Hh- immunity ncert Flashcards
1
Q
Everyday we are exposed to — number of —–
A
Large
Infectious agents
2
Q
Only few encounters with infectious agents result in disease because the body is able to ____ from most of these ____
A
Defend itself
Foreign agents
3
Q
Define immunity
A
The overall ability of the host to fight the disease causing orgs conferred by the immune system
4
Q
Types of immunity
A
Innate and acquired
5
Q
Innate immunity is —– type of defence, that is present at the —-
A
Non specific type
Time of birth
6
Q
Innate immunity is accomplished by providing diff types of —– to the —– into our body
A
Barriers
Entry of foreign agents
7
Q
Main physical barrier which prevents entry of microorganisms is
A
Skin
8
Q
Function of skin
A
Prevents entry of microorganisms
9
Q
—- coating of —– lining the —-,—–,—– tracts also help in trapping the microbes entering the body
A
Mucous
Epithelium
Respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital
10
Q
Skin prevents —- of microbes while mucus lining —- microbes.. and physiological barriers prevent —-
A
- Entry
- Traps entered microbes
- Prevents growth
11
Q
Physiological barriers include:
A
- Acid from stomach
- Salivary in mouth
- Tears from eyes
12
Q
Cellular barriers have certain types of —-
A
Leukocytes
13
Q
Leukocytes in cellular barriers (blood) :
A
- PMNL (Polymorphonuclear leukocyte) –> neutrophils
- monocytes
- natural killer cells (type of lymphocyte)
14
Q
Cellular barriers in tissues:
A
Macrophages
15
Q
Cellular barriers can —- and —- microbes
A
Phagocytose and destroy
15
Q
PMNL is
A
Neutrophils
Polymorphonuclear leukocyte
16
Q
Only type of lymphocyte present in cellular barriers
A
Natural killer cells
17
Q
Cytokine barriers are secreted by
A
Virus infected cells
18
Q
Virus infected cells secrete — called —- which protect non infected cells from —
A
Proteins called interferons
Further viral infection
19
Q
Acquired immunity is pathogen —-
A
Specific
20
Q
Acquired immunity is characterized by
A
Memory
21
Q
When our body encounters a pathogen for the first time, it produces—
A
A response called primary response
22
Q
Primary response is of — intensity
A
Low
23
Q
Subsequent encounter with —– elicits a highly —– secondary response (—– response)
A
Same pathogen
Intensified
Anamnestic
24
----- is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have memory of the first encounter
Anamnestic response
25
Primary and secondary responses are carried out with the help of
2 special type of lymphocyte present in BLOOD-
B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
26
B lymphocytes produce ---- (----) in response to pathogen into our --- to fight with them
An army of proteins - antibodies
27
The T cells also secrete antibodies. T/F
False
They only help B cells in producing antibodies
28
Each antibody molecule has ------ chains
4 peptide
(2small- light, 2long- heavy)
29
An antibody is represented as
H2L2
30
1 antibody has ---- antigen binding sites
2
31
Number of disulphide bonds:
1. On each heavy
2. On each light
3. In bw 2 heavy
4. Bw light and heavy
1. 4
2. 2
3. 2
4. 1
32
Types of antibodies produced in our body
IgA, M, E, G
33
Antibody mediated response is called ----- as antibodies are found in the ---
Humoral immunity
Blood
34
Types of acquired immunity
Humoral (antibody mediated)
And
Cell mediated
35
----mediated cell mediated immunity
T lymphocytes
36
VERY OFTEN when human organs like ----,----,----,---- fail to function satisfactorily , --- is the ONLY remedy to enable the patient to live a normal life
Heart, kidney, liver , eyes
Transplantation
37
Grafts from any source: ----,-----,----- cannot be made since grafts would be ---- sooner or later
Animal, another primate or any human being
Rejected
38
----- and ----- are essential before undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this the patient has to take ------ ALL THORIGH LIFE
Tissue matching and blood group matching
Immunosuppresants
39
the body is able differentiate between ---- and ----
Self and non self cells
40
----- is responsible for graft rejection
CMI
41
When host is exposed to antigens (---- or --- microbes or other ----) antibodies are produced in the host body called ____
Living or dead microbes
or other proteins
Active immunity
42
----- immunity is slow and takes time to give ----- response
Active, full effective
43
Injecting microbes deliberately during ----- or infectious agents gaining access into the body during ----- induces active immunity
Immunisation
Natural infection
44
Def of passive immunity
When ready made antibodies are directly given to protect body against foreign agents
45
Mother's milk considered essential for the -----
New born infant
46
a ---- fluid called ---- is secreted during ----- of lactation, has abundant ----- to protect the INFANT
Yellowish
Coloustrum
Initial days
Antibodies- IgA
47
The ---- also receives some antibodies from their mother through --- during pregnancy
Foetus
Placenta
48
The principle of immunization or vaccination is based on
Property of memory of immune system
49
In vaccination, a preparation of ------- of pathogen or ------ pathogen (vaccine) are introduced into the body
Antigenic proteins
Inactivated/weakened pathogen (vaccine)
50
The antibodies produced in the body against these induced antigens would neutralize pathogenic agents during -----
actual infection
51
Vaccines generate memory B and memory Tcells
T/F
True
52
Memory B and T cells recognise the pathogen quickly on ----- and overwhelm the invaders with ----
Subsequent exposure
