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Zoo grade 12 > Hh- immunity ncert > Flashcards

Hh- immunity ncert Flashcards

1
Q

Everyday we are exposed to — number of —–

A

Large
Infectious agents

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2
Q

Only few encounters with infectious agents result in disease because the body is able to ____ from most of these ____

A

Defend itself
Foreign agents

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3
Q

Define immunity

A

The overall ability of the host to fight the disease causing orgs conferred by the immune system

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4
Q

Types of immunity

A

Innate and acquired

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5
Q

Innate immunity is —– type of defence, that is present at the —-

A

Non specific type
Time of birth

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6
Q

Innate immunity is accomplished by providing diff types of —– to the —– into our body

A

Barriers
Entry of foreign agents

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7
Q

Main physical barrier which prevents entry of microorganisms is

A

Skin

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8
Q

Function of skin

A

Prevents entry of microorganisms

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9
Q

—- coating of —– lining the —-,—–,—– tracts also help in trapping the microbes entering the body

A

Mucous
Epithelium
Respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital

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10
Q

Skin prevents —- of microbes while mucus lining —- microbes.. and physiological barriers prevent —-

A
  • Entry
  • Traps entered microbes
  • Prevents growth
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11
Q

Physiological barriers include:

A
  1. Acid from stomach
  2. Salivary in mouth
  3. Tears from eyes
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12
Q

Cellular barriers have certain types of —-

A

Leukocytes

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13
Q

Leukocytes in cellular barriers (blood) :

A
  • PMNL (Polymorphonuclear leukocyte) –> neutrophils
  • monocytes
  • natural killer cells (type of lymphocyte)
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14
Q

Cellular barriers in tissues:

A

Macrophages

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15
Q

Cellular barriers can —- and —- microbes

A

Phagocytose and destroy

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15
Q

PMNL is

A

Neutrophils

Polymorphonuclear leukocyte

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16
Q

Only type of lymphocyte present in cellular barriers

A

Natural killer cells

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17
Q

Cytokine barriers are secreted by

A

Virus infected cells

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18
Q

Virus infected cells secrete — called —- which protect non infected cells from —

A

Proteins called interferons

Further viral infection

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19
Q

Acquired immunity is pathogen —-

A

Specific

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20
Q

Acquired immunity is characterized by

A

Memory

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21
Q

When our body encounters a pathogen for the first time, it produces—

A

A response called primary response

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22
Q

Primary response is of — intensity

A

Low

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23
Q

Subsequent encounter with —– elicits a highly —– secondary response (—– response)

A

Same pathogen
Intensified
Anamnestic

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24
Q

—– is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory of the first encounter

A

Anamnestic response

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25
Q

Primary and secondary responses are carried out with the help of

A

2 special type of lymphocyte present in BLOOD-
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes

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26
Q

B lymphocytes produce —- (—-) in response to pathogen into our — to fight with them

A

An army of proteins - antibodies

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27
Q

The T cells also secrete antibodies. T/F

A

False
They only help B cells in producing antibodies

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28
Q

Each antibody molecule has —— chains

A

4 peptide
(2small- light, 2long- heavy)

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29
Q

An antibody is represented as

A

H2L2

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30
Q

1 antibody has —- antigen binding sites

A

2

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31
Q

Number of disulphide bonds:
1. On each heavy
2. On each light
3. In bw 2 heavy
4. Bw light and heavy

A
  1. 4
  2. 2
  3. 2
  4. 1
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32
Q

Types of antibodies produced in our body

A

IgA, M, E, G

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33
Q

Antibody mediated response is called —– as antibodies are found in the —

A

Humoral immunity
Blood

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34
Q

Types of acquired immunity

A

Humoral (antibody mediated)
And
Cell mediated

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35
Q

—-mediated cell mediated immunity

A

T lymphocytes

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36
Q

VERY OFTEN when human organs like —-,—-,—-,—- fail to function satisfactorily , — is the ONLY remedy to enable the patient to live a normal life

A

Heart, kidney, liver , eyes
Transplantation

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37
Q

Grafts from any source: —-,—–,—– cannot be made since grafts would be —- sooner or later

