Biotech applications Flashcards
Biotechnology, essentially deals with —- production of —- and —- using
genetically modified microbes, fungi, plants and animals
industrial scale
biopharmaceuticals and biologicals
The applications of biotechnology include —,
— , genetically modified – for agriculture, —-, bioremediation, — treatment, and energy production.
therapeutics
diagnostics
crops
processed food
waste
Three critical research areas of biotechnology are:
(i) Providing the —- in the form of improved organism usually a — or –
(ii) Creating— through engineering for a — to act, and
(iii) — technologies to purify the — compound.
best catalyst
microbe or pure enzyme
optimal conditions
catalyst
Downstream processing
protein/organic
Human beings have used
biotechnology to improve the quality of human life,
especially in the field of —- and —-
food production and health
Three options that can be thought for increasing food production
—-, — and —-
(i) agro-chemical based agriculture;
(ii) organic agriculture; and
(iii) genetically engineered crop-based agriculture
The Green Revolution succeeded in — but yet
it was not enough to feed the — human population.
tripling the food supply
growing
Increased yields have PARTLY been due to the use of —-, but MAINLY
due to the use of —- and use of agrochemicals
(—- and —).
improved crop varieties
better management practices
fertilisers and pesticides
However, for farmers in the —–, agrochemicals are often too expensive, and — in yield with existing varieties are not possible using —.
developing world
further increases
conventional breeding
Is there any alternative path that our understanding of — can show so that farmers may obtain maximum yield from their fields? Is there a way to minimise the use of — so that their harmful effects on the environment are reduced?
ans–?
genetics
fertilisers and chemicals
Use of genetically modified crops is a possible solution
—, —-, — and —- whose genes have been altered by — are called Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO).
Plants, bacteria, fungi and animals
manipulation
GM plants have been useful in many ways. Genetic modification has:
(i) made crops more – to abiotic stresses (—)
tolerant
cold, drought, salt, heat
Genetic modification has
(ii) reduced reliance on chemical pesticides (—)
pest-resistant crops
Genetic modification has
(iii) helped to reduce — losses
post harvest
Genetic modification has
(iv) increased — usage by plants (this prevents early
exhaustion of —).
efficiency of mineral
fertility of soil
Genetic modification has
(v) enhanced nutritional value of —, e.g., —
food
Vitamin ‘A’ enriched rice
In addition to these uses, GM has been used to create — to supply alternative resources to industries, in the form of —, — and —-
tailor-made plants
starches, fuels and pharmaceuticals.
Some of the applications of biotechnology in agriculture that you will
study in detail are the production of — plants, which could decrease the amount of pesticide used.
pest resistant
Bt — is produced by a
bacterium called —- (Bt for short).
toxin
Bacillus thuringiensis
Bt toxin gene has been cloned from the —and been expressed in —to provide resistance to —without the need for insecticides; in effect created a —
bacteria
plants
insects
bio-pesticide.
Examples of Bt plants are: (6)
Cotton, rice, soyabean, corn, potato, tomato
Bt Cotton: Some — of Bacillus thuringiensis produce — that
kill certain insects such as lepidopterans ( —-, —),
— (—) and dipterans (—, —-).
strains. proteins
tobacco budworm, armyworm
coleopterans-beetles
flies, mosquitoes
B. thuringiensis forms — during a particular phase of their growth.
protein crystals
Protein crystals produced by Bacillus Thuringenesis contain a —
toxic insecticidal protein.
This toxic insecticidal protein does not kill
the Bacillus cuz Actually, the Bt toxin protein exist as — but once an — the –toxin, it is converted into an active form of toxin due to the — of the — which — the crystals.
inactive protoxins
insect ingests
inactive
alkaline pH of the gut
solubilise
The activated toxin binds to the surface of — cells and create — that cause cell — and — and eventually cause death
of the insect.
midgut epithelial
pores
swelling and lysis
Specific — were isolated from Bacillus thuringiensis and
incorporated into the several — such as —
Bt toxin genes
crop plants
cotton
The choice of genes depends upon the — and —-, as most Bt toxins are — specific.
crop and the targeted pest
insect-group
The BT toxin is coded by a gene —- named — .
cryIAc
cry
There are a number of cry genes, for example, the proteins encoded
by the genes — and — control the —-, that of — controls —
cryIAc and cryIIAb
cotton bollworms
cryIAb
corn borer
RNAi takes place in all — organisms as a method of —.
