HENRY VIII CHAPTER 8 GOVERNMENT AND PARLIAMENT

Question 1

what were henrs parliament

Answer 1

9 parliaments, 1.jan1510 to abolish the council learned
2. feb 1512 provide revenue
9 revenue
6succession act

Question 2

what did heny use parliament for

Answer 2

government reforms, tax money for wars and to change the succesion to fit the political climate

Question 3

what was the difference beetween cromwells and wolsys attidude to parliamet

Answer 3

wolsey wasnt very keen to exploit it as he believe dit wrong, on the other hand cromwelel was keen to expolit the leglistative propertys of parliament so it was used more for altering the succession and funding wars

Question 4

bullet points on why concilliar governement came to an end

Answer 4

. council learned abolished in 1510 as it was shady but other aspects kept in place until 1514
. henry became annoyed with the senior councillmns refusal to support his war in france
. as henry became more acoustomed to governeing with age he became his “own man”
. henry surrounded hmself with likeminded yes men and ther yougner courtiers who were suspicious of the old guard
. henry wa sonly reallly impressed with wolsey due to hs amazing organisational skills with france and other home affairs so he began to rely on him instead o plaxing an mphasis on a council. Histroians believed a young henry found concilliar proceedings tiresome and a waste of time
.

Question 5

what were wolseys initial main concerns afer becoming the dominant polical figure replaxing the council

Answer 5

the legal system, the fomrulation of domestic policy and politcal decison making

Question 6

what happened with the privy chamber under wolsey

Answer 6

before 1519 this area of govt lay outside of th control of wolsey but intstead was unde the influence of the kings minions wh were a group of young courtiers enjoying his favour. thy became gentlmen of the privy chamber and they had great influence over the king and a distrust for wolsey.
however wolsy set himself the task of neutralisig them and by 1519 he secured there removal and replced them with his own supoorters giving him complete control ver theprivey and silencing his oppisiton.
however this branch of govt was always somewhat ousdie olseys control as it stilll officially acted independant of the chancellor

Question 7

what was the court of chancery and how did wolsey use it to his advtage . pros and cons

Answer 7

main court of equity in the kingdom based on applying fairness not common law. whilst not being a lawyer his role as chanceller left him responsbile for overseing law, he tried to use the court to uphold “fair” justice , eg problems ith closure and with land left to others in wills.

Question 8

what were the issues witgh wolsey and the court of chancery

Answer 8

it became far too popular for its own good and justice was slow with it being clogged up wiht too many cases

Question 9

what court was wolseys most distincitve legal contribution and give details

Answer 9

the court of star chamber; it had originially been introduced in 1487.
it was wolseys most significant legal contribution and it became the centre of governement and justice over wolsey, his motive for extending the use of this was to increase the access to cheap and fair justice as wolsey didnt want people in localities getting too powerful.
the increased usage of this court was highely successful as it became the centre of govt and increased access to justice for the growing class of Laymen.. It also encouraged private cases however and became far too successful making wolsey be forced to set up a series of overflow tribunals to deal with business pressure. also the father of the court of requests

Question 10

how did wolsey deal with parliament, in specific the 1523 parliament

Answer 10

> wolsey wasnt good at dealing with parliaments here as many saw him innefective, john guy “arrogant and insenstive”.
insenstitivity was clear by his relationship with the 1523 parliament where a subsidy grant was needed to support the renewal of war with france but wolseys unliekable nature came into conflict as unlike the cooperative parlaiments of henryvii , the majority of parliament spent their time grumbling about wolseys financial demands showing how unlikelable his approaches were . this even prevented him for achieiving all he wanted

Question 11

what did sir thomas more have to do as a result of parliaments lack of coperation towards wolsey

Answer 11

he issued an official asking of forgiveness for the boisterous of some members while at the same time more defended their rights to critical opinions

Question 12

how did wolsey make changes to the tudor subsidy

Answer 12

> the tudor subsidy was where the tax payer including the nobility would provide extraordinary revenue when required , this was most achieved by subsidiys.
Wolsey didnt invent the subsdidy but he revolutionised the way it was collected and his methods were repeated in later subsidiys
nstead of relying on local commissioners to assess wealth [in fear of them beng overgenerous to the local nobility] he decided that wealth would instead be assesssed by a national committe which he himself headed . this allowed for a more accurate base estimate of the wealth of taxpayers and as a result he mamaged to raise extraordinary revenue for henrys war in france 1523

