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Zoo grade 12 > HH- diseases ncert > Flashcards

HH- diseases ncert Flashcards

1
Q

Health for a long time was considered as a state of ___ and ____ where there was a _____

A

Body and mind
Balance bw certain humours

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2
Q

Humor def of health was asserted by ____ and ___

A

Early greeks: Hippocrates
Indian ayurvedic system

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3
Q

It was thought that person’s with ___bile had a ____ personality and would have ___

A

Black
Hot, fevers

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4
Q

____ was arrived at by pure reflective thought

A

The idea of humour and people with black bile

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5
Q

Discovery of blood circulation was by _____ using _____ methods and demonstration of ____ in people with blackbile using ____ disproved ____ of health

A
  1. William Harvey
    2.experimental
  2. Normal body temp
    4.Thermometer
  3. Good humour hypothesis
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6
Q

In later years, ___ stated that ___ influences through ____ and ___ , our ___ system and that our immune system maintains health

A

1 biology
2 mind
3 neural and endocrine system
4 immune system

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7
Q

Hence, ___ and ___ can affect our health

A

Mind and mental state

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8
Q

Health is mainly affected by ____, ____ and ____

A

Genetics disorders
Infections
Lifestyle

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9
Q

Genetics disorders - ____ with which a child is born and ____/____ which the child ____ from the parents

A

1 deficiencies
2 deficiencies or defects
3 inherits

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10
Q

Lifestyle includes: ___ and ___ we take, ___ and ___ we give to our bodies, ____ we have or lack, etc

A

1 food and water
2 Rest and exercise
3 habits

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11
Q

Term health is ____ used by everybody

A

Frequently

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12
Q

Health does not simply mean _____

A

Absence of disease or physical fitness

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13
Q

Health is defined as the state of ______ , ____ and ____ wellbeing

A

Complete physical mental and social wellbeing

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14
Q

When people are healthy, they are more ____. Which increases ____ and brings _____

A

Efficient
Productivity
Economic prosperity

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15
Q

Health also increases ____ of people, reduces _____ and ____

A

1 longevity
2 Infant and maternal mortality

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16
Q

_____, ____ and ____ are very imp to maintain good health

A

Balanced diet, personal hygiene and regular exercise

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17
Q

____, ____, ____, _____, _____ are necessary for achieving good health

A

Awareness, vaccination, proper waste disposal, control of vectors, maintenance of hygiene in food and water resources

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17
Q

____ has been practiced since time immemorial to achieve ___ and ___

A

Yoga
Physical and mental health

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18
Q

Vaccination is ____ against ___ diseases

A

Immunisation against infectious

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19
Q

Awareness about ____ and their effect on ____ is necessary to achieve good health

A

Diseases
Diff bodily functions

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20
Q

Definition of disease

A

When functioning of 1 or more organs or systems of the body is adversely affected, characterized by appearance of certain signs and symptoms, we say that we are not healthy (or have a disease)

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21
Q

Diseases are broadly grouped into

A

Infectious and non infectious

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22
Q

____ diseases are very common

A

Infectious

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23
Q

Define infectious diseases

A

The diseases which can easily be transmitted from one person to another

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24
Q

Everyone suffers from infectious diseases at sometime or the other. T/F

A

True

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25
Q

Some infectious diseases like _____ are fatal

A

Aids

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26
Q

____ is the major cause of death among non infectious

A

Cancer

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27
Q

___ and ___ also affect our health adversely

A

Drug and alcohol abuse

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28
Q

A wide range of orgs belonging to ____, ___, ___, ____ and ____ could cause diseases in man

A

Bac, virus, fungi, protozoans, helminths

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29
Q

What is a pathogen

A

Such diseases causing organisms == pathogens

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30
Q

Most ___ are therefore pathogens as they cause harm to the ___ by living — or — them

A

Parasites
Host, in or on

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31
Q

The pathogens enter our body through —- means, — and ,interfere with —- resulting in —- and—- damage

A
  • Various
  • Multiply
  • Normally vital activites
  • morphological and functional damage
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32
Q

Pathogens have to adapt to life within ____

A

The environment of host

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33
Q

Pathogens that enter the gut must know a way to survive the ____ in stomach and resisting the ____

A

Low pH
Digestive enzymes

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34
Q

Few ___ members from diff groups of pathogenic orgs are discussed here along with diseases caused by them.