This method involves — of a specific — due to a —
molecule that binds to and prevents — of the mRNA (silencing).
eukaryotic
cellular defense
silencing
mRNA
complementary dsRNA
translation
Pest Resistant Plants: Several — parasitise a wide variety of plants and animals including —.
nematodes
human beings
A nematode —- infects the — of — plants and causes a great reduction in yield.
Meloidegyne incognitia
roots, tobacco
A novel strategy was adopted to prevent this infestation of Maloidegyne Incognita which was based on the process of —
RNA interference (RNAi).
The source of this — could be from an infection by – having RNA genomes or — (—)
that replicate via an RNA intermediate.
complementary RNA
viruses
mobile genetic elements (transposons)
Using Agrobacterium vectors, — genes were introduced into the host plant
nematode-specific
The introduction of DNA into host plant was such that it produced both — and — in the host
cells.
These two RNA’s being — formed a double
stranded (dsRNA) that initiated — and thus, —of the nematode
sense and anti-sense RNA
complementary to each other
RNAi
silenced the specific mRNA
The consequence was that the parasite could not survive in a – host expressing specific — RNA.
transgenic
interfering
The – plant therefore got itself protected from the parasite
transgenic
The —- processes have made immense impact
in the area of – by enabling mass production of — and —-, —- drugs.
recombinant DNA technological
healthcare
safe and more
effective therapeutic
Further, the recombinant therapeutics —- as is common in case of
similar products isolated from — sources.
do not induce unwanted immunological responses
non-human
At present, about — therapeutics have been approved for human-use the world over .
30 recombinant
In India, — of these recombinant therapeutics are presently being —.
12
marketed
Management of — diabetes is possible by taking — at regular time intervals.
adult-onset
insulin
If a diabetic patient doesn’t have enough
—–insulin- one would have to — and use insulin from —-
human
isolate, other animals
If — were available that could make human insulin- You can easily — a large quantity of the bacteria and make
as much — as you need.
bacterium
grow, insulin
Insulin used for diabetes was earlier extracted from — of —- and —.
pancreas
slaughtered cattle and pigs
Insulin from — source, though caused some patients to develop
– or other types of reactions to the foreign
— .
an animal , allergy
protein
Insulin consists of —
chains: chain A and chain B, that are linked together by — bridges
two SHORT polypeptide
disulphide
In — (—) insulin is synthesised as a — (like a
pro-enzyme, the pro-hormone also needs to be — before it becomes a fully – and — hormone)
which contains an extra stretch called the —
mammals- including
humans
pro-hormone
processed
mature and functional
C peptide.
This C peptide is not present in the— and is
— during maturation into insulin.
mature insulin
removed
The main challenge for production of insulin using —- was getting insulin assembled into a — form. .
rDNA techniques
mature
In —, Eli Lilly — company prepared — DNA sequences corresponding to A and B, chains of human insulin and introduced them in — of — to produce insulin chains.
1983
American
two
plasmids of E. coli to
Chains A and B were
produced —, — and — by creating — bonds to form human insulin
separately, extracted and combined
disulfide
Gene therapy can act as a — if a person is — a — disease
corrective therapy
born with , hereditary
— is a collection of methods that allows correction of a — that has been diagnosed in a —. Here genes are — into a person’s cells and tissues to treat a disease.
Gene therapy
gene defect
child/embryo
inserted
Correction of a genetic defect involves – — into the individual or — to take over the function of and — for the — gene.
delivery of a normal gene
embryo
compensate
non-functional
The first clinical gene therapy was given in —- to a —old girl with — deficiency.
1990
4 year
adenosine deaminase (ADA)
ADA enzyme is crucial for
the — to function.
immune system