Question 13

what was the amicable grant and why did wolsey try and implement

Answer 13

the money raised from reorginising the way the tudor subsidy was collected was insufficent t fund henrys war so wollsey issued an unparliamentary grant where it was in theory to be freely given to the king to raise war money but it was in reality a tax leviedc without parliaments approval which caused resistance

Question 14

what were the eltham ordinances

Answer 14

introduced in 1526 to reform the finances for the privy council , in guise of pushing forward proposals for a reduction of royal finances expenditure
>wolsey secured a reduction in the number of gentlemen i the privy chamber. which was the on earea of govt he didnt have cotnrol s he then mnaged to replace groom of the stool[sir william compton] and replacng him with more compitent and more loyal to wolsey Henry Norris

Question 15

explain the historiorgraphy of these eltham ordinances

Answer 15

Peter Gwyn argued that the admissions of these ordinances was actually primarliy financial but David starkey stated thst the eltham ordincnes were becaye he feared the amicsvle grant would make him unpopular so that he would be in danger of loosing politicl influence

Question 16

what was the issue of enclosure and how did wolsey manage it

Answer 16

diving u land as the king felt thrstednd by landowners getting to wealthy so choppin git up would lead to no one owneing to =o much
wolsey set up a commission ot manage the impacts

Question 17

a tale of two thomases notes: give details for wolsey

Answer 17

.statesman and cardinal in church eventually becomming henrys lor chsncellor
. 1509 entered privy council
. 1515 appointed cardinal and completed treaty of london
. wolsey helped to revolutiojise englands domestic policy in many ways described
. he was unable ot secure the annulment of marriage which was his eventual downfall hoewever
.called ot london for treason died on way

Question 18

give details on Thomas mores biography

Answer 18

.born london 1478 son of a lawyer and studied latin law at oxford
.became friends with the humanist erasmus
.became barrister in 1501
.kings good servnt eg in 1535 heped plan london bridge
. master of requests in 1514
.privy councillar and personal advisor in 1518
. helped henry with achiveing role of defener of faither from the pope
became the breif lord chancellor but face infighting.
. was orignially a huge suporter of henry the viii “today marks the end of our suffering”
.he refused to help anul henrys marriage as he was a devout catholic
.1532 resigned and refused to attend weedding to anne bolyn
. in 1534 he refuse dto swear loyalty befor eparliament and was done for treason inrpisoned and reluctantly executed by king[6th july 1535] becayse he simly reufsed to take oath

Question 19

what was thomas moores dying quote on the king and his claim to being leader of chruch

Answer 19

“no temporal man can claim sprituality”

Question 20

thomas crowell biogo notes

Answer 20

.born 1485
. cheif minister 1532-1540
. born in putney
.attemtped to moderate govt at expense of nobility thus leading to eventual downfal
. parliament in1523
. late 1520s helped wolsey get rid of 30 monetarys
.1531 became trusted and extremely helpfu
.1532 adter mores resignation was given post of minister
.named secratary and lord privy seal and declared “england is an empire”
. court of words court of surronds
.1536 made barron cromwell earl of essex
. he helped henry by securing marriage annulment and by supporting his reformation politics.
.

Question 21

cromwells downfall biog notes [more on topic later]

Answer 21

. he was gaining mor enad more influence but alsomore and more enemys, failed henry with the anne of cleave fiasco
.neber been so high in grace “so suspicious of foreign powers”.
. council 1540 his enemys rallied against him
.subjecged to acts of attainder and executed n 28th july 1540 and head out on lndon bridge

Question 22

thomas cramner biog notes

Answer 22

.he was a key leder onf the english reformation
. arhbishop of cantuburyy
. he didnt make as uch religious csnges due to power struggle beetween reigious conservatives.
. later pubished book of common paryer undr edwards reign
. 1520 , tought unde rhumanist erasmus
. responsible for informing of catherine howards infedelity
. baptised elizabeth

Question 23

what was the kings great matter in detail

Answer 23

Henry still had no heir and he couldnt divorce and remarry to anne bolyn whhc was obviously going to anger him
. mid 1520s he did have a son henry fitzgerlad who was born illrgitmate to one of his mistresses
. 1520s fell for anne bolyn and dreamed of her giving him a male heir
. to marry anne he would need a special dispensation from the pope
. he bear this responsibility on thomas wolsey as papal legate

Question 24

what wa sherys own perosnal religious argument for henry being able to annul his marriage to catherine.

