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HES !)! > BBiomechanics midterm II > Flashcards

BBiomechanics midterm II Flashcards

1
Q

what is mechanical work?

A

product of force and displacement in the direction of that force
means by which energy is transferred from one object to another

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2
Q

why is average force uses for U (mechanical work)

A

because usually the force applied is not constant

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3
Q

what are the three types of muscle contraction how does this reflect in work?

A

isometiric (static) = 0 work
concentric. = shortening = postiive work

Eccentric = lengthenign = negative work

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4
Q

What is mechanical energy

A

the capacity to do work

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5
Q

what is kinetic vs potential energy?

A

objects capacity to do work due to motion of the object

vs due to position of object

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6
Q

is energy always positive?

A

yes

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7
Q

do changes in mass or velocity have large effects on KE

A

velocity (it is squared)

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8
Q

Is Kinetic energy conserved?

A

No as during impact some KE is converted to other forms like sound and heat

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9
Q

what are the 2 types of potential energy

A
  1. gravitataion PE
  2. Strain energy
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10
Q

What is gravitational PE?

A

PE due to objects position relatie to earth

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11
Q

What is the case for g in pe?

A

IT is always positive

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12
Q

what is strain energy?

A

PE due to the deformation of an objet like bending pole in pole vault, stretched muscle or tendon

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13
Q

what s k in strain energy? what is delta x?

A

stiffness constant. deformation or change in length

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14
Q

What is the work-energy relationship?

A

the work done by external forces (other than gravity) acting on an object causes a change in the energy of the object

U= delta E which is Delta KE + Delta PE (we wont incldue strain energy)

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15
Q

How do we maximize kinetic energy (in sports spec)?

A

large force applied over long distance

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16
Q

What an example of a technique used when doing work to decrease energy?

A

Flexing lower limb joins to minimize impact - increaing displacement.

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17
Q

How do we do work to decrease energy?

A

we use techniques and materials to perform negative work on an object to absorb some kinetic energy by increasing displacement of an object to minimize impact force

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18
Q

What is the conservation of mechanical energy?

A

in the absence of external forces (other than gravity) no work is done and total mechanical energy is constant or conserved

KEi + PEI = (KEf + PEf)
Ei = Ef

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19
Q

In projectiles what happens to KE and PE:
1) before an object is dropped?
2) as it falls?
3) The instant before object strikes ground?

A

before dropped KE = 0

as it falls PE decreases because height deceasee but KE increases cause it acc due to gravity
Instant before the object strikes the ground it has no PE because h=0

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20
Q

How are PE and KE related in projectiles while falling?

A

The decrease in PE is equal to the increase in KE

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21
Q

what is power?

A

The rate of doing work

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22
Q

definition of linear power

A

product of average force and average velocity

P = U
Δt P = Fd
Δt P = F d
Δt P = Fv

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23
Q

as the velocity of a contraction increases, the maximal force the muscle can generate …

A

decreases

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24
Q

What decrease w age?

A

isometric muscle strength

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25
Q

power is affected by an age related change in either ____ or ___

A

strength or velocity

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26
Q

What is peak effort reffered to as?

A

Maximal voluntary contraction

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27
Q

How is angualr velocity measured?

A

isotonically - fixed load moved thru a range of motion as fast as possible

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28
Q

How is maximal muscle power achieved? Usuallt at ___ of maximal velocity.

A

not at fastest velocity or largest force but rather a compromise between the 2. 1/3

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29
Q

as duration of an activity increases, the power output which can be sustained _____

A

decreases exponentialy

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30
Q

What are the 4 elements of a lever? How many classes are there?

A

lever, fulcrum, force, load. 3

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31
Q

What is the axis of rotation called on a lever?

A

fulcrum

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32
Q

where is the fulcrum in a class one lever - where is force and load
classs 2?
class 3?

A
  1. fulcrum in the middle
    Force down on one side and load down on the other ( ex= seesaw/skull-atlas joint)
  2. Fulcrum on one side
    Load down in middle
    force up on edge (ex = stanidn on toes gastroc or wheelbarrow)
  3. fulcrum on one side
    load down on end
    force up in the middle
    (ex = elbow joint or tongs or tweezers)
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33
Q

what is torque defined as?

A

the turning effect produced by a force

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34
Q

what are 3 types of ecternal forces, explain them?

A
  1. centric force = external force thru centre of gravity - no angualr motion only linear (f=ma)
  2. Eccentric force = not directed thru the centre of gravity
    liner and angular motion
  3. Force couple - none colienrar forces equal in size but opp indirection - angular only - no change in linear motion
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35
Q

What is the moment (forec or leaver) arm (r) ?

A

perpendicular distance between the line of action of force an a parallel line passing thru axis of rotaion

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36
Q

What is torque equal to?

A

the product of the size of force and the moment arm

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37
Q

T = what for centric forces?

A

0

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38
Q

How do we increase torque in humans?

A

large moment arms

39
Q

to fully categorize a torque what must one describe?

A

size of torque, axis which turn effect is created, direction of turning

40
Q

is clockwise positive or negative?

A

negative

41
Q

what rule determines direction of torque?

A

right hand thumb rule

42
Q

what is responsible for movement of our limbs about our joints?

A

torque

43
Q

where is line of action (pull) for a muscle force generally?

A

along the line between tendons

44
Q

Does the moment arm of a muscle change?

A

yes with joint angle - maximal is at 90 degrees

45
Q

What is the vertical component called muscular torque?

A

rotary component

46
Q

when msucle force pulls at an angle what produces torque?

A

only the compenent of force perpendicular to the bone (lever) - rotary component

47
Q

What acts to stablize or dilocate the joint?

