HENRY VII CHAPTER 2 Government

Question 1

what is a beurocrat

Answer 1

an official in agovt department in paticular being concernedwith proceudral correctness
at expense of peoples needs

Question 2

what was the privy chamber

Answer 2

comprising of the close personal servants of the monarch its memebers had direct acces to monarchy and therefore could influence him or her more directly

Question 3

courtier

Answer 3

a perosn who attends royal court as a componion or adivsor to the monarch

Question 4

what were the elites

Answer 4

select groups that are considered to be superior in terms of ability birth or qualities ot the res of a group or society

Question 5

who attended the council in henrys whole reign and what was it like in practice

Answer 5

the council supported henry in key decisions and 227 men has ever been recordd to be in henrys council during henrys reign , however henrys regular working council was a small affair of 6-7 men

Question 6

what were the councils three main functions

Answer 6

to advise the king, to administer the realm on kings behalf, to make legal judgements

Question 7

what were the three main types of councillers

Answer 7

1. memebers of nobility such as lords daubeny and dyhnham , though the working council usuallly didnt ivnolve these highher magnates
2. churhmen like john morton and richard fox who usually had legal and adminsterative training
3. laymen that were either gentry or lawyers such as sir reginald bray or edmund dudley, henry was continuing a trend already seen by his predeccessors such as edward iv

Question 8

who was john morton

Answer 8

a higley able churchman and lawyer who because his career a s apassionate lancastrian he was promoted by henry to archbishop of canturburyy in 1486

Question 9

who was sir reginald bray

Answer 9

bray had been a faithful servant of henry for some time and helped henry raise bob funds and under henrys riegn exresrised his role as chsncellor of the duchy of lancaster, he also led the council learned , “kings cheift executive”

Question 10

who was margeret beafort

Answer 10

henrys mother who was an unoficial but incredibly powerful official advisor to the king , margeret granted large estate by henry , retained politicl influence throoughout reign

Question 11

how did the council function

Answer 11

the council had no establshed role or official procedures like formation but it was a perminatn body with a core memebrship
. sometimes the mmebers met sepeartely to deal with adiminetriative concerns when the king wasnt present highlighting he perhaps wastn as independatn as though tot be.
.i twas possible for the council to be held at two plces simmulatanesosly, proffessional councillers like bray and dudley didnt see themselves as councillers and moreso met elsewhere where th king wasnt present to discuss important matters, the importance of thw council heavily relied on its members like bray aswell as the power of its offshoot the council learned

Question 12

what was interesting about who could advise the king

Answer 12

you didnt have to part of the council and his perhaps biggest influence was lady margeret beufort his mother.

Question 13

what was the great council

Answer 13

was a sepeerate organisartion not royal, it was a gathering odf the house of lords meeting apart from the hoc and it had no clear defined body moreso an occasional rather than perminant body . it only met five times thorughout henry viis reign and was used to bind the nobiity to key decisions relating to national security such as war or rebellion

Question 14

what was the council learned and when was it set up, who led it at first and where did it meet

Answer 14

council learned was an offshoot of the council [learned in law] it was formed in the second half of henrys reign it was led by bray and often met in the duchy of lancaster

Question 15

what was the council learneds function and what did it do

Answer 15

it was a specialsits board designed to maintain the kings revenue aswell as to exploit his perogative rights, this was the council that made the system of bonds and recognisances so effective and thu swas able to trap many of the kings subjects. the workings of the learned are often viewed as shady by many historians as it was not recongised as a court of law so those summoned couldnt appeal , thomas penn believes the council caused fear anticipation and anger as it bypassed the normal legal systems

Question 16

what was brays associate within the council

Answer 16

richard empson who was an ambitous lawyer and beurocrat whose rutheless aproach seemed to increasingly define the behaviour of the council learned

Question 17

what happened follwoing brays death

Answer 17

empson was joined by edmund dudley and together they formed a feared combination of able and consiouensus beurocrats who raised extraction of monet from kings subjects to a frine art

Question 18

what was the end repuation o fthe council learned aswell as emspon and dudley

Answer 18

unsupriinsgly empson and dudley created enemies amingst some of the kings key advisors such as bishop richard fox and sir thomas lovell wh remved thme adfter henrys death , downfall of both brough rejoice in hthe streets higlghiting their unpopularity