Answer 24

henry himself found in the book of leviticus; i twas a prohibition for any man who wushed to marry his brother s widow. and as catherine had breifly married arthur henry argued that this logic meant that the papal dispensiation by julius ii to permit hos marriage to catherine whuch wiuld in hteory make henry free to marry anne

Question 25

what was cahtorine of aragones great counter to henrys levtiucus argument

Answer 25

cofa claimedtaht her marriage to rthur had never been consumated and this waas then irrelevant but henry ddemanded that wolsey used this argument antway

Question 26

summarise wolseys fall

Answer 26

. wolsey was aware that his own fate was of securing the annulment as he was already unpopular wth parliament and unpopular witht the people for his role of foring the 1523 subsidiy and the amaable grant . after two year sof fruitless diplomacy the pope sent envoy cardinal campeggio to hear the case along with wolsey , the hearing opneed in london on 15ht june 1529 but campeggio adjurned it on 30th july therefore sealing wolseys fate anf he had failed to give henry an annulment . in october 1529 he was charged with praemunire and stripped of all titles and possessions by the king including hampton courth novemeber 4th 1530 he was arrested and was clear to wolsey that he would be tried and exuctued but he died on route to the court at leicester abbey on 29th novmeber 1530.

Question 27

what was praemunire

Answer 27

a parliamentary stature enacted in 1393 to prevent papal interferenace in the rights of the crown to make appointments to church office.

Question 28

what was the state of the pope ij 1527

Answer 28

pope clement was in no position ot do so as he had been saked by the troops of hremporor charles v and was his prisoner . charles v was catherins nephew and did not want to tsee his family insulted which gave a massive prblem iof non compliance for wolsey

Question 29

what trick did wolsey attempt to do to ensure the annulment in 1527

Answer 29

using his power as the oopes personal representative he brught henry before a fake court to accuse him of living with his wife in sin but chatgheron didnt ccept the verict and applied canon law by appealing to the pope

Question 30

other reasons why it was difficult for wolsey to secure the divorce

Answer 30

. a worsended financial state of england left wolsey with little financial bargaining power .527 hre and the league of cogniac sacked rome so no way of meeting the pope and attempting any sorty of deal . his task as imossible as the pope didnt wnt to offend his imprisoner who was determined to protect catherin and her honour . wolsey using his diplomatic appeal tried to orgnaise commisiion adter commission but they all failed inclusing the one in 1529

Question 31

what other factors led to wolseys downfall

Answer 31

. with the rise of anne bolyn came the rise of a faction that was openly cirtgicaal to tht king of wolsey, a divorce campaign fored i 1529 and councillers began to line up against wolsey and they argued to the king that wolsey had failed the king one too many times whihc led to hnim loosing trust in him .noble representatives worked the king agaisnt wolseya nd advised thst he had perhaps lost his touch

Question 32

what then happened in october 1529

Answer 32

. wolsey had been attempting to obtain the div roce for over 2 years]. october 1529 he was dismissed from his role as lord chancellor ad prosecuted in the kings bench on charge for preamurie . surrendred possession into the ownership o the king including kenton palace in york .summoned for trial but died at leicester palace enroute

Question 33

thomas cromwells key info

Answer 33

rose up from a humble bakckground to become a lwayer and secrtary to wolsey and then priniple sect to henry viii, it was cromwell who suggested to henry that he place himself as head to the church he masterminded the monastic dissolution but fell from power and was exuctued on the 28th july 1540

Question 34

what was the context that cromwell rose to power in

Answer 34

after the death of wolsey a concilliar govt entailed for three years and the chance of henry obtaining his divorce seemed less and less likely. it was cromwells emergence that brought this to and end asnd he rose to power under his idea that henry break from rome make himeslf head of the english churhc and then have entitlement to get his divorce by 1532 he was the king s cheif advisor. cromwell however never enjoyed as much power as wolsey

Question 35

what were most parliaments undfer cromwell focused on

Answer 35

ahcieving henrys divorce and changng the power of the church

Question 36

did cromwell achieve the divorce?

