Henry VIII - The Reformation

Question 1

Valor Ecclesiasticus

Answer 1

1535 - Cromwell leads a survey into the wealth of the Church to see if any is hoarded. Much of the results are heavily exaggerated or doctored

Question 2

Ten Articles

Answer 2

• 1536-Stresses baptism, penance and the Eucharist as more important than the other sacraments
• Works of charity are stressed as necessary to salvation
• “Popish purgatory” - indulgences are rejected but Mass for the Dead isn’t
• Prayer to saints still permitted
• Attacks transubstantiation

Question 3

Cromwell’s (First) Injunctions

Answer 3

• 1536 - Aims to enforce the Ten Articles by ensuring the clergy teach them
• No sermons on images, relics or miracles
• Holy days reduced and devotion to saints undermined
• Pilgrimages restricted to prevent potential rebellions
• Fills in the gaps created by the Ten Articles’ introduction

Question 4

Bishop’s Book

Answer 4

• 1537 - Bishops are charged with creating a clear guide to doctrine, but there was division between reformers and conservatives
• The book was a compromise between Henry and the clergymen, though Henry had it heavily edited 250 times, leaving it ambiguous
• It is never approved, published or produced

Question 5

(First) Royal Proclamation

Answer 5

• 1538 - Criticises those who sought to change ceremonies Henry hadn’t removed
• Maintained the need for unity and adherence to the way Henry saw it
• The execution of John Lambert for his denial of transubstantiation emphasised Henry’s continued belief in traditional worship

Question 6

Cromwell’s (Second) Injunctions

Answer 6

-1538 - Instructs the clergy on:

• reducing the role of images
• encouraging works of charity mentioned in the Bible
• preaching against reliance on pilgrimages and rosaries
• not lighting candles other than in front of the tabernacle
• the removal of images or objects relating to pilgrimages

Question 7

The Closure of Monasteries

Answer 7

• 1536-37 - The closure of small monasteries begins

- 1538 - The closure of larger monasteries begins

Question 8

(Second) Royal Proclamation

Answer 8

1539 - Speaks against the “hypocrite religion” involving superstition and pilgrimages, but also criticises those who go against sacramental teaching

Question 9

Act of Six Articles

Answer 9

• 1539 - Passed by Norfolk and seen as a conservative victory over Cromwell
• Approves private masses
• Continues auricular confession

Question 10

The English Bible

Answer 10

• 1537 - Cranmer sends Cromwell a copy of Matthew’s Bible in English, which is then licensed for printing
• 1538 - Coverdale’s version of the Bible (the Great Bible) is published as a less radical version of Tyndale’s
• Reading of the Bible was to be controlled so as to avoid dispute or challenge to authority. Later legislation also further controlled access

Question 11

Doctrinal Continuity

Answer 11

• Removal of Cromwell signals non-tolerance of diversity or radicalism
• July 1540 - Preachers Barnes, Jerome and Garrett are burned as heretics

Question 12

Doctrinal Change

Answer 12

• 1544 - English Litany meant that new prayers for certain days had to be said in English
• Key dates are reinstated over time (eg. St Luke), whilst others remain unobserved (eg. St Nicholas)

Question 13

Shrines dismantled

Answer 13

1541 - through Royal Proclamation

Question 14

Act of Six Articles - Catholic Changes

Answer 14

• Maintains transubstantiation and communion under one kind

- Emphasises clerical celibacy and the binding nature of vows of chastity

Question 15

Act of Six Articles - Protestant Change

Answer 15

Rejects Papal Authority