A

Animal, another primate or any human being
Rejected

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38
Q

—– and —– are essential before undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this the patient has to take —— ALL THORIGH LIFE

A

Tissue matching and blood group matching

Immunosuppresants

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39
Q

the body is able differentiate between —- and —-

A

Self and non self cells

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40
Q

—– is responsible for graft rejection

A

CMI

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41
Q

When host is exposed to antigens (—- or — microbes or other —-) antibodies are produced in the host body called ____

A

Living or dead microbes
or other proteins
Active immunity

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42
Q

—– immunity is slow and takes time to give —– response

A

Active, full effective

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43
Q

Injecting microbes deliberately during —– or infectious agents gaining access into the body during —– induces active immunity

A

Immunisation
Natural infection

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44
Q

Def of passive immunity

A

When ready made antibodies are directly given to protect body against foreign agents

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45
Q

Mother’s milk considered essential for the —–

A

New born infant

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46
Q

a —- fluid called —- is secreted during —– of lactation, has abundant —– to protect the INFANT

A

Yellowish
Coloustrum
Initial days
Antibodies- IgA

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47
Q

The —- also receives some antibodies from their mother through — during pregnancy

A

Foetus
Placenta

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48
Q

The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on

A

Property of memory of immune system

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49
Q

In vaccination, a preparation of ——- of pathogen or —— pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body

A

Antigenic proteins
Inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine)

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50
Q

The antibodies produced in the body against these induced antigens would neutralize pathogenic agents during —–

A

actual infection

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51
Q

Vaccines generate memory B and memory Tcells
T/F

A

True

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52
Q

Memory B and T cells recognise the pathogen quickly on —– and overwhelm the invaders with —-

A

Subsequent exposure
Massive production of antibodies

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53
Q

If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which —– is req, as in —-, we need to inject preformed antibodies or —— (preparation containing antibodies to the toxin)

A

quick immune response
Tetanus
Antitoxin

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54
Q

Injection containing preformed antibodies (— immunity) against —- is also given to cases of —- bites

A

Passive immunity

Snake venom
Snake 🐍 bite

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55
Q

—– has allowed the production of — of pathogen in BACTERIA OR YEAST

A

Recombinant DNA technology
Antigenic polypeptides

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56
Q

Vaccines produced through recombinant DNA technology allows —– and hence greater —- for immunization

A

Large scale production
Availability

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57
Q

Hepatitis — vaccine is produced from —-

A

B
Yeast

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58
Q

Sudden sneezing or wheezing in a new place due to no explained reason and vanishing of its symptoms once we are back is due to —-

A

Allergy

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59
Q

Some of us are —- to some —- in the environment

A

Sensitive, particles

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60
Q

Allergy can be to: — and — which are diff in diff areas

A

Pollens
Mites

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61
Q

Def allergy

A

Exaggerated response of the immune system to certain ANTIGENS present in the environment

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62
Q

What is an allergen?

A

Substance to which an immune response is produced

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63
Q

Antibodies produced during allergy

A

IgE

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64
Q

Common examples of allergens:

A

Dust
Pollens
Animal dander

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65
Q

Symptoms of allergic reactions:

A
  1. Watery eyes
  2. Sneezing 🤧
  3. Running nose
  4. Difficulty in breathing
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66
Q

Allergy is due to release of chemical like — and — from ,—– cells

A

Histamine and serotonin

Mast cells

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67
Q

For determining cause of allergy, the patient is exposed to or — with v small dose of various possible —- and the reans are studied

A

Injected with
Allergens

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68
Q

Use of drugs like —,—-,—- QUICKLY reduce symptoms of allergy

A

Antihistamine
Adrenaline
Steroids

69
Q

Somehow —– has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to —

A

Modern day lifestyle
Allergens

70
Q

More and more children from —- of India suffer from —- and —- due to sensitivity to the environment

A

Metro cities
Allergies and asthma

71
Q

Memory based acquired immunity evolved in —– based on the ability to differentiate —– from —-