Answer 36

both divorce and break with rome forced through using acts of statute law which was established as supreme over canon law. the beginning of royal supremecy

Question 37

how did wolsey exploit the weaknessess in the church

Answer 37

.catholic churhc had already been weakened by the crtisims of erasmus and the humanism movement in general . churhces claim to legal supreeecy had been blocked in 1528 by lawyer chrsitpoher st german whhc established roya2l supremecy over canon law helped pave the way for a parlaimentaryt attack on churches power . Thomas cramner provided henry with means for divorce from the "collectanea satis copiosa". which was a collection of historical documents lookig to justify henrys divorce on legal and historical principles. . henry was backed by some continental professers adding further papal pressure

Question 38

explain henrys marriage to anne bolyn

Answer 38

She took matters into own hands rto force the issue of annument by agreeing to sleep with henry in doing so gambling her pregnancy and forcing henry to take decisive action. .the two married [she fell pregnant in dee=cember 1532] in january 1533 and archbishop crmaner managed to annul the marriage of hernry and cathorine in may 1533 . the princess elizabeth born in september 1533 was a girl so henry was furious but she was atleast legitimate . the problem of succession wasnt solved still .

Question 39

pressuring pope 1: 1531 clergy accused of praemunire and fined, what was it and how did it benefit henry

Answer 39

this act of premunire was a sustained attack on the clergy and basically elimenated their independance it forced them to state henry as " protectr and supreme head of the english church" "so far as the law of christ allowed" - this benefitted henry as it essentially resigned him as head of chruch meaning the pope now had zero power over him

Question 40

pressuring pope 2- 1532 act in condional restaint of annates, what was it ad how did it benefit henry pressuring the pope 3- 1532 hoc supplication against the ordinances what was it and ho did it benefit henry

Answer 40

2.was designed to pressure the pope by witholding the first years income from the ofice of bishop that the papacy had traditionally enjoyed . tyhis meant henry no longer had to give awy his money to the pope allowing indepeencdance and for it to be funded elsewhere 3 designed to fuel the anticlerical pressure in the hoc which gave henry more power in parliament and pushed out catholic influence.

Question 41

pressuring pope 4- formal submission of the clergy to henry VIII , what was it and how did it benefit henry

Answer 41

hapenned in 1532 and resulted in sir thomas moore resinging meaning all influence of cleirical and catholisim were pushed out entirely henry had more supremecy

Question 42

what did cromwell focus on from 1533 to achieve royal supremecy

Answer 42

passing acts of parliament

Question 43

the act in restraint of appeals april 1533

Answer 43

cromwells drafted it base don evidence in the collectanea and the preamble declared the monarch had imperila jurisitcitiion over the coutry whch culdnt b sbject to foregn ower meaning that catherine couldnt complain to the pope about how she was treated witht he marriage annulment this was good for henry as it mean the had complete control over hwa thappened

Question 44

the act of supremecy november 1534

Answer 44

it gace eglands leglislatve force to th royal supremey and meant that the kings majesty justly and rghtfully is oweth to be the supreme head of the cofe which effectively legtmised the break from rome. this was good for henry as it strethened the legal grounds for his break with rome

Question 45

1. the act of succession april 1534 what was it 2. the treason act november 1533

Answer 45

1. declared that henrys marriage to catherine was void and it woul dbe just vested into his children with anne . to deny the validity of henry and annes marriage was treason . [thomas moore downfall] . an oath should be taken to affirma n individuals acceptance of new marriage- nobody could legally question the legitmacy of his marriage to anne 2. the treason act was tightneed so treason could be committed by spoken word aswell as by writing of deed - meenat no one could appose the new marriage

Question 46

how did thomas moore fall vitcim to the treason act

Answer 46

he was convicted and executed in july 1535 fr denying the royal supremecy from speech, he refysed to take an oath

Question 47

the act annexing the first fruits and tenths to the crown november 1534

Answer 47

this made the financial burden frm bishop to pope be passed to paid to the king meanin the cler. gy now had grester financial burden and even less power

Question 48

what was the state of the relationship beetween the royals and the po-apacy in by 1534

Answer 48

it had been mashed into peices , royal suprememcy over the churhc had been woven and the kings supremecy was legally recognised[forcefuly] by the clergy all thsnk to cromwell parliaments law making role was also as a result strenthened

Question 49

explain the dissolution of monestarys 1536-42

Answer 49

the dissolution ensured that a vast amount pf the churches land was confiscated to the crown and this signifiacntly ncreased henrys wealth ad power in england , however the benefit to him was shortlived as much of th property ws granted away or sold at cheap prices to finance foreign policy.