Massive production of antibodies
53
If a person is infected with some deadly microbes to which ----- is req, as in ----, we need to inject preformed antibodies or ------ (preparation containing antibodies to the toxin)
quick immune response
Tetanus
Antitoxin
54
Injection containing preformed antibodies (--- immunity) against ---- is also given to cases of ---- bites
Passive immunity
Snake venom
Snake 🐍 bite
55
----- has allowed the production of --- of pathogen in BACTERIA OR YEAST
Recombinant DNA technology
Antigenic polypeptides
56
Vaccines produced through recombinant DNA technology allows ----- and hence greater ---- for immunization
Large scale production
Availability
57
Hepatitis --- vaccine is produced from ----
B
Yeast
58
Sudden sneezing or wheezing in a new place due to no explained reason and vanishing of its symptoms once we are back is due to ----
Allergy
59
Some of us are ---- to some ---- in the environment
Sensitive, particles
60
Allergy can be to: --- and --- which are diff in diff areas
Pollens
Mites
61
Def allergy
Exaggerated response of the immune system to certain ANTIGENS present in the environment
62
What is an allergen?
Substance to which an immune response is produced
63
Antibodies produced during allergy
IgE
64
Common examples of allergens:
Dust
Pollens
Animal dander
65
Symptoms of allergic reactions:
1. Watery eyes
2. Sneezing 🤧
3. Running nose
4. Difficulty in breathing
66
Allergy is due to release of chemical like --- and --- from ,----- cells
Histamine and serotonin
Mast cells
67
For determining cause of allergy, the patient is exposed to or --- with v small dose of various possible ---- and the reans are studied
Injected with
Allergens
68
Use of drugs like ---,----,---- QUICKLY reduce symptoms of allergy
Antihistamine
Adrenaline
Steroids
69
Somehow ----- has resulted in lowering of immunity and more sensitivity to ---
Modern day lifestyle
Allergens
70
More and more children from ---- of India suffer from ---- and ---- due to sensitivity to the environment
Metro cities
Allergies and asthma
71
Memory based acquired immunity evolved in ----- based on the ability to differentiate ----- from ----
Higher vertebrates
Foreign cells (pathogens) from self cells
72
While the basis of memory is not yet understood, two corollaries ---- and ---- have been understood
1. Higher vertebrates can distinguish foreign organisms as well as foreign particles
2. Due to genetically unknown reasons, body attacked self cells
73
Most of the experimental immunology deals with
Ability of immune system in higher vertebrates to distinguish between foreign organisms and particles
74
Body attacking self cells leads to damage and is called
Auto immune disease
75
---- which affects maany people in the society is an autoimmune disease
Rheumatoid arthritis
76
Human immune system consists of
Lymphoid organs, tissues and soluble molecules like antibodies
77
Antibodies are ---- molecules
Soluble
78
Immune system is unique in the sense that it ----,---- and ----- foreign antigens
Recognises, responds and remembers then
79
Immune system also plays an imp role in ---,-----,----
Allergic reans, autoimmune diseases, transplantation
80
Lymphoid organs are where ---- and/or ------ of LYMOHOCYTES occur
origin
Maturation and proliferation
81
Primary lymphoid organs are
Bone marrow and RBcs
82
In primary lymphoid organs, ------ differentiate into -----
Immature lymphocytes to antigen sensitive lymphocytes
83
After maturation in primary lymphoid organs, the lymphocytes migrate to secondary lymphoid organs like
Spleen, lymph nodes, tonsils, peyers patches of SMALL INTESTINE, and appendix
84
Secondary lymphoid organs provide sites for ----- which then proliferate to become -----
Interaction of lymphocytes with antigen
Effector cells
85
The ----- is the main lymphoid organs where ALL ----- including lymphocytes are produced
Bone marrow
blood cells
86
The thymus is a ---- organ located near the --- and beneath the -----
Loned
Near heart and beneath breastbone
87
The thymus is ----- at time of birth and by the time of puberty ----
Quite large
It reduces to a very small size
88
Bone marrow and thymus provide ----- for dev of and maturation of ----
Micro environment for Development and Maturation of T lymphocytes
89
The spleen is ----,---- shaped organ
Large
Bean shaped
90
Spleen mainly consists
LYMPHOCYTES and PHAGOCYTES
91
---- acts as a filter of blood by trapping ---- microorganisms
Spleen
Bloodborne
92
Spleen has a large reserve of ----
Erythrocytes (RBcs)
93
Lymih nodes are ---,---- structures located at diff points in the -----
Small, solid
Lymphatic system
94
----- serve to trap the microorganisms or other antigens which happen to get in the lymph and tissue fluid
Lymph nodes
95
---- trapped in lymph nodes is responsible for activation of ---- present there and cause immune response
Antigens
Lymphocytes
96
There is a lymphoid tissue also located within the lining of ----- tracts (---,----,---) called ---
Major
Respiratory, digestive, urogenital
MALT- Mucosa Associated Lymphoid tissues
97
MALT consititutes ---- of lymphoid tissues in the body
50%
98
AIDS stands for
Acquired immuno deficiency syndrome
99
---- indicates aids is not a conventional disease
That it is acquired during lifetime
100
Syndrome means
Group of symptoms
101
Aids was first reported in ----
1981
102
In the last ----- years or so, it has spread all over the world killing more than ---- persons
25 years or so
25 Million
103
Aids is caused by
HIV
Human immuno deficiency virus.