A

Higher vertebrates
Foreign cells (pathogens) from self cells

72
Q

While the basis of memory is not yet understood, two corollaries —- and —- have been understood

A
  1. Higher vertebrates can distinguish foreign organisms as well as foreign particles
  2. Due to genetically unknown reasons, body attacked self cells
73
Q

Most of the experimental immunology deals with

A

Ability of immune system in higher vertebrates to distinguish between foreign organisms and particles

74
Q

Body attacking self cells leads to damage and is called

A

Auto immune disease

75
Q

—- which affects maany people in the society is an autoimmune disease

A

Rheumatoid arthritis

76
Q

Human immune system consists of

A

Lymphoid organs, tissues and soluble molecules like antibodies

77
Q

Antibodies are —- molecules

A

Soluble

78
Q

Immune system is unique in the sense that it —-,—- and —– foreign antigens

A

Recognises, responds and remembers then

79
Q

Immune system also plays an imp role in —,—–,—-

A

Allergic reans, autoimmune diseases, transplantation

80
Q

Lymphoid organs are where —- and/or —— of LYMOHOCYTES occur

A

origin
Maturation and proliferation

81
Q

Primary lymphoid organs are

A

Bone marrow and RBcs

82
Q

In primary lymphoid organs, —— differentiate into —–

A

Immature lymphocytes to antigen sensitive lymphocytes

83
Q

After maturation in primary lymphoid organs, the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like

A

Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyers patches of SMALL INTESTINE, and appendix

84
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs provide sites for —– which then proliferate to become —–

A

Interaction of lymphocytes with antigen
Effector cells

85
Q

The —– is the main lymphoid organs where ALL —– including lymphocytes are produced

A

Bone marrow
blood cells

86
Q

The thymus is a —- organ located near the — and beneath the —–

A

Loned
Near heart and beneath breastbone

87
Q

The thymus is —– at time of birth and by the time of puberty —-

A

Quite large
It reduces to a very small size

88
Q

Bone marrow and thymus provide —– for dev of and maturation of —-

A

Micro environment for Development and Maturation of T lymphocytes

89
Q

The spleen is —-,—- shaped organ

A

Large
Bean shaped

90
Q

Spleen mainly consists

A

LYMPHOCYTES and PHAGOCYTES

91
Q

—- acts as a filter of blood by trapping —- microorganisms

A

Spleen
Bloodborne

92
Q

Spleen has a large reserve of —-

A

Erythrocytes (RBcs)

93
Q

Lymih nodes are —,—- structures located at diff points in the —–

A

Small, solid
Lymphatic system

94
Q

—– serve to trap the microorganisms or other antigens which happen to get in the lymph and tissue fluid

A

Lymph nodes

95
Q

—- trapped in lymph nodes is responsible for activation of —- present there and cause immune response

A

Antigens
Lymphocytes

96
Q

There is a lymphoid tissue also located within the lining of —– tracts (—,—-,—) called —

A

Major
Respiratory, digestive, urogenital

MALT- Mucosa Associated Lymphoid tissues

97
Q

MALT consititutes —- of lymphoid tissues in the body

A

50%

98
Q

AIDS stands for

A

Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome

99
Q

—- indicates aids is not a conventional disease

A

That it is acquired during lifetime

100
Q

Syndrome means

A

Group of symptoms

101
Q

Aids was first reported in —-

A

1981

102
Q

In the last —– years or so, it has spread all over the world killing more than —- persons

A

25 years or so
25 Million

103
Q

Aids is caused by

A

HIV
Human immuno deficiency virus.

