HENRY VIII CHAPTER 9 FOREIGN RELATIONS AND THE SUCCESSION Flashcards
henrys foreign policy 1510-26 quick timeline
1510; treaty of etaples renewed
1512; invasion of france
1513;second invasion of rance
sept1513; battle of flodden
1514;marriage of louis od france and mary
1515;louis dies succeeded by frances
1516; death of ferdiand and treaty of noyon france and spain make peace
1517; treaty of cambrai peace beewteen holy roman empeoror and france
1518 treaty of london establishes general european peace
1519; king charles of spain elected to be holy roman emperor
1520; field of the cloth of gold
1521; treaty of brudges beetween england and charles
1522; england at war with france oncemore
1525; charles victorious over french at battle of pavia
1526 england links with anti imperial league of cogniac
how did henrys foreign policy change beetween 1510-11
in 1510 a young henry whilst keen to got owar was limited greatly by his fathers old counciller they erged him to make peace with france whihc he did by renweuing th etreaty of etaples in 1510. he commisiooned a translation of the life of his war like predesesor and in 1511 recieved approval to invade france
what did henry do to create an anti french alliance
sent archbishop of york to convucne pope julius to enter an allaince against the french which brought together the holy league which then joined england spain hre papacy and venice in an alliance against france
what were the positives and negatives of henrys relationship with spain from 1509-14
poaitives, henry had a strong alliance with his father in law ferdinand of spain and they were two major forces in the holy league against france, on paper henry had a strong relationship with spain
negatives, however henry was naive and didnt reealise his father in law was just using him as a tool [so was maximmillion] this was evidenced as he instructed henry to invade southwest france but only as a distraction o he could retake over navarre
successes and failures of englands dealing of france 1509 to 1514
positives: with his second attempt in 1513 henry led his own army to northeastern france and he was successful in winning the battle of the spurs and winning towns of tornai and therouanne, geoffrey elton thinks this was just a sideshow however
- orignally secured a renewal of the traty of etaples in 1510
negatives- upon his initial invasion in 1512 henry sent 10000 men to southwest france undercontrol of the marquis of dorset however the englishmen were fought out meaning the battle was pontless and achived henry absulutely nothing
- henrys navy was also defeated by the superior french in 1513 on one of his skirmishes to achieve nothing and sir edward howard one of henrys trusted naval generals died
- henrys fgains in france wwre irrlevent he was essentially ferdinand and maximmilians puppet and this was evicdnet as tornai was sool dback to france for far less than henry had spent rebuilding it adfter battle leaving him in financial ruin
- to make matters worse in 1514 henry was forced to abandon his new campaign idea as ferdiannd and maximmilian both seperately made peace with france leaving henry allyless and in no powerful poition
what did wolsey do to fix the issue with france after the attempts at further invasion were lost in 1514
he picked up the peices and was able ot skilfully seucre a renweal of the french pension and aswell as this a marriage alliance with henrys younger sisiter and the much older king louis xii of france.
what happened with scotland beetween 1509 and 1514
this was the angloscottish conflict of the battle of flodden in sept 1513- whilst henry was away in france and queen cartherine was incharde james iv crossed the border and began invading england from its northern most points attempting to engage with his aud alliance iwth france and take advantage of henry and his most trusted war nobles being away.
however this went badly for james as his army was soon defeated by a smaller and more expiercned aremy put together by the earl of surrey, this resulted in james iv dying aswell as much of the scottish nobles and the throne of scotland was left down to james v ,
however, despite englands clear battle of flodden vicotry what were the huge downsides of this , what were ?
however henry did nothing to build on this advantage from flodden due to insufficent funds so in short nothing was built on the event/issue.
the war was cosrly and henry had to liquidate more of his fathers assests to pay for it once more decreasing the crowns power.
he increaded taxation in yorskshire whihc caused a rerun of th grumblings expiericned in 1489 whihc only narrowly failed to turn into a full scale revolt
ultumately henry was unable to exploit scotalnds weaknesses due to his lack of money to do so
what countries were the main players of henrys 1514-26 foreign policy and vreifly explain why
france- death of louis ruin smarriage alliance and accession francis 1
scotland- accession of baby james 5
spain- death of henrys father in law ferdinand and the accession of charles 1
burgundy-duchy passed to hassburgs in 1477 it was extremely important in trade
HRE- death of maximillion and election of charles
what were the three points canbe made about the basis of henry and wolseys foreign policy dfrom 1514-26
1, england remained a relatively minor powwer and couldnt really compete on level terms witht eh major powers of france ansd spain
2, henry significantly oversetimated the relative power of englnd whihc is what casued wolsey to base his foreign policy on this untrue assumption
3, the auld allaince between frnce and scotland remained so they always remained oon good terms with one when on good witht ehother and vice versa for bad
what were the two conequences of henry running out o fmoney to pursue his warlike foreign policy
- he was unable to capitaliseon the weakness of scotland after james death at flodden.