A

Horizontal force or the force parallel to the bone

48
Q

what is the rotary component, stabilizing component and dislocating component ?

A

rotary = vertical, dislocating = contract/right (on graph)
Stablizing = horixontal pointing left on grapj

49
Q

if net force = 0 can there be linear motion? angular motion?

A

no to linear but yes to angular

50
Q

For an object to be in static eqm what must sum to 0?

A

external forces and external torque

51
Q

What is centre of gravity defined as?

A

point in body around which its mass or weight is balanced and through which the force of gravity acts

52
Q

what happens to the torques at the CG?

A

torques cerated bye each element sum to 0

53
Q

where is CG of the human body ? left to right and front to bacK? tope to bottome?

A

l to r: midline of body
Back to front- thru shoulder and hips jsut forward of ankle joined
Top to bottom - 55% of standing height for females and 57% of standing height for males

54
Q

Why do children fall over/

A

they have a higher centre of gravity because of their alrge heads and short legs

55
Q

what happens to CG when u abduct ur right arm?

A

CG moves right

56
Q

What is stability?

A

the capacity of anobejct to return to equillibrium or orignal position after being displaced

57
Q

what is an objects stability affected by?

A

height of CG (lower is better)
size of base of support (larger is better)
Weight (heavier is better)

58
Q

What does it mean by stability being directional

A

an object can be more or less table depending on the direciton of the toppling force

59
Q

How are stability and PE relatied?

A

CG height is raised as object is toppled
increase in cg heaht leads to an increase in PE

60
Q

Whys is the object with lower CG more stable?

A

The lwoer the original CG heigh, the greater the increase in height of CG as object is toppled, therefore the increase in PE is geater and more work must be done

61
Q

What is the most stable psotion for a person or object to be in?

A

One that minimizes PE - CG below rather than above the points of support

62
Q

If CG is BELOW base of support what happens to object?

A

It will return to its original position after displacement (stable equilibrium)

63
Q

How is stable equillibrium achieved

A
  • object returns to its original position if CG is below base of support
64
Q

what is angular kinematics

A

the description of angular motion

65
Q

what is angular position? absolute vs relative?

A

orientation of a line relative to another line or plane

Absolute has a fixed reference line/plane

Relative has a moveable one

66
Q

What are radians related to?

A

movement around a circle

67
Q

With linear motion around a circle, radians ____ when you multiply by the radius

A

dissapear so its just m/s not r x m/s

68
Q

How many degrees in one radian?

A

57.3 degrees

69
Q

how do u get degrees to radians

A

multiply by pi over 180

70
Q

radians to degrees connversion?

A

x 180/pi

71
Q

what is angular diplacement? what is the symbol?

A

the change in absolute angular position of a rotating line
angle formed between the final and initial position of a rotating line

72
Q

Unlike linear motion with angular displacement we consider _____ and ____ the same

A

distance travelled and diaplcement

73
Q

Linear distance (not displacement) travelled by a point on aline is porportional to what?

A

distance from axis of rotation (radius) and angular displacement in RADIANS

74
Q

What is l? formula?

A

arc length/linear distance

l = delta angle (angular disp)times readius

75
Q

linear DISPLACEMENT is porpotional to what?

A

distance from axis of rot (radius) but NOT angular displacement

76
Q

what is chord length?

A

Linear displacement (d), a chord is a line joining any 2 points on a curve

77
Q

What is a mechanical disadvantage for torque production

A

Muscles attach close to joints which is small moment arm and there for small torque

78
Q

What is a mechanical advantage for linear displacement?

A

small movement near join produces large linear displacement at distal end of limb - hockey - putter

79
Q

what is w lookin thing?

A

angular velocity

80
Q

what is angular velocity? what letter does it look like?

A

rate of change of angular displacement - w - veecnto - rad/s or degrees/sec or rpm

how long it takes someth

81
Q

What is AVERAGE angular velocity important for?

What is INSTANTANEOUS?

A

how long it takes msth to rotate form A to B - sumersaults, twists

Instantaneous - important if we want to know how fast smth is rotating at given time - relevatn to sport wher a bat/stick/club strikes and object like baseball

82
Q

which are the same for all points on a line out of angular velocity and angular displacement?

A

BOTH

83
Q

Linear distance (arc length ) increases w //

A

radius/distance from axis of rotation

84
Q

What is instantaneous linear velocity equation? what does VT, w and r mean?

A

VT is instantanous tangential lienar velocity
w is isntantanus angualr velocity
r is radius length

85
Q

what is a tangent?

A

a line which touches a circle at only on point and is perpendicular to the radius

86
Q

What is a mechanical advantage for linear velocity?

A

small movement at joint produced 8 times linear displacement at wrist - linear velocity also 8 times greater

87
Q

what is angular accelration?

A

rate of change of angular velocity? - vector rad/s^2 or deg..

88
Q

what three things cause angualr acceleration?

A

spin fster, spin slower, axis of spin changes

89
Q

What are the two types of instantaneous linear
acceleration associated with angular motion?

A

Tangential acceleration (at a tangent to circular path)
f
2. Centripetal acceleration (toward the axis of rotation)

90
Q

What is a and r in tanegenital acceleration (aT)

A

α is the instantaneous angular acceleration (rad/s2)where:
r is the radius length

91
Q

To maintain an object ona. circular path what is needed?

A

centripetal/radial acceleration

92
Q

what would happen to an object without centipital accelaration

A

onject would travel in striaght line at a tangent circle

93
Q

what is Vt r and w in ar (centirpeatl acc) formula

A

Vt is isntantaneous linear velocity r is radius w is agnular velocity

94
Q
A

HES !)! (9 decks)

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