Question 19

factfiles on empson and dudley

Answer 19

empson was a memeber of the council from 1494 and eventually chaired the council learned closely he identified with the increasing ruthelessness of henrys regime , empson arrested afte rking died
dudley came into play after brays death and it is argued it was his role to exploit financial revenues and sistuations

Question 20

why was the royal court important and what was it inspired by

Answer 20

the royal court was the centre of govt and since wealth was power the court had to be magniifcent and generous , in this henry was influenced by examples of royal courts especially those in france and burgundy , the royal court was to be found wherever the king was at a given time

Question 21

what were the purposes and functions o fthe kings royal court

Answer 21

it was the focus of a personal monarchy nd the place for royal ceremony about which henry was nethusiastic , it was where the power of the monarch was demonstrated to all the courtiers in attendence, it was through the court that rewards and status was distributed to those deserving or more likely well connected and courtiers enjoyed paid postitions and free food

Question 22

what was personal monarchy

Answer 22

mediefal monarch y was entrieyl personal the power and polircal influence somone had depending hwavily on what there personal relationship with the king was and not what office they held , therefore the access to the king ws what the power lied in whihc lay in the court hwich therefore argues thst the court was the centre of power due to how you could access power here ,hnery was cntuining edwards ne wmonarchy in this retrospect

Question 23

what were the different levels rto the court

Answer 23

1. the household proper: this was responisble for looking after the king and providing the courtiers guests and other hangons to entertain him , these perosnal and catering requirements were supervised by the lord stweard
2. next was the politically important level of the court known as the chamber whihc was presided by the lord chamberlin who and other senior officers who had a lot of influence , it was therefore a considersble blow to henry to discover in 1495 that william stnaley his lord chamberlin had been invoved with perkin walbeck
3. henry resonded to this imposition of his lord chamberlin b7y creating the privy chamber: to which the king could retreat protected by hiis most intimate servants, this made it more detail for personal monarch and for peple who wotn already close ot th eking to gain favour whihc is perhaops what established the king as a private monarch

Question 24

what was parliament

Answer 24

comprised of the house of commonsand lords had existed since th e13th cnetury but it only met occassionally and was therefore not central to the system of govt ,its two main functions were to pass laws and to grant taxes to the crown it had a further function to pass on local issues through mps

Question 25

how many times did parlimanet get called in henrys reign and whar cn be deduced from when tehy were called

Answer 25

henry called 7 in reign and the first five were in his first ten years which suggests they were called early on more to estbalish power and control and also to raise the national revenue , lack o fmeeting s in mater years show henry later felt as though his reign was clearly and thoroughly establsihed

Question 26

what was some leglislation passed by parliament in henrys reign

Answer 26

> first two parliaments starting in novmeber 1485 helped to pass acts of attainder whihc declared indivials guilty without having to go to trial and it also meant if they were dead there land would go to the crown > taxes of fiftheens and tenths passed in later parliaments and these were made in 1487, 1497 whihc enabled the king in protecting himself from wars, yeilded henry 203k

Question 27

final parliament in 1504

Answer 27

final parliament in 1504 did however limit the kings demand for extraordinary revenue and recieved an undertaking that the king would not seek revenue by this means

Question 28

how important was parliament during henrys reign

Answer 28

parliament played an importnt yet infrequetn role in henrys foreign oicy makingm=, 85-86 acts of attainder show this, 1495 defacto act pareliament helped henrys strengthen his reign.

Question 29

what is a borough

Answer 29

a borough is a town that has been granted a royal charter to have crown rights ot run own affairs and these boruoughs were granted an mp to reresent them in parliamnet

Question 30

who and what did parliament represent at the time

Answer 30

house of lords split by two main branches that were the lords spiritual who were chruhmen like bihoops and abbots and the lords temporal who were the nobility the secon dbrach was the hoc whihc was there to have two mps represent each constituency or borough , oxford and cambrigee the two unis also had a represenative , however only men of property were actually allowed to vote

Question 31

how did parliament help henry keep law and ordder

Answer 31

extraordinary taxation to give the king meaning henry was then able to fund wars and quash rebellions iwth this for example 1497 henry was given a grant by parliament to counter the perkin warbeck threat, henrys parliaments were also involved in the passing of laws and semi marked the beginning of his spy network