Question 50

explain the downfall of anne boyln

Answer 50

> at first queen anne was actually a considerable advocate for church reform as pointed by eric ives > she was responsuble for helping to contribute towards reformation leanings. >however relations beetween cromwell and anne bgan to publically break down and cromwell was ctually insecure enough to thin that his relationship with the ing would be threstened so he allied witht the conservative faction to peruade henry that anne being flirtatious manner hd led to adultery and incest. and her downfll was sudden and specatular. his downfal had always been a target for the conservatives and she was rendered even more vulnerable when cofa died in 1536 as in catholic eyes henry was now a widower and free to marry

Question 51

explain thomas cromwells downfall

Answer 51

>he was riding high up untill 1536 >he had tied his son gregoory into a arriage with jane seymours cousin leading to hij effectively being in the royal family >tghe kings faith in hm began to dwindle a little when in 1536 the midlands rebellions against religious reform were angry at cromwell and shouted out him to be a "heretic" this gave henry second thoughts about how liked and popular cromwells tactics wee making him > 1540 cromwell tried to reconcile henry with the league of schmalkdalden by organiing a marriage with a german princes for henry anne of cleves, he saw her in person and felt cheated"i like her not" marriage was quickly annuled > this shattered any crediibility that cromwell had with the king

Question 52

cromwells downfall pt2

Answer 52

after cromwells marriage disaster his enemys led by the duk of norfolk hasd the chance to bring about his downfall as he was now incredibly unpopular in the court norfolk had his neice catherine howard free at court to wed henry which was a way of rubbing his succes in cromwells fce and als made henry feel like he no longer needed cromwell by his side cromwell was accused of heresy and treasn after being late to a council meeting and he was then executed on 28th july 1540 with his head being placed on the tower of london

Question 53

what was cromwells historiographic legacy

Answer 53

> geoffrey etlon saw him as the architect of tudor revolution in govt however this is widely disputef by many historians who bleieved he was just there to do the kings dirty work and not much more , his udesiouted most significant acheivement however was achievbg thr brek from rome for henry

Question 54

what was the groom of the stool

Answer 54

the most ijtimate of an english monarchs coutriers who became a man in which conficdence was placed

Question 55

what was premunire

Answer 55

a parliamentry state enacted in 1393 to prevent the pope from interfferng with the crowns rights.

Question 56

what was the form of governement formed in the last seven years of henrys reign and how so , what did it bring to question about the king

Answer 56

1539-40 a major revival of the conservative politcal movement led to a concillair govt being restored. the council ha d fixed membership where a formal secratary kept a record of the proceedings, this power atleast in 1540 was weilded by the conservative faction of govt. the existence and power of the people inside the council brought into quesiton how much power the kng reslly had a ssome histrians believe the king was this point weak and had little pwer over the decisions being made inside of his council , however some hisotirans believed that the king acvtuslly di hold power and that having two opposig factions controll gov twas actually a form of trickery as t meant the two factions would fight each othe rnd not rebela ginst king, whilst not makng all the decsiions he was still n cotnrol

Question 57

who was thomas howard duke of norlfolk

Answer 57

came form distignuished yorkist family and was orignally improsoned for his rle agaisnt henry vii in BoB however after repressing the yorkshire rebellion he regained patronage and regsibed power untill hi sdeath durg henry viii reign

Question 58

who was stephen gardiner

Answer 58

became principle sect to henry viii and then bishop of winchester , he suported brak with rme but held conservative catholic views leading to his improsemenet under edward and edward seymour

Question 59

who was Thomas wriothesley

Answer 59

owed his advance ement to cromwells patronage however he survied cromweells downdfall and atfched himself to the conservativ efaction in henrys last privy council and eas appointed lord chancellor in 1544 , he was slippery and again swithced sides when involved witht the downfall of norfolk in 1546

