Higher Cortical Function Flashcards
Define aphasia
- a disturbance of language function in the comprehension and formulation of language, not of hearing, vision, or motor control.
- Cannot form words, cannot understand words
Define paraphagia
Production of an incorrect word instead of or in addition to a Target word
(ex; Telophone → lelophone or apple → papple)
Define neologism
Type of paraphasic errors where a novel word is produced
(ex: when responding to a person asking a command they may say, “Goobgoob.” in response)
Define prosody
- The melodic Contour of speech
- To speak in prose
Define anomia
Difficulty in the acquisition of names to objects
(ex: person can see a ball and may even know what a ball does but cannot dictate that they have a ball)
Dominant hemisphere
Primary cerebral hemisphere for control of language
The vast majority of people process language in the _____ hemisphere.
Left
(Language is in the Left hemisphere)
The right cerebral hemisphere is this the non-dominant hemisphere
Damage to the superior posterior temporal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus can lead to ______.
Aprosadia
Define aprosadia
loss of vocal tone and/or emotion (monotone)
Spatial relationships and related selective attentions are found in the _____ hemisphere.
right
(whereas language is found in the left hemisphere)
Define contralateral neglect
Patients with damage to the right parietal association complex that they become completely unaware of objects and events on the left side of their body.
In contralateral neglect, the un-neglected side will be _______ (ipsilateral/contralateral) to the side of the lesion.
ipsilateral
(They will be unable to manipulate objects in space. Loss of function with spatial surroundings)
Expressive aphasia signs and symptoms (4)
- Loss of the ability to speak fluently
- Difficulty writing (agraphia)
- Frustration and use of expletives
- Contralateral motor signs and symptoms
Describe the contralateral motor signs and symptoms of expressive aphasia
Weakness of the right lower part of the face
Lateral deviation of the tongue
Weakness of right arm
(this is indicative of a more proximal occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (M1)
Expressive Aphasia lesion location
Inferior frontal gyrus of the hemisphere
Most common reason for lesions of the inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere (expressive aphasia)
Tumors and occlusions of the M4 branches of the middle cerebral artery
Expressive Aphasia is also known as _____ (2).
- Broca’s aphasia
- Nonfluent aphasia
Receptive aphasia is also known as ______ (2)
- Wernicke’s aphasia
- Fluent aphasia
Receptive aphasia signs and symptoms (4)
- Loss of the ability to comprehend speech, NOT in expression
- Fluent paraphasic speech
- Alexia (unable to read)
- Agraphia (unable to write)
(they are less aware of their issue, it sounds right to that)
Receptive aphasia location of lesion
- Supramarginal and angular gyri (BA 37, 39 & 40)
- Posterior Superior temporal gyrus (BA22) of the left hemisphere
Most common reason for receptive aphasia
Occlusion of the temporal and parietal M4 branch of the cerebral artery
Conduction Aphasia signs and symptoms
- Impaired naming and repetition with intact comprehension
- Difficulty translating what someone says to a reply
Conduction aphasia lesion location
Arcuate fasciculus: connecting fibers between Broca’s and Wernicke’s area
Global Aphasia signs and symptoms
Complete loss of comprehension and expression
Global Aphasia lesion location
Occlusion of proximal parts of the middle cerebral artery M1
Transcortical aphasia: 2 types
Sensory and motor aphasia
Transcortical motor Aphasia signs and symptoms
- Nonfluent
- Effortful speech
- Comprehension preserved
(Similar to Broca’s aphasia but with the ability to repeat verbatim)
Transcortical Sensory Aphasia signs and symptoms
- Fluid speech
- Impaired comprehension
Similar to Wernicke’s Aphasia except verbatim repetition is relatively spared
Alexia with agraphia is associated with a lesion of the ______.
Dominant angular gyrus (aphasia may be mild or absent)
Alexia without Agraphia signs and symptoms
- Pure word blindness
- Can write, but is unable to understand what their writing is
- Right hemianopia
- Color agnosia
Alexia without Agraphia lesion locations
- Left visual cortex left visual cortex
- Splenium of the corpus callosum
What are the 2 anatomical structures involved in higher cortical function?
- Magnocellular Stream (aka The “Where” Path)
- Parvocellular stream (aka The “What” Path)
They magnocellular stream processing involves pathways from the ______ (2)
lateral geniculate through the pulvinar
(The “where” path)
Where is the processing of where an object is in the visual field along with the position, motion, and depth of the object in space?
The magnocellular Stream (the “where” path)
The _______ provides higher functions of navigation, directing eye movements and motion perception.
Magnocellular pathway
