Biotech principles

Question 1

Biotechnology deals with techniques of using —- to produce — and —- useful to humans.

Answer 1

live organisms or enzymes from organisms
products and processes

Question 2

In this sense, making curd, bread or wine, which are all — processes, could also be thought as a form of
biotechnology.

Answer 2

microbe-mediated

Question 3

However, Biotechnology term is used in a — sense today, to refer to such of those processes which use —- to achieve the same on a
larger scale.

Answer 3

restricted
genetically modified organisms

Question 4

Further, many other processes/techniques are
also included under biotechnology. For example,
1. — fertilisation leading to a —-,
2. synthesising a — and using it,
3. developing a —- or correcting a —, are all part of biotechnology.

Answer 4

in vitro, ‘test-tube’ baby
gene
DNA vaccine
defective gene

Question 5

The —- has given a definition of biotechnology that encompasses both —- view and — biotechnology.

Answer 5

European Federation of Biotechnology- (EFB)
traditional, modern molecular

Question 6

The definition given by EFB is as follows:

Answer 6

‘The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services’.

Question 7

Among many, the two core techniques that enabled birth
of modern biotechnology are : — and —–

Answer 7

Genetic engineering
Bioprocess engineering

Question 8

(i) Genetic engineering :
Techniques to alter the —- (—), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the — of the host organism.

Answer 8

chemistry of genetic material- DNA and RNA
phenotype

Question 9

Maintenance of sterile (—) ambience in —- engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired —- in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like —, —-, —- etc

Answer 9

microbial contamination-free
chemical
microbe/EUKARYOTIC cell
antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes,

Question 10

You probably appreciate the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction. The former provides opportunities for — and —- of unique combinations of genetic setup, some of which
may be beneficial to the —- as well as the —.

Answer 10

variations, formulation
organism , population

Question 11

Asexual reproduction preserves the —-, while sexual reproduction
permits —.

Answer 11

genetic information
variation

Question 12

Traditional hybridisation procedures used in plant and
animal breeding, very often lead to — and —- of— genes along with the — genes.

Answer 12

inclusion and multiplication
undesirable, desired

Question 13

The techniques of genetic
engineering which include creation of —-, use of—- and —-, overcome this limitation and allows us
to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without
introducing undesirable genes into the —-

Answer 13

recombinant DNA
gene cloning, gene transfer
target organism.

Question 14

Do you know the likely fate of a piece of DNA, which is somehow
transferred into an alien organism? Most likely, this piece of DNA would
not be able to —- of the organism. But, when it gets — into the — of the recipient, it may multiply
and be inherited along with the host DNA.
This is because the alien piece
of DNA has become part of a –, which has the ability to —.

Answer 14

multiply itself in the progeny cells
integrated, genome
chromosome
replicate

Question 15

In a chromosome there is a specific DNA sequence called the —, which is responsible for initiating replication.

Answer 15

origin of replication

Question 16

Therefore, for the multiplication of any — of DNA in an organism it needs to be a part of a — which has a specific sequence known as ‘origin of replication’.

Answer 16

alien piece
chromosome(s)

Question 17

Thus, an alien DNA is linked with the origin of replication, so that, this alien piece of DNA can — and — itself in the host organism. This can also be called as —

Answer 17

replicate and multiply
cloning

Question 18

Cloning is making — of any template DNA.

Answer 18

multiple identical copies

Question 19

The construction of the first recombinant DNA emerged from the possibility of linking a gene encoding — with a native plasmid (—-, —, —- DNA) of —-.

Answer 19

antibiotic resistance
autonomously replicating circular
extra-chromosomal
Salmonella typhimurium

Question 20

—- and —- accomplished this in — by isolating the antibiotic
resistance gene by cutting out a piece of DNA from a plasmid which was responsible for conferring —

Answer 20

Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
1972
antibiotic resistance

Question 21

The cutting of DNA at specific locations became possible with the discovery of the so-called
—-, —-.

Answer 21

molecular scissors’– restriction enzymes

Question 22

The cut piece of DNA was
then linked with the —

Answer 22

plasmid DNA

Question 23

These plasmid DNA act as —- to transfer the piece of DNA attached to it.

Answer 23

vectors

Question 24

You probably know that — acts as an insect vector to transfer the —parasite into human body.
In the same way, a — can be used as vector to deliver an —- into the host organism

Answer 24

mosquito , malarial
plasmid, alien piece of DNA

Question 25

The linking of antibiotic resistance gene with the plasmid vector became possible with the —-
which acts on — DNA molecules and joins their —.
This makes a new combination of circular autonomously replicating DNA created — and is known as –

Answer 25

enzyme DNA ligase- cut, ends
in vitro
recombinant DNA

Question 26

When this DNA is transferred into
— a bacterium closely related to Salmonella, it could replicate using the new host’s —- enzyme and make multiple copies.

Answer 26

Escherichia coli, DNA polymerase

Question 27

The ability to —- of antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli was called — of antibiotic resistance gene in E. coli.

Answer 27

multiply copies
cloning