Question 60

what did the cinservative faction beleif and who leaf them and what were they associated with

Answer 60

accepted breakage with rome but aposed doctrinal change led by duke of norfolk and stephen gardener associated with passing the sixth articles act , fall of thomas wolsey , getting him catherine howard [norlfolks neice] , plots against crmaner plots against catherine parr

Question 61

reform faction, what did they believe who led thema nd what were they associated iwth

Answer 61

accepted break with rome and also saw it as an opportunity to introduce protestant doctrines into the church, led by edward seymour and archbishop cramner associated with successful foreign olicty in scotland fall of catherine howard catherine parr plot against gardiner arrest of norfolk

Question 62

what factors contributed to an interfaction rivalry

Answer 62

> kings decision not to appoint a new cheif minister mean5t the two groups could openly compete for power, some historians b elieve the king actually wanted them to do so > the kings poor health left many of the people within the factions lead to wonder wrther thry could atually be in control and not the king himself > any policy was likely to be drvien by the exitacne of factionalism

Question 63

what makes factionalism most intriguing

Answer 63

that the king was awre of it and almost enciuraged it which some historans attrribute to his sheer egotisticalism

Question 64

why were the conservative faction in control by 1540

Answer 64

becuse of the fact they had three recent key victories 1, six articles act whiuch enciurage there belive that religious innovation could be limited 2, they had seen their enemy cromwell loose poer 3, they had an ncreased access to henry thorugh his new wife cathernine howard

Question 65

why was conservtive success relatively shortlived

Answer 65

loss of catherine she was executed as she cheated on henry, he was 49 she was just 19 so her eyes were bound to wonder somewhat conservatives had failed at breaking henry and crmaners friendship ad he begn to trust cramner more and thme much less after the mrriage fiasco

Question 66

what was the 1544 succession act

Answer 66

act aproved in 1543 decided edward as heir whihc beneifted the leader of reform signifsnctly as he was edwards uncle edard seymour so it was a win for the reforms more so, the succession then went to the suffolk family ruling out mqs

Question 67

what hapened i terms of factionalism in 1546

Answer 67

> by final year of henrys rule the reform faction had become more dominant as catherin parr and edward seymour had a great influence over the ageing king > seymour had built up his infuence as the guardian of the waiting king once henry would die and as miliaryh commander by contrast stephden gardener had lost his power as he was accused of suggesting to re instate the papacy ,he also made a mistake by plotitng against c. howard in 1546 but hery didnt fall for this so he was nce more pushed out of the circle of royal advisors

Question 68

who was sir anthony denny and what was his signifcance

Answer 68

cheif gentlemen and groom if stool ad became in eof henrys ost trusted courters he was alos grom of the stool, denny was responsible for the dry stamp of the kings signiture meaning he was igning items on the kings behalf , he reinstated the succession act whihc it is thought that henry was actually too ill to do himelf

Question 69

when did the conervative faction collapse and what happened

Answer 69

decmeber 1546 arrests and charges of treason ofr thduke of norfolk and his son earl of surrey, his claims to tht throne and conservstiv rnatu was seen as a threat so an atander was passed againt him but norflok escaped unexectued as henry died in january 1547 , ther were also rumours of him ralying an army to possibly overthrow henry but this is specualeted to be untrue

Question 70

who dominate dupon henrys desht

Answer 70

the reform faxction as whe the young king edward took over ageed 9 he relied on the guardianship o fedward seymiur his uncle and a key leader of reform faction

Question 71

summarise the last yers of henrys governemt

Answer 71

nothing really hapoened in terms of legilisatio and power stuggles were more focused on what would hapoe after henry died he was able to use the infghting to his advantage aswell which worked welland satisfied his ego

Question 72

achievements and weaknesses of henrys council govt 1509-14

Answer 72

beneficial as coropration with council made henry appear as the oppsotie of his tryancil father/ he deeply dsitrusted the old guard however and little was done with them

Question 73

success and failure under wolsey

Answer 73

successe smassive reforms to the legal system and aswella s the wa th country was ran , such as the curt of chcery and star chamber/ unable to botain divorce

Question 74

success and failures under cromwell

Answer 74

was able to get a break from rome/ witht the reformatin caused several rebellions and nartional upset