___ and ___ measures against these diseases in general are also briefly mentioned

A

Representative

Preventive and control

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35
Q

____ is a pathogenic bac which causes typhoid ___ in human beings

A

Salmonella typhi
Typhoid fever

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36
Q

Typhoid pathogens generally enter _____

A

Small intestine

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37
Q

Typhoid pathogens enter through —- and — contaminated by then and migrate to —- through blood

A

Food and water
Other organs

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38
Q

Symptoms of typhoid

A
  1. Sustained high fever (39-40 C)
  2. Weakness
  3. Stomach pain
  4. Constipation
  5. Headache
  6. Loss of appetite

Internal perforations and death if severe

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39
Q

A classic case of medicine in typhoid is that of

A

Mary melon, 🍈 nicknamed as Typhoid Mary

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40
Q

Typhoid can be confirmed by

A

Widal test

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41
Q

Mary melon was a ___ by profession and was a carrier of ___ who continued to spread it for several years through her ____

A

Cook
Typhoid
Food

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42
Q

Bacterial like _____ and ____ are responsible for pneumonia

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae

43
Q

Pneumonia infects the ____

A

Alveoli (air filled sacs) of lungs 🫁

44
Q

In pneumonia, as a result of infection- the alveoli get _____ leading to severe problems in —-

A

Filled with fluid
Respiration

45
Q

Symptoms of pneumonia

A
  1. Fever
  2. Chills
  3. Cough
  4. Headache
46
Q

In severe cases of pneumonia 🥶 —- and —- may turn —-

A

lips and finger nails

grey to bluish in colour

47
Q

Infection of pneumonia is acquired by _____ released by the infected person or even by ____ with an infected oerson

A

Inhaling aerosols/droplets released by

Sharing glassess and utensils with

48
Q

___, ___ and ___ are some of the other diseases caused by bacteria 🦠 in man

A

Diphtheria
Plague
Dysentery

49
Q

Many ____ also cause diseases in humans

A

Viruses

50
Q

___ viruses represent one such group of virus which cause one of the most infectious human ailments:

A

Rhino
Common cold

51
Q

Rhino virus infects the —- and —- but not the —-

A

Nose and respiratory passage but not the lungs

52
Q

Common cold is characterised by:

A
  1. Nasal congestion and discharge
  2. Sore throat
  3. Hoarseness
  4. Cough
  5. Headache
  6. Tiredness
53
Q

Symptoms of cold usually last for

A

3-7 days

54
Q

Droplets resulting from ____ and ____ of infected person, either inhaled — or transmitted through —– cause infection in healthy person

A

Cough or sneezes
Directly or contaminated objects (like pen, books, cups, doorknobs, computer keyboards, mouse)

55
Q

—- is a disease man has been fighting since many years

A

Malaria

56
Q

—– a tiny protozoan is responsible for malaria

A

Plasmodium

57
Q

Diff types of plasmodium —, —- and —- are responsible for diff types of malaria 🦟

A

Plasmodium falciparum, vivax and malaria

58
Q

—- cause malignant malaria- the most serious one and can be —-

A

P. Falciparum
Fatal

59
Q

Plasmodium enters the human body as —– (—- forms), through the bite of

A

Sporozoites- infectious form
Infected female anopheles mosquito

60
Q

The plasmodium parasite initially multiplies within —- cells in humans and attack the —- resulting in their —

A

Liver
RBcs
Rupture

61
Q

Rupture of RBcs is associated with a release of —- in malaria

A

Toxic subs- haemozoin

62
Q

Haemozoin is responsible for —- and — every once in — days

A

Chills and high fever
3-4 days

63
Q

When a female —- mosquito bites and infected person, malaria parasites enter the mosquitoes — and undergo further development

A

Anopheles
Body

64
Q

The malarial parasite multiples in the mosquito to form —-

A

Sporozoites

65
Q

Sporozoites are stored —- in mosquitoes

A

Salivary glands

66
Q

Malarial parasite requires —- to complete it’s life cycle

A

2 hosts- human and mosquito

67
Q

Vector ( —- ) of malaria

A

(Transmitting agent)

Female anopheles mosquito only

68
Q

Sporozoites reproduce —- in liver cells, —- the cells and releasing into the blood

A

Asexuallly
Bursting

69
Q

Parasites of malaria reproduce —- in RBcs.
Bursting and causing —-
The released parasite infect —-

A
  • Asexuallly
  • Cycles of fever and other symptoms
  • Infect new RBcs
70
Q

—- stage of malarial parasite develops in rbcs

A

Sexual stage- gametocytes

71
Q

Female mosquitoes take up —- stage of malarial parasite through blood meal

A

Gametocytes

72
Q

Fertilization and dev of gametocytes (plasmodium) occurs in —- of —-

A

Gut of mosquito

73
Q

Shape of sporozoites (diagram based q)

A

Sickle shape

74
Q

Mature infective stages of plasmodium migrated from —- to —- in the mosquito

A

From gut to salivary glands

75
Q

Entamoeba histolytica is a _____ parasite in the —- of human

A

Protozoan
Large intestine

76
Q

Entamoeba causes Amoebiasis, also called as

A

(amoebic dysentery)