104
Q

HIV isa member of a group of viruses called —- which have —-

A

Retrovirus

Envelope enclosing RNA genome

105
Q

Transmission of HiV is through

A
  1. Sexual contact with infected persons
  2. Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
  3. Sharing infected needles as incase of intravenous drug abusers
  4. From infected mother to her CHILD through placenta
106
Q

People having high risks of getting AIDs is:

A

Individuals with multiple sex partners, drug addicts who take drugs intravenously, inds requiring repeated blood transfusion and children born to HIV mother

107
Q

HIV is not spread by —– but rather only through —-

A

Mere touch or physical contact

Body fluids

108
Q

It is hence imperative, for the — and — that HIV infected persons are not —- from family and society

A

Physical and psychological well being
Isolated

109
Q

There is ALWAYS a time lag bw the —- and — of aids symptoms, which may vary —–

A

Infection and appearance of
Few months to years (usually 5-10years)

110
Q

HIV after getting into the body of the person, enters the —– where — of virus replicates to form —– with the help of enzyme —–

A

Macrophages
RNA genome
Viral DNA
Reverse transcriptase

111
Q

This viral DnA of HiV gets incorporated into host cells DNA and direct the infected cells to —–

A

Produce viral particles

112
Q

—- continue to produce hiv virus and in this way act like HIV —

A

Macrophages, factory

113
Q

Simultaneously hiv enters into —-, replicates and produces —–, which are release into blood and attack other T helper cells

A

T lymphocytes ( T h cells)

Progeny virus

114
Q

Due to repeated infection of HiV virus into T h cells, there is a —– in their number

A

Progressive decrease

115
Q

During —– of HiV infection the person suffers from bouts of fever, —- and —-

A

Decrease in no of T h cells
Diarrhoea and weight loss

116
Q

Due to decrease in no of T h cells, person also suffers with —– that could have otherwise been —- such as due to bac (especially —-), viruses, fungi and even parasites like —–

A

Infections
Overcome
Mycobacterium
Toxoplasma

117
Q

The patient in hiv becomes so —- that they are unable tonorotect themselves from other infection s

A

Immunodeficient

118
Q

A widely used DIAGNOSTIC TEST for HIV is

A

Elisa (enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay)

Note- confirmatory test is western blot test

119
Q

Treatment of aids with —– drugs is only —- effective

A

Antiretroviral
Partially effective

120
Q

Antiretroviral drugs can only —– life of patient but cannot prevent — which is inevitable

A

Prolong
Death

121
Q

Aids has NO CURE, hence —- is the best option

A

Prevention

122
Q

HIV often spreads due to —– patterns and not inadvertently like pneumonia or typhoid

A

Conscious behaviour patterns

123
Q

Infection of aids due to blood transfusion or from mother child occurs due to

A

Poor monitoring

124
Q

Only excuse for getting aids is —- and it is rightly said that “”

A

Ignorance
Don’t die of ignorance

125
Q

In our country —– and —- organization are doing a lot to educate people about aids

A

NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation) and NGOs (non governmental orgs)

126
Q

—- has started a number of programs to prevent HIV spread

A

WHO

127
Q

Invitations by WHO to prevent HIV spread:
1. Making blood (from —-) safe from Hiv
2. ensuring use of only —- —- and —- in PUBLIC AND PRIVATE hospitals
3. Free distribution of —
4. Controlling drug abuse
5. Advocating safe sex
6. Promoting —- in hiv susceptible population

A

Blood bank
Disposable needles and syringes 💉
Condoms
Regular chekups

128
Q

Infection with —– that should not be hidden, since then the infection may spread to more people

A

HIV or aids

129
Q

Aids infected people need — and — instead of being —- by society

A

Help and sympathy
Shunned

130
Q

Unless society recognises spread of hiv as a problem to be dealt with in a —- manner, the chances of wider spread —–

A

Collective
Increase multifold

131
Q

HIV spread is malady that can only be tackled by —- and —- together, to prevent the spread of this disease

A

Society and medical fraternity together

132
Q

—- is one the most dreaded diseases of human beings

A

Cancer

133
Q

Cancer is a major cause of —– all over —-

A

Death, the world

134
Q

—— Indians suffer from cancer and large number due from it —

A

More than a million
Annually

135
Q

The mechanisms that underlies development of cancer (—–) , it’s treatment and control have been the most intense areas of research in — and —

A

Oncogenic transformation
Biology and medicine 💊

136
Q

In our body, —- and —- is highly controlled and regulated

A

Cell growth and differentiation

137
Q

In cancer cells, there is a breakdown of —–

A

Regulatory mechanisms for cell growth and differentiation

138
Q

—- cells show a property of —– by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth

