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

Question 24

Global Aphasia signs and symptoms

Answer 24

Complete loss of comprehension and expression

Question 25

Global Aphasia lesion location

Answer 25

Occlusion of proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery M₁

Question 26

Transcortical aphasia: 2 types

Answer 26

Sensory and motor aphasia

Question 27

Transcortical motor Aphasia signs and symptoms

Answer 27

1. Nonfluent
2. Effortful speech
3. Comprehension preserved

(Similar to Broca’s aphasia but with the ability to repeat verbatim)

Question 28

Transcortical Sensory Aphasia signs and symptoms

Answer 28

• Fluid speech
• Impaired comprehension

Similar to Wernicke’s Aphasia except verbatim repetition is relatively spared

Question 29

Alexia with agraphia is associated with a lesion of the ______.

Answer 29

Dominant angular gyrus (aphasia may be mild or absent)

Question 30

Alexia without Agraphia signs and symptoms

Answer 30

1. Pure word blindness
2. Can write, but is unable to understand what their writing is
3. Right hemianopia
4. Color agnosia

Question 31

Alexia without Agraphia lesion locations

Answer 31

1. Left visual cortex left visual cortex
2. Splenium of the corpus callosum

Question 32

What are the 2 anatomical structures involved in higher cortical function?

Answer 32

1. Magnocellular Stream (aka The “Where” Path)
2. Parvocellular stream (aka The “What” Path)

Question 33

They magnocellular stream processing involves pathways from the ______ (2)

Answer 33

lateral geniculate through the pulvinar

(The “where” path)

Question 34

Where is the processing of where an object is in the visual field along with the position, motion, and depth of the object in space?

Answer 34

The magnocellular Stream (the “where” path)

Question 35

The _______ provides higher functions of navigation, directing eye movements and motion perception.

Answer 35

Magnocellular pathway