104
HIV isa member of a group of viruses called ---- which have ----
Retrovirus
Envelope enclosing RNA genome
105
Transmission of HiV is through
1. Sexual contact with infected persons
2. Transfusion of contaminated blood and blood products
3. Sharing infected needles as incase of intravenous drug abusers
4. From infected mother to her CHILD through placenta
106
People having high risks of getting AIDs is:
Individuals with multiple sex partners, drug addicts who take drugs intravenously, inds requiring repeated blood transfusion and children born to HIV mother
107
HIV is not spread by ----- but rather only through ----
Mere touch or physical contact
Body fluids
108
It is hence imperative, for the --- and --- that HIV infected persons are not ---- from family and society
Physical and psychological well being
Isolated
109
There is ALWAYS a time lag bw the ---- and --- of aids symptoms, which may vary -----
Infection and appearance of
Few months to years (usually 5-10years)
110
HIV after getting into the body of the person, enters the ----- where --- of virus replicates to form ----- with the help of enzyme -----
Macrophages
RNA genome
Viral DNA
Reverse transcriptase
111
This viral DnA of HiV gets incorporated into host cells DNA and direct the infected cells to -----
Produce viral particles
112
---- continue to produce hiv virus and in this way act like HIV ---
Macrophages, factory
113
Simultaneously hiv enters into ----, replicates and produces -----, which are release into blood and attack other T helper cells
T lymphocytes ( T h cells)
Progeny virus
114
Due to repeated infection of HiV virus into T h cells, there is a ----- in their number
Progressive decrease
115
During ----- of HiV infection the person suffers from bouts of fever, ---- and ----
Decrease in no of T h cells
Diarrhoea and weight loss
116
Due to decrease in no of T h cells, person also suffers with ----- that could have otherwise been ---- such as due to bac (especially ----), viruses, fungi and even parasites like -----
Infections
Overcome
Mycobacterium
Toxoplasma
117
The patient in hiv becomes so ---- that they are unable tonorotect themselves from other infection s
Immunodeficient
118
A widely used DIAGNOSTIC TEST for HIV is
Elisa (enzyme linked immuno sorbent assay)
Note- confirmatory test is western blot test
119
Treatment of aids with ----- drugs is only ---- effective
Antiretroviral
Partially effective
120
Antiretroviral drugs can only ----- life of patient but cannot prevent --- which is inevitable
Prolong
Death
121
Aids has NO CURE, hence ---- is the best option
Prevention
122
HIV often spreads due to ----- patterns and not inadvertently like pneumonia or typhoid
Conscious behaviour patterns
123
Infection of aids due to blood transfusion or from mother child occurs due to
Poor monitoring
124
Only excuse for getting aids is ---- and it is rightly said that ""
Ignorance
Don't die of ignorance
125
In our country ----- and ---- organization are doing a lot to educate people about aids
NACO (National AIDS Control Organisation) and NGOs (non governmental orgs)
126
---- has started a number of programs to prevent HIV spread
WHO
127
Invitations by WHO to prevent HIV spread:
1. Making blood (from ----) safe from Hiv
2. ensuring use of only ---- ---- and ---- in PUBLIC AND PRIVATE hospitals
3. Free distribution of ---
4. Controlling drug abuse
5. Advocating safe sex
6. Promoting ---- in hiv susceptible population
Blood bank
Disposable needles and syringes 💉
Condoms
Regular chekups
128
Infection with ----- that should not be hidden, since then the infection may spread to more people
HIV or aids
129
Aids infected people need --- and --- instead of being ---- by society
Help and sympathy
Shunned
130
Unless society recognises spread of hiv as a problem to be dealt with in a ---- manner, the chances of wider spread -----
Collective
Increase multifold
131
HIV spread is malady that can only be tackled by ---- and ---- together, to prevent the spread of this disease
Society and medical fraternity together
132
---- is one the most dreaded diseases of human beings
Cancer
133
Cancer is a major cause of ----- all over ----
Death, the world
134
------ Indians suffer from cancer and large number due from it ---
More than a million
Annually
135
The mechanisms that underlies development of cancer (-----) , it's treatment and control have been the most intense areas of research in --- and ---
