Henry VIII - Foreign Policy Flashcards
1
Q
New King Henry (1509-11) - Holy League
A
England joins the Holy League against the French alongside the Papacy
2
Q
With Wolsey (1509-29) - Battle of Spurs 1513
A
- 16th August 1513
- First French Campaign
- 30,000 men cross the English Channel to Calais
- Therouanne and Tournai are captured and made to act independently of France
- Very little French resistance - they retreat quickly and allow the capture as neither town is an especially strategic position
3
Q
With Wolsey (1509-29) - Battle of Flodden 1513
A
- 9th September 1513
- James IV of Scotland takes advantage of Henry being in France to invade, but is killed by the Earl of Surrey’s army at Flodden Edge (led in name by Catherine of Aragon)
- Leads to very little further trouble with Scotland, as James V is only a child upon receiving the throne
4
Q
With Wolsey (1509-29) - Treaty of London
A
- Signed in London in October 1518
- Wolsey creates a peace settlement to unite France, England, Spain and the HRE against the Turks
- Guarantees non-aggression between the major powers
- Ended the threat of English isolation and heaped prestige onto Henry’s reign
- Gave Tournai back to France in exchange for more pension
- BUT the Treaty falls apart when France attacks Navarre in Spain
5
Q
With Wolsey (1509-29) - Field of Cloth of Gold 1520
A
- June 1520, near Calais
- No expense spared - both kings wish to show off their Renaissance wealth
- Diplomatic meeting between Henry and Francis I
- Jousting and wrestling involved
6
Q
With Wolsey (1509-29) - League of Cambrai 1510
A
- Formed in 1508
- Between Julius II, Ferdinand II, Louis XII - Henry is allowed in later
- League collapses in 1510 when the Pope changes allegiance and joins Venice
- Holy League set up afterwards in 1511
7
Q
With Wolsey (1509-29) - Accession of Francis I 1515
A
- Francis becomes the largest ruler in Europe
- Inherits 460,000 square kilometres of land and 16 million people under his reign
- Also inherits a conflict in Italy
- Determined to uphold French honour and glory - this could pose a threat to Henry if he decides to invade England
8
Q
With Wolsey (1509-29) - Accession of Charles V 1516 & 1519
A
- Inherits Spain in 1516 and the Holy Roman Empire in 1519 after succeeding his grandfather, Maximillian I
- Rules over the HRE, Spain and the Netherlands
- Major issues are caused when he attempts to wage war with Italy
- Repels Protestant reformation in the Empire and defeats the Infidel Turk
9
Q
With Wolsey (1509-29) - Second French Campaign
A
- Early Autumn
- Duke of Suffolk leaves Calais and the Pope also coincidentally dies within this time
- Costs too much for Henry alone and Wolsey is made to raise taxes and requests benevolences (via the Amicable Grant), making him extremely unpopular
- Costs £800,000 in total
- Falls apart due to bad weather and unreliable foreign support - Charles promises to assist Henry, but instead captures and negotiates a treaty with Francis alone. Henry gets nothing out of their agreement
10
Q
Without Wolsey (1530 onwards) - The Shmalkaldic League 1540(ish)
A
- Alliance of Lutheran Princes and cities who pledge to protect each other in the event of religious attack
- Lasts 16 years
- Henry marries Anne of Cleves as part of England’s agreement to join, but sends her back after six months (6 January - 9 July 1540)
- The agreement was spurred on by Thomas Cromwell, who arranged Henry’s marriage and supported the Protestants
11
Q
Without Wolsey (1530 onwards) - Capture of Bologne 1544
A
- 19th July - 18th September 1544
- The French Garrison has enough firepower to prevent the English from advancing on foot
- The English try to dig a tunnel under the French
- Before either side succeed, Henry agrees to new terms with Francis on 13th September. The French agree to increase the pension so long as Henry stops waging war against them
12
Q
Without Wolsey (1530 onwards) - Battle of Solway Moss 1542
A
- 24th November 1542
- Near the River Esk, on the English side of the Anglo-Scottish border
- Despite there only being 3000 English troops against 18,000 Scots, the English win
- James V coincidentally dies soon after
13
Q
Without Wolsey (1530 onwards) - Third French Campaign 1542
A
- Henry allies with Charles again in his attempt to capture Bologne. This attempt succeeds, but Charles once again does not show
- Charles abandons Henry outside of Paris to make his own peace agreement with Francis 30km outside of Paris (again)
- The French are financially exhausted and once again increase the pension in order to end the fighting
14
Q
Battle of Flodden - Date
A
9th Sep 1513
15
Q
Field of Cloth of Gold - Date
A
Jun 1520
