Biotech principles Flashcards
Biotechnology deals with techniques of using —- to produce — and —- useful to humans.
live organisms or enzymes from organisms
products and processes
In this sense, making curd, bread or wine, which are all — processes, could also be thought as a form of
biotechnology.
microbe-mediated
However, Biotechnology term is used in a — sense today, to refer to such of those processes which use —- to achieve the same on a
larger scale.
restricted
genetically modified organisms
Further, many other processes/techniques are
also included under biotechnology. For example,
1. — fertilisation leading to a —-,
2. synthesising a — and using it,
3. developing a —- or correcting a —, are all part of biotechnology.
in vitro, ‘test-tube’ baby
gene
DNA vaccine
defective gene
The —- has given a definition of biotechnology that encompasses both —- view and — biotechnology.
European Federation of Biotechnology- (EFB)
traditional, modern molecular
The definition given by EFB is as follows:
‘The integration of natural science and organisms, cells, parts thereof, and molecular analogues for products and services’.
Among many, the two core techniques that enabled birth
of modern biotechnology are : — and —–
Genetic engineering
Bioprocess engineering
(i) Genetic engineering :
Techniques to alter the —- (—), to introduce these into host organisms and thus change the — of the host organism.
chemistry of genetic material- DNA and RNA
phenotype
Maintenance of sterile (—) ambience in —- engineering processes to enable growth of only the desired —- in large quantities for the manufacture of biotechnological products like —, —-, —- etc
microbial contamination-free
chemical
microbe/EUKARYOTIC cell
antibiotics, vaccines, enzymes,
You probably appreciate the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction. The former provides opportunities for — and —- of unique combinations of genetic setup, some of which
may be beneficial to the —- as well as the —.
variations, formulation
organism , population
Asexual reproduction preserves the —-, while sexual reproduction
permits —.
genetic information
variation
Traditional hybridisation procedures used in plant and
animal breeding, very often lead to — and —- of— genes along with the — genes.
inclusion and multiplication
undesirable, desired
The techniques of genetic
engineering which include creation of —-, use of—- and —-, overcome this limitation and allows us
to isolate and introduce only one or a set of desirable genes without
introducing undesirable genes into the —-
recombinant DNA
gene cloning, gene transfer
target organism.
Do you know the likely fate of a piece of DNA, which is somehow
transferred into an alien organism? Most likely, this piece of DNA would
not be able to —- of the organism. But, when it gets — into the — of the recipient, it may multiply
and be inherited along with the host DNA.
This is because the alien piece
of DNA has become part of a –, which has the ability to —.
multiply itself in the progeny cells
integrated, genome
chromosome
replicate
In a chromosome there is a specific DNA sequence called the —, which is responsible for initiating replication.
origin of replication
Therefore, for the multiplication of any — of DNA in an organism it needs to be a part of a — which has a specific sequence known as ‘origin of replication’.
alien piece
chromosome(s)
Thus, an alien DNA is linked with the origin of replication, so that, this alien piece of DNA can — and — itself in the host organism. This can also be called as —
replicate and multiply
cloning
Cloning is making — of any template DNA.
multiple identical copies
The construction of the first recombinant DNA emerged from the possibility of linking a gene encoding — with a native plasmid (—-, —, —- DNA) of —-.
antibiotic resistance
autonomously replicating circular
extra-chromosomal
Salmonella typhimurium
—- and —- accomplished this in — by isolating the antibiotic
resistance gene by cutting out a piece of DNA from a plasmid which was responsible for conferring —
Stanley Cohen and Herbert Boyer
1972
antibiotic resistance
The cutting of DNA at specific locations became possible with the discovery of the so-called
—-, —-.
molecular scissors’– restriction enzymes
The cut piece of DNA was
then linked with the —
plasmid DNA
These plasmid DNA act as —- to transfer the piece of DNA attached to it.
vectors
You probably know that — acts as an insect vector to transfer the —parasite into human body.
In the same way, a — can be used as vector to deliver an —- into the host organism
mosquito , malarial
plasmid, alien piece of DNA