Oncogenic transformation
Biology and medicine 💊
136
In our body, ---- and ---- is highly controlled and regulated
Cell growth and differentiation
137
In cancer cells, there is a breakdown of -----
Regulatory mechanisms for cell growth and differentiation
138
---- cells show a property of ----- by virtue of which contact with other cells inhibits their uncontrolled growth
Normal
Contact inhibition
139
Cancer cells have lost the property of
Contact inhibition
140
Due to loss of contact inhibition, cancer cells just continue to divide giving rise to ----- called ---
Mass of cells , tumours
141
Types of tumour
Benign and malignant
142
---- tumours are confined to their same location and do not ---- other parts and cause ----
Benign
Spread to
Cause little damage
143
Malignant tumours are a mass of ------ cells called ---- or --- cells
Proliferating
Neoplaastic or tumour cells
144
--- cells grow very rapidly, invading and damaging the surrounding ---
Neoplastic
Normal tissues
145
As neoplastic cells are ----- they also starve the normal cells by ----
Actively growing and dividing
Competing for vital nutrients
146
Cells ---- by such tumour cells reach ---- sites through --- and wherever they get lodged, they start a new ---- there
This property is called -
Sloughed
Distant
Blood
Tumour
Metastasis
147
Most feared property of malignant tumours
Metastasis
148
Transformation of normal cells into cancerous --- cells may be induced by :
Neoplastic
Physical chemical or biological agents
149
Agents which transform normal cells to cancerous ones are called
Carcinogens
150
Ionizing radiation (---,---) and non ionizing rays (----) cause --- leading to neoplastic transformation
X and gamma rays
UV rays
DNA damage
151
Chemical carcinogens present in ---- is a major cause of --- cancer
Tobacco smoke
Lung cancer
152
Cancer causing viruses (----) have genes called ----
Oncogenic viruses
Viral oncogenes
153
Several genes called ----- (---) or ---- are present in normal cells, which when activated under CERTAIN CONDITIONS could lead to oncogenic transformation of cells
Cellular oncogenes (c-onc) or proto oncogenes
154
Early detection of cancer is ----
Essential
155
Early detection of cancer allows the disease to be treated ----
Successfully in many cases
156
Cancer detection is based on ---- and ---- of the tissue and ---- and ---- tests for increased --- in the case of -----
Biopsy and histopathological studies
Blood and bone marrow
Cell counts, leukemia
157
In biopsy, a piece of the suspected tissue cut into ---- is stained and examined under microscope 🔬 (-----)
Thin sections
Histopathological studies
158
Techniques like radigraphy (uses ---), CT (----) , and MRI (----) are useful to detect cancer of ---- organs
X rays
Computed tomography
Magnetic resonance imaging
Internal
159
CT uses --- to generate a ---- of internals of an object
X rays
3D imaging
160
MRI uses ---- and ---- to accurately detect ---- and --- changes in the living tissue
Strong magnetic field and non ionizing radiations
Pathological and physiological changes
161
----- against cancer specific antigens are also used for detection of CERTAIN Cancers
Antibodies
162
Techniques of ---- can be supplied to detect genes in individuals with ----- to certain cancers
Molecular biology
Inherited susceptibility
163
Identification of such genes which ---- may be very useful in prevention of those cancers. Such individuals may be advised to avoid --- to certain ---- to which they are susceptible (eg tobacco in case of lung cancer)
predispose certain cancers
Exposure, carcinogens
164
Common approaches for treatment of cancer:
Surgery, radiation therapy and immunotherapy
165
In radiotherapy, tumour cells are -----, taking proper care of the normal tissues surrounding the tumour mass
Irradiated lethally
166
Several ---- cells are used to kill cancer cells
Chemotherapeutic drugs
167
Chemotherapeutic drugs are specific to particular tumours. T/F
True
168
Majority of chemotherapeutic drugs have side effects like
Hair loss
Anaemia
169
Most cancers are treated by
Combination of surgery radiotherapy and chemotherapy
170
Tumour cells have shown to avoid ---- and --- by immune system
Detection and destruction
171
Patients are given ----- such as ---- which activated their immune system and helps in destroying the tumour
Biological response modifiers like alpha interferons
