Hepatic

Question 1

functional subunit of liver

Answer 1

liver->lobe-> lobule
lobule made up of cords of hepatocytes, portal triads, central vein and is hexagonal shaped

Question 2

metabolic zonation

Answer 2

cells closest to hepatic artery have greatest aerobic property (zone 1)
-zone 2 and 3 less aerobically capable but can still do things

Question 3

genomic equivalence

Answer 3

all cells have same blueprint/ genetic code
-local factors influence/ act as promoters

Question 4

promoter

Answer 4

binds to receptor to activate transcription or translation

Question 5

bile composition

Answer 5

bile acid
bile pigments
H2CO3-
H2O
Electrolytes

Question 6

chalangiocytes

Answer 6

cells that line the bile ducts

Question 7

bile acids

Answer 7

cholesterol derivatives (steroid hormones)
amphipathic

Question 8

primary bile salt

Answer 8

made by liver

Question 9

secondary bile salt

Answer 9

produced by bacteria in the gut

Question 10

emulsification

Answer 10

prevent small lipids from colisting into larger lipids
GI tract cannot digest large fat molecules

Question 11

steatorrhea

Answer 11

oily feces caused by:
pancreatic/ hepatic disease
hyper/hypo secretion
failure to synthesize apoprotein B

Question 12

icterus/ jaundice

Answer 12

yellowing of mucous membranes
lethargic
sign of liver malfunction

Question 13

negative energy balance

Answer 13

body takes stored fat for energy

Question 14

bile pigments

Answer 14

heme being exposed from heme-oxygenase (commited step)
Bilirubin needs albumin to chaperone

Question 15

causes of hyperbilirubinemia

Answer 15

excessive hemolysis
hepatic/ bile obstruction
ineffective erthropoiesis
hepatic overproduction of bilirubin
hepatic defects

Question 16

cholestasis

Answer 16

stopping bile flow

Question 17

ketones

Answer 17

derived from LCFA
ex: acetone and acetoacetate

Question 18

3-ketoacid transferase

Answer 18

can use ketones and reduce for energy if present
liver cannot use ketones

Question 19

venous admixture

Answer 19

place where there is confluence of flows
venous blood flow from portal vein (low O2) mixes with hepatic artery blood (high O2)

Question 20

triglyceride

Answer 20

3 fatty acids with glyceride

Question 21

lipoprotein lipase

Answer 21

in liver, frees fat from chlyomicrons

Question 22

hormone sensitive lipase

Answer 22

enzyme in adipose tissue that frees lipase

Question 23

reduction of ketones

Answer 23

acetoacetone can be reduced for energy
-3 hydroxybuterate reduced to acetoacetate
both can be reduced to LCFA

Question 24

oxidation of ketones

Answer 24

occurs in peripheral tissues
- 3 ketoacid CoA transferase

Question 25

liver phase I

Answer 25

redox reactions

Question 26

liver phase 2 reactions

Answer 26

conjugation
break bond, kick off carboxyl, attach sugar

Question 27

clearance

Answer 27

removes ? from bloodstream by using metabolism, excretion, and biotransfermation

Question 28

therapeutic dose

Answer 28

less than ingested dose
-dose required to achieve intended dose, needs time to get to steady state

Question 29

1st order kinetics

Answer 29

ability of liver to do biotransformation
substrate availability doesnt exceed enzyme

Question 30

gallbladder

Answer 30

helps deal with lipids
CCK and PZK enzymes influence

Question 31

rate limiting step in bilirubin formation

Answer 31

Heme oxygenase, Heme ring gets cracked open, then can’t go back

Question 32

urobilinogens

Answer 32

end up in urine

Question 33

sterocobilinogens

Answer 33

end up in stool

Question 34

translocase

Answer 34

brings LCFA into the cell

Question 35

thiolase

Answer 35

turns acetyl CoA into acetoaceytl CoA
committed to ketogenesis at this step

Question 36

HMG-synthase

Answer 36

turns Acetoacetyl CoA into hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA

Question 37

HMG-lyase

Answer 37

turns hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA into acetoacetate (1st ketone)

Question 38

D-3 hydroxybutate dehydrogenase

Answer 38

turns acetoacetate into 3-hydroxybutyrate (2nd ketone)

Question 39

acetyl CoA carboxylase

Answer 39

turns LCFA CoA into triglycerides
ONLY HAPPENS IN EXCESS

Question 40

LCFA CoA

Answer 40

gets translocated into mitochondrial membrane to go to CAT 1 and CAT 2, then beta oxidized to get Acetyl CoA

Question 41

xenobiotics

Answer 41

compounds from outside coming inside