HES 105 Midterm Flashcards
what is an internal or external condition that challenges homeostasis? an example?
a stressor: exercise, temp, air pollution
what is exercise physiology
the study of how we respond to the stress of exercise
why is prob best not to call it exercise phys?
cause exercise is technically structured but exercise physiology focuses on all PA including unstructured
whats the stressful part of exercise (disrupts homeostasis)?
EVERYTHING , specifically it increases metabolic rate
- increases temp, pH, energy/fuel stat
What are the three main categories of factors that influence the physiological response to exercise?
The activity
The body
The environment
How are training adaptations an example of acclimatizations to stress
Training adaptations are the body acclimatizing to exercise - adjustment and compensation that improves tolerance to any stressor
what is work?
energy transferreed by a force
what is power
work done over time
On a leg cycle ergometer…
___ turns the flywheel
___ determined by friction against the flywheel
____ is determined by tension
Tension in belt isn increased by?
Pedalling
Resistance
frcition
- Adding weight to the basket
What is energy
ability to do work
what is mechanical, chemical, thermal enrgy
mechanical - movement of object or potential to move
Chemical - energy in bonds of molecules
thermal - energy due to vibrations of molecules
what is the first law of thermodynamics
Energy cannot be created or destroyed it can only be transformed (converted) or transferred (passed to something else)
What is the 2nd law of thermodynamics
In every transformation/transfer, some energy is lost as HEAT
Is anabolism exer or ender gonic>
endergonic
what are the three kinds of biological work?
muscle contraction, synthesizing things, maintaining membrane potential and re establishing it
what is Basal MR?
the cost of all background procceses and homestasis to keep us alive
What factors influence basal MR?
Body mass (increase with size), body comp (increase with lean mass), age (decrease w age), sex, horomones and genetics can cause inc or decr
what is resting MR?
cost of being alive and meaningful movement
what is acitvity Mr
between rest and max
what is activity MR determined by?
type, duration, max
what is resting MR determined by
Body position (decr in sitting vs standing), state of arousal (decrease at true rest), psych state (increase w anxiety, fear, agitation)
what is thermogenesis?
cost of digestion (10%)
determined by how much you ate
what does atp combine with to produce ___
ATP + H2O → ADP + Pi + usable energy + heat
Why do we need to resynth/recycle atp
we cant store or consume that much of it
3 macronutrients
protein, fats, carbs
what is the duration of phosphagen system?
10-15 seconds
what is the duration of anaerobic glycolysis
1-2 mins
what system makes a big mess?
anaerobic glycolysis - produces lots of H+ leads to acidosis
where does energy come from in the aerobic pathway
CHO, lipids and proteins
what is the law of conservation of mass
Mass is conserved but transformed
what is the phosphate donor in both the creatine kinase and myokinase reaction?
phosphocreatin and ADP
is creatine good for hypertrophy?
no, high intensity exercise tho
defintion of glyoclysis
catabolism of sugar/glucose
whats higher energy… glucose or pyruate?
glcuose
what happens during the investment phase of glycolysis?
Pi is transferred from atp to glucose - energy released and transferred to higher energy intermediate
What happens during the pay-off phase of glycolysis?
Pi transferred from intermediate to adp (substrate level phos) E released to lower energy intermediate used to transfer to ATP
Produces 2 nadh by reducing NAD+
what is substrate-level phosphorylation?
the process of adding pi from a molecule (substrate) to ATP, energy is released when this Pi is removed but then the energy is used to add it onto the atpe
how much atp is produced in glycolysis vs glycogenesis
net 2 in glyc and net 3 in glycogensis
whats the reate limiting enzyme
phosphofructokinase
Explain how the relationship between muscle tension and load can lead to muscles shortening, lengthening, or staying the same length during contraction; describe and recognize when contractions are dynamic vs static, eccentric, concentric or isometric, and isotonic vs isokinetic
Tension>load is concentric + muscle shortens
Tension <load is eccentric + muscle lengthens
Tension = load - isometric + stays they same length
Dynamic contraction - moves the skeleton
Isotonic: tension stays the same throughout contraction
Isokinetic: velocity stays the same but tension changes
Static contraction - no movement occurs (isometric)
What are 3 mechanical factors that influence
Contraction velocity
Muscle action
Joint angle
Understanding mechanical factors - optimize biomechanical technique
During comp - max strength/power
During training - maximize training adaptations