Question 32

what other issue did parliament see to

Answer 32

besides the task of strengthening the crown parliaments also dealt with other businesses such as 1, statute laws were passed to help regulate towns eg the 1497 parliament blocked the merchant adventurers attempt ot restrict membership by charging evetyone 20 $ and forcing them to lower there members charges by 20£ also

Question 33

what evidence suggests henry had to be cautious in his requests to his parlaiments

Answer 33

he needed to act itht he public in mind whihc iws obvously something his son failed to do

Question 34

what were the issues surrounding keeping law and order

Answer 34

at worst problems with keeping law and order could lead to uprising and rebellions as henry was converned with his potential enemies might exploit and touble his challenge to autority as was tradition in earlier cneurtrys , the king relid on the nobles to exersise power on hi sbehalf but this was a balancing game as he also wanted to keep the nobles from getting too much power

Question 35

what did henry do that was high risk to have someone to watch over the north of england

Answer 35

> henrys predessessor edward had divided the land into spheres of influecne fo rthe magnates to control bu thteh number of magnates had been severely reduced due to the year of fighting in thw war of the roses . > this pushed henry to actaully release the yorkist earl of surrey from the tower to rul eht norht under his juristiciton and on henrys behalf > another person he relied on who he ddidnt trust was the marquis of dorsrt

Question 36

what did henry do to combat the lack of trust he had in the people h e was letting help run the country like hte marquis of dorset and earl of surrey

Answer 36

he decided to employ a spy network whose job it was to report on therehaandling of the country aswell as there imposrion of bonds and recognizanses

Question 37

in terms of maininting law and order what were jps how ere the yuseuful to herny and what problems migh they have caused for him

Answer 37

jps were responsble for mainining hte law and order in the country side they were apointed on a county by county basis an dmet four times a year to adminster the justice, most of these jps were local gentry fufluffining unpaid tasks to hope for greater prestigue they were responble for routine admin such as tax assessements alehouse regulation investment complaints against local officals and domestic law and order / provided henry with an avveue to find out what was going on by connecting the coutnry this way evey quarter. common issues met upon regularly could possibly stir up a rebellion though

Question 38

what were acts of attainder and how were they beneficial and what problems did they possibly cause

Answer 38

an act of parliament to declar someone guilty without trial this allowed the crown to seize all this perosns psossessions it was how henry best disposed of his political enemys, it was a way of not having a public trial to look seucre and like nothing was happening however it made some think the kig was unjust

Question 39

what were bonds and recognizances and how were they benefuical and problematic

Answer 39

bonds were a legal doc whihc bound an indiviudal to perform an action or forfeit money and henry made leading country men sign them and recgnuzanses were a formal aknowledgement of debt that woul db enforced by means odf heavy penalty often a fine/ these allowed him to bettter control the people but it also stirred up trouyble and rebellious resiatance due to the seemingly unuust nature of it all

Question 40

what was the livery and the benefits and negatives

Answer 40

badge from a gentlemens or noblemands coat of arms that it was sign they were in service and was used ot retain men to fight or rasie an amry for ht eking by a noble/ this only worked however if the nobility stayed loyal or a domino effect was created as yorkist bobles in north like earl of surrey were loved by the norht there allegnacne would follow thme an dnot neccassarily the king

Question 41

what was reducing the numb er of nobles used for

Answer 41

henry was fortunate that the wofr had seen the death of many powerful nobles and henry ran with thi s as people like hte earl of warrick were imprisoned and only his stepfather william stanley got an earl tutle whihc meant henry didnt have to givve up much of his crownlands

Question 42

how did henry use patranage to hs advantage

Answer 42

the dispersal of iffices and jobs whihc the ing was able ot effectively use to his advantage by bidnig people ot royl service and royal loyalty based on the fact that he was the centre of paronage, he coul docntrol who got what and regulary exploited his perogativ rights

Question 43

what was order of the garter

Answer 43

a way for the king t give away a from of knighthood without having to giuve away land so it created an illusion of poer giving but not actully giving much asway it was an insentive to be loyal without actually aving to give away much expenditure