- he sought his peace with france , the sttlemetn was reinforced by the marriage of his younger sister mary to king louis xii this marriage however was very shortlived.
what happened with marys too marriages and what was the impact on henry
young mary married older francis in october 1514 however due to their significant age gap louis died on 1january 1515 amid gossip and innuendo bout his death, within weeks she had remarried to the duke of suffolk whihc meant tha thenry could no longer use her as a bargaining power and he was extremly unhappy and didnt forgive her for a long time nor did he forgive suffolk his once closest friend
what happened upon louis death in reference to succession and alliance
the throne passed to francis 1 who was charismatic and youg and henry saw as a massive rival perosnally. henry the as a ressponse sook and alliance with ferdinand of aragon but he died and was replaced by his grandson charles v who instead formed an alliance with francis making henry allyless
what event made england become exeptionally isolated
the young kings charles other grandfather emperor maximmion both agreed with a peace treaty of cambrai which oncemore no wleft england isolated in a dangerous manner,
how was Francis 1 able to undermine and worsen anglo scottish relations in addition did it work
as a consequence of englands isolation the young king was able to do thia becuase the duke of albany who was the scottish heir presumptive but was also a mmeber of french nobitlity which meant francis then made albony consolodate his position by being appointed as regent to the scottish throne. This alarmed henry and wolsey who saw albany as a french agent, however this threat was minmised as there was poisonous divisions amongst the scottish noblitiy
why did henrey still then not do anything about the divisions in the scottish noblity
henry had been proven incapable of exploiting scottish divisions amongst the scottish nobility.
how did wolsey end englands isolation and what happened specifically
wolsey in 1518 became a lead diplomat and proposed the treaty of london with the major european powers, he was prompted by pope leo under the motive of a unified christian front against the ottoman turks who seemed thereatening, the treaty had its orignins in fidning peace beetween france and england but it evolved and scoped out to become a “treaty of perpetual peace” whihc was agreed by spain england france and the hre
what was the issue with the treaty of london
future conflicts occured meaning that the treaty was argubly meaningless.
what were the immeidate effects of the treaty of london
it was coup of diplmacy for wolsey
secondly it higlhlighted the popes need for a united chirsitan front whihc is what made him appoint wolsey as papal legate in 1518 giving him even more power , wolsey was now at the height of his power and presigue
explain the english and frnehc new found friendship in terms of tornai scotland and spain
the newfound alliance triggered england to give tornai back to france but the french once again agreed to a pension to cover /compensate the loss, in addition the french agreed to keep albondy out of scotlnd and not therefore interfere with england and scotland, the french relationship wth england was then further reinforced due to a shared fear of spain gettin gmore powwr ahead of the upcoming hre elections.
what was the feild of the cloth of gold
june 1520
the name given to a meeting that took place over two weeks beetween english king and francis. the location was in franc ebut close to the town of calais whihc the english held , each king set up a lavish pavillon which was used for drinking dining and enteratisnment, th eevent hosted a wrestling match in whihc henry lost to francis , the event cost the treasury 15k adding to debt
why did the peaceful outcome of th efield of cloth of gold not actually last
in diplmatic terms nothing was acheived in th elong run as peaces wa snot kept this is because conflict arose beetween francis of france and charles of spain and wolsye negotiated the treaty of brudges beetween king and chrales [spain king and the emproer]. treaty of brudges stated thed both invade france together
what were the motives fro henry to side with spain against the french
he could improve his relationship with the pope who was anxious to reduce french control over th enorht of italy
h ebelieved he might win more terriorty in france
part of the deal ijcludeda marriage alliance beetween mary and the emperoer
what did england then do in 1522 an 1523 and what were the results
english armys invaded northern france in both 1522 and 23 but the campaigns were extrmely costly and proved ot be alargely unsuccesful alltogther , parliamsnrt were proving unwilling to grant subisidys and tax rises to fund these wars whihc eventuually led to the cotnroversy of the amicable grant