77
Q

Symptoms of amoebiasis

A
  1. Constipation
  2. Abdominal pain + cramps
  3. Stools with excessive mucous and blood clots
78
Q

—- carrier of amoebiasis is —- which serve to transmit the parasite from —- to —- , thereby contaminating them

A

Mechanical
Housefly
Faeces of infected person to food and food products

79
Q

Main source of infection of amoebiasis is :

A

Drinking water and food contaminated by faecal matter

80
Q

Ascaris (—–) and Wuchereria (—) are some ____ which are known to be pathogenic to man

A

Common round worm 🐛, filarial worm 🪱
Helminths

81
Q

Ascaris is a —- parasite which causes —

A

Intestinal, ascariasis

82
Q

Symptoms of ascariasis:

A
  1. Internal bleeding
  2. Muscular pain
  3. Fever
  4. Anemia
  5. Blockage of intestinal passage
83
Q

Eggs of ascaris is excreted along with — which contaminate —-,—-,—- etc

A

Faeces of infected
Soil, water 💦, plants ☘️

84
Q

A healthy person can acquire infection of ascariasis from —,—-,—,etc

A

Water 💦
Vegetables 🥒
Fruits 🍒

85
Q

Wuchereria (— and —), the filarial worms cause a —– inflammation in the organs in which they live for ——

A

1 malayi and brancofti
2 slowly developing chronic inflammation
3 many years

86
Q

Usually — of — are affected due to filarial worm , and the disease is called —- or —-

A

Lymphatic vessels of lower limbs

Elephantiasis or filariasis

87
Q

In filariasis, the — are also OFTEN affected, resulting in —–

A

Genital organs

Gross deformities

88
Q

Wuchereria is transmitted to a healthy person by

A

Bite of female mosquito vectors

89
Q

Many fungi belonging to the — of —–,—–,——; are responsible for ringworm

A

Genera of :
Epidermophyton, Trichophyton, Microsporum

90
Q

—- are the most common infectious diseases in man

A

Ringworm

91
Q

Symptoms of ringworm

A
  1. Appearance of dry scaly lesionsbon various parts (like skin, nails and scalp) —> main symptoms
  2. Lesions are accompanied by intense itching
92
Q

—- and — make the fungi causing ringworm grow and thrive in —– such as (—- or —-)

A

Heat and moisture

Skin fold
(Groin or bw the toes)

93
Q

Ringworms are generally acquired from —- or by using —– of infected people

A

Soil
Towel/clothes or even comb of infected people

94
Q

Maintenance of —- and —- is v imp for prevention and control of many infectious diseases

A

Personal and public hygiene 🪥

95
Q

Measured for personal hygiene include:

A
  1. Keeping body clean
  2. Consuming clean drinking water, food, vegetable, fruit
96
Q

Public hygiene 🪥 includes:

A
  1. Proper disposal of waste, excreta
  2. Periodic cleaning and disinfecting water reservoir, pools,cesspools, tanks
  3. Observing standard practices of hygiene in public catering
97
Q

Measures of public hygiene during catering, etc are particularly essential for diseases like —- , —- and —- which are transmitted through —-

A

Typhoid, amoebiasis, ascariasis

Food and water

98
Q

In case of air borne diseases like — and —, in addition to above methods.. one should avoid —– with infected person or their —-

A

Pneumonia 🥶 and common cold ❄️

Close contact, belongings

99
Q

For disease like —- and —- that are transmitted through insect vectors.. the most imp measure is to —-

A

Malaria and filariasis

Contol or eliminate the vectors and their breeding places

100
Q

For controlling vectors:

  1. —- should be avoided in and around residential areas
  2. Regular cleaning of —
  3. Use of mosquito nets
  4. Introducing fishes like —- in ponds which feed on the —-
  5. Spraying of insecticides in —,—-,—– etc
  6. Doors and windows hould be provided with —-
A

Stagnation of water

Household coolers

Gambusia, mosquito larvae

Ditches, swamos, drainage area , etc

Nets

101
Q

Precautions for control of vectors has become imp especially in the light of recent widespread of ,—— and —- vector borne by

A

Chikungunya and dengue
Aedes mosquito

102
Q

The advancements made in —– have armed us to effectively deal with many infectious agents

A

Biological science 🔭🧪

103
Q

The use of vaccines and immunisation programmes have enabled us to completely eradicate a deadly disease like —-

A

Small pox

104
Q

Large no of other infectious diseases like —-,—-,—-,—– have been controlled to a large extent by use of vaccines

A

Diphtheria
Pneumonia
Polio
Tetanus

105
Q

Biotechnology is at the verge of making —- and —- vaccines

A

Newer and safer

106
Q

Discovery of —- and —- have also enabled us to effectively treat infectious diseases

A

Antibiotics and other drugs

Zoo grade 12 (7 decks)

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