Question 44

how did hnery cotnrol the nbolity

Answer 44

whilst the eael of surrey controlled the north tchnaiclly his osn arthur who was three was relly in charge, furtherore henry didnt attempt to win the loyalty of ht enoblity and ijnstead just let people who ha earned his respect have his favour, this method ws affective as it meant ht enoblity had no power, however it alsoo decreased his reputation and the nobles insetives t work for him

Question 45

1what were the churhc courts and what was there area of juristicton 2what were local manor and borugoh courts

Answer 45

1. church courts were unde the church admisnteration and were incharge of offences commited by clergy and for sdmisntiering wills and keepin gmarriae record 2 .these were responslbe for landholding , rights and responavlbitys of landlords and tenant, use of common land, responsiblities for drainage and land issues borough courts for medival training standards

Question 46

what was the chancery

Answer 46

it waa the court of acheving equity rather than strctiness of common law

Question 47

what were the 6 main sources of royal income

Answer 47

1. crown lands 2. profits from feudal dues and the exersies of the royal perogotive 3. customs revenues 4. pensions of other powers 5. profits of justice 6. extaordinary revenue

Question 48

what was assumed about henrys finance for many years

Answer 48

that he was a miserly king who bregrudhed thrwoing money around like any other contemrpory ruler, and that he left vast amounts of money to his son henry viii

Question 49

eval on henrys financial policies

Answer 49

there is some debate as to wether henrys greed was a feature throught his reign or wether he became much greedier in the later stages of his rule but as was suggested by cntemrporty chrnocler polydore vergil there is definately evidence of the contemparies being relieved at his death, this was a result of his isertly policies which i why thomas morre wrote a poem cirtisiing them to henry so he was not slwo ad had the two ecuted in 1510

Question 50

what two things did henry know h e needed t do if he wished t better control and administrate royal finances

Answer 50

1. keep a close watch on fincance 2. us ehte chamber system in royal household to admin finances and not through the court of exchequer

Question 51

explain the crown lands in henrys reign

Answer 51

henry was the countrys largest land owner and his rental income wa sinsainly in,mportant , income from the crown lands signifcantly increeased during his reign > at the begiining the income collected was 12000 pounds because ficance of crownlands income was adminned through innefeicent court of exchequer , in 1492 henry reverted to edwards system of administering financesthrough the chamber with key treasurers such as thomas lovell and sir john heron > at thend of his regin yearly crown land revenue shot up to 42k per year

Question 52

how did profits come about from feudal dues and the exersise of royal perogotive

Answer 52

. persuit of kngs feudal rigghts were tightened and there was an increased profit from wardship and parliament granted feudal aid in 1504, heney was able to manipluate ancient 13th cntury text of perogotiva regis to force the payments of feudal dues or death which aided to incresw profits and n 1489 statute of usage the potential loopholes were cut out

Question 53

explain heneys other sources of revenue

Answer 53

.customs revenue: whihc tonnage and poundage wer egranted for life by henrys first parliament and the annual revenue from this increased from 34-38k to feflect small pop growth > a french pesnion of 5k a year from treaty of etaples > profits of justice including fines on incomes and bonds that also included potential and as much as 200k was promised but never collected from 1504-7 > extradorinary revenue from taxation which left henry to gain 400k from alone however thi scused revellion sin 1489 and 1497 so was not all good > in total henry left behind plate and jules worth 300k and 10k in cash and the crown i n credit altho bacon argued 1.8million

Question 54

what was the price to be paid for the energy spent improving henrys revenues

Answer 54

the main vicitms were the coutnrys landowners who were the people that qoyl d be curcuoial for henry to hve the cupoort of incase there was a threat ot his power , yet henry did th ecounter intuitve thing and treated them in a wat that woyuld make them threaten the thorne therefore henerys polices were underratedly dangerous

Question 55

textbook summary of henrys govt

Answer 55

henry rerpesetned a new govt a new more personal way of song things shunning nobiity and opting for compinent laymenr who likehimself ahd risen up in poerr , modest ability and filed ot udnerstand nations needds

Question 56

key stats on fiannce of ordinary and extraordinary revenue

Answer 56

ordinary crown lands: 40k a year feudal obligations: wardship livery and relief 1507 6k per anum bonds and recognisanses; 1502 marquis of dorest isgned 10k proiseing good behviour

Question 57

custom duties

Answer 57

4ok per aanum increased by book of rates accounting for inflation