A

Normal
Contact inhibition

139
Q

Cancer cells have lost the property of

A

Contact inhibition

140
Q

Due to loss of contact inhibition, cancer cells just continue to divide giving rise to —– called —

A

Mass of cells , tumours

141
Q

Types of tumour

A

Benign and malignant

142
Q

—- tumours are confined to their same location and do not —- other parts and cause —-

A

Benign
Spread to
Cause little damage

143
Q

Malignant tumours are a mass of —— cells called —- or — cells

A

Proliferating
Neoplaastic or tumour cells

144
Q

— cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the surrounding —

A

Neoplastic
Normal tissues

145
Q

As neoplastic cells are —– they also starve the normal cells by —-

A

Actively growing and dividing

Competing for vital nutrients

146
Q

Cells —- by such tumour cells reach —- sites through — and wherever they get lodged, they start a new —- there

This property is called -

A

Sloughed
Distant
Blood
Tumour

Metastasis

147
Q

Most feared property of malignant tumours

A

Metastasis

148
Q

Transformation of normal cells into cancerous — cells may be induced by :

A

Neoplastic

Physical chemical or biological agents

149
Q

Agents which transform normal cells to cancerous ones are called

A

Carcinogens

150
Q

Ionizing radiation (—,—) and non ionizing rays (—-) cause — leading to neoplastic transformation

A

X and gamma rays

UV rays

DNA damage

151
Q

Chemical carcinogens present in —- is a major cause of — cancer

A

Tobacco smoke
Lung cancer

152
Q

Cancer causing viruses (—-) have genes called —-

A

Oncogenic viruses
Viral oncogenes

153
Q

Several genes called —– (—) or —- are present in normal cells, which when activated under CERTAIN CONDITIONS could lead to oncogenic transformation of cells

A

Cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto oncogenes

154
Q

Early detection of cancer is —-

A

Essential

155
Q

Early detection of cancer allows the disease to be treated —-

A

Successfully in many cases

156
Q

Cancer detection is based on —- and —- of the tissue and —- and —- tests for increased — in the case of —–

A

Biopsy and histopathological studies

Blood and bone marrow

Cell counts, leukemia

157
Q

In biopsy, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into —- is stained and examined under microscope 🔬 (—–)

A

Thin sections
Histopathological studies

158
Q

Techniques like radigraphy (uses —), CT (—-) , and MRI (—-) are useful to detect cancer of —- organs

A

X rays
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Internal

159
Q

CT uses — to generate a —- of internals of an object

A

X rays
3D imaging

160
Q

MRI uses —- and —- to accurately detect —- and — changes in the living tissue

A

Strong magnetic field and non ionizing radiations

Pathological and physiological changes

161
Q

—– against cancer specific antigens are also used for detection of CERTAIN Cancers

A

Antibodies

162
Q

Techniques of —- can be supplied to detect genes in individuals with —– to certain cancers

A

Molecular biology

Inherited susceptibility

163
Q

Identification of such genes which —- may be very useful in prevention of those cancers. Such individuals may be advised to avoid — to certain —- to which they are susceptible (eg tobacco in case of lung cancer)

A

predispose certain cancers

Exposure, carcinogens

164
Q

Common approaches for treatment of cancer:

A

Surgery, radiation therapy and immunotherapy

165
Q

In radiotherapy, tumour cells are —–, taking proper care of the normal tissues surrounding the tumour mass

A

Irradiated lethally

166
Q

Several —- cells are used to kill cancer cells

A

Chemotherapeutic drugs

167
Q

Chemotherapeutic drugs are specific to particular tumours. T/F

A

True

168
Q

Majority of chemotherapeutic drugs have side effects like

A

Hair loss
Anaemia

169
Q

Most cancers are treated by

A

Combination of surgery radiotherapy and chemotherapy

170
Q

Tumour cells have shown to avoid —- and — by immune system

A

Detection and destruction

171
Q

Patients are given —– such as —- which activated their immune system and helps in destroying the tumour

A

Biological response modifiers like alpha interferons

Zoo grade 12 (7 decks)

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