HENRY VII CHAPTER 3 foreign policy

Question 1

summarise heneys generall foreign policy aims

Answer 1

they were straight forward he had no grand plans to assert english dominance and their power in europ einstead he wanted to avoid the 100 years war and focus on national secuirty establishing a dynsaty and mainting a defence of english trading interests

Question 2

foreighn relation timeline for henry vii

Answer 2

1487; french invade britanny
1488; anglofrench truce
1489; treaty of redon beetween negland and brittany treaty of medina del campo
1492; england invades france treaty of etaples
1496; magnus interursus
1497; trearty of ayton beetween negland and scotland
1501; aerthur and cathorin marry
1502; death of prince arthur
1503; marriage of princess margeret and james iv of scotland
1504; death of queen of queen isobella of castille
1506 philip of burgundy and juana of castille
malus intercursus

Question 3

explain brittany in this time period

Answer 3

an indepedant duchy of north wesr france that protected henry from exile from 1471 so he owed britanny a great deal almost

Question 4

explain ireland in this time

Answer 4

by 1461 england ojly controlled a small strip of ireland , the pale whihc was 32 km deep strip of land , the rest of ireland was goverenerd by independant chiefs the greates kildare and fitzgerald ireland was a central concern in englands foregin policy and it had yorkist sympthy

Question 5

explain scotland in this time

Answer 5

a thorn on the neglish side with an aud alliance bu thad a popualtuon of just 40000 and relied on the coop of english nobles it wasnt a smajor of a power in this time period, its vast and rugged coutnryside was proving o make conquests impossible

Question 6

what was burgundys relevence at this time

Answer 6

despite beign a smalla ndr lativiely new ammalogmaton of kingdoms and towns burgandy was in important terriorty as it was the centre of exporting for englands coth finishing centre and edward ivs sister margeret of burgundty had yorkist sympathys and could choose ot act against england

Question 7

hre signifcance in this time period

Answer 7

the hre stretched over central europe and comprised of 20 million inhabitants and a myriad of different states
the emperor maximmillion was a force to be reckoned with
it was large and strong it had claims and ambitions in italy
maximmillion married mary of burgundy

Question 8

was was italys signifcance

Answer 8

italy was “the big prize”
it did not exist as a coutney yet and was smaller unified states at the heat was rennesance , france and the hadsburg empire had claims in cfacne they wished to persue italy was at the crossroadso of europe

Question 9

spain in this time period

Answer 9

feridnand or aragon and iobelle of catilel became joint monarchs in 1479 and this gave spain an international existance
they wantesed to drive the muslms out of granada in south of spain
they wanted to secure their norhtern mot border by reatking rousillion and caradnage
ferdin and had a claim to napples whihc all three of these created problems with france but not england

Question 10

france in this period

Answer 10

charles viii in 1483 inheritied a franc ethat had increased quickly in size aswell as in power during the 15th century it had the largest population in europe 15million the rejuvenated france now wnated to secure brittany whihc could pose problem to england

Question 11

what was a feifdom and how was brittany relevant

Answer 11

an area ruled by a feudal overlord britanny was a fief but the duchess anne was a non legitmate heir as she was a woman so france wa loking to claim back britanny, britaanny was overruled by duke francis ii but he had no male heir so france was looking to take brittany back

Question 12

what happened with brittany in 1487 and what did henry do in response

Answer 12

france invaded brittany and it looked as if they would soon regain cotnrol of the area this scared henry who in 1489 summoned parliament to grant extraordinsry revenue to raise an army against the french
his obligation ot hte bretons
his fear of a direct threat to the bretons

Question 13

and why was henry concerned about the french ifluence in brittany

Answer 13

france was the biggest and most expansion hungry power in europe henry didnt like the idea of them having conteol o fthe southern borde of the english channel and it may disrupt henrys by sea trade
henry had been exghiled in briattny so he felt a certain sense of obligation ot serve them justice as his allys

Question 14

what was the treaty of redon and what did it entail

Answer 14

signed beetween england and brittany in feb 1489 , according to ehihc the duchess of anne would pay for a small english army to defend brittanny from the french threat and at the same time henry tried to strenthen his position with an alliance with maximmllion , maximllion ha d amarriage contract with anne the duchess so he didnt want the area to fall to the french

Question 15

what happened when the english army went to britain and how did it cause problenms for henry[ how idd it go wrong]

Answer 15

english army went to britnanny gbut anne was scred of prolongued french resiatnce so she surrendered and relucatnyl marrried chalres of france whihc left the english troop smarooned in brittany, which made maximillion loose interest in the matter henry was now ina d iddfuclt positio whihc was made even worse when perkin warbeck sok frewnch supoort for his claim t the throne , henrys first exhibition was failing.

Question 16

how did henry recover his positon in france in 1492

Answer 16

he recovered his postion very skillfully , he launched an invasion of rance in 1492 and the french quikcly sought a peace agreement , altho henrys ivnasion appeared a gamble it was atually due to the fact that his spies had told him that charles viii was more interested in lainching an invasion on italy and would therefore quickly seek peace wth henry, henry showed flexibility in his approach to benefit from the change ib fench prioritys

Question 17

what happeened at the 1492 treaty etaples

Answer 17

charles grred to withdraw suport for perkin warbeck and pay a pension to henry in compensation ofr him having recruited an army for invasion henry had defended englandnationa interests and somhweat kept anglo english relations cordial

Question 18

why was it really important for england to be on good terms with the netherlands in the 1490s

Answer 18

most of englands exports went thorugh ports in the netherlands such as brudge and antwerp whihc wasa under burgundys duristcion so it was in an important thing for relations ot be postive

Question 19

explain in detail what the complicating factor for good realtionship wiht netherlands burgundy and the hre for henry and why it caused englands relations with burgundy to decrease intensly

Answer 19

margeret of burgundy the widowed duches was still in power of her husbands estatr and she happened to be richard iii and edward ivs sister hwihc was a major problem as she was a leader in the yorkist cause which henry saw a s threat to his scruity
this was intensifed when margeret enlisted the supoort of her stepson in law maximmillion empreror and phillip his son who controlled netherlnds, due to there mother and grndmother in laws yorkist sympathys both phillip and maximmillion agreed to provide perkin warbeck with support and hospitality

Question 20

what did henry try and do to ease the mattter of burgundty and margerets support for warbeck and what problem did t cause

Answer 20

henry put a full trade mebargo on the netherlands and burgundy whihc blocked them off snd blocked there merchants from potentialy infultrating, the problem here was that it brought two of henrys foreign policy objectives into direct conflict securing his dynsaty and estblishing srtrong trade respectively

Question 21

which of henrys policy did henry prove too be his priority in the conntext of burgundy and what were the results

Answer 21

by giving priority to his dynastic interests henry had shown tha the put himself ready to sacrifice trade and the econmic and commerical interests of london and east coast merchnts ehihc harmed his populaairt in these areas

Question 22

what happened beetween the two leaders henry and phillip after warbeck left burgundy and the netherlands

Answer 22

after warbeck left relations were improved slighlty as henry no longer saw them as a threat to his security henry and phillip agreed to the intercursus magnus which meant the trade mebargo was ended in 1496

Question 23

what happened in 1504 with henrys foreign policty with burgundy nehterlands and the hre that proved to be beneficial

Answer 23

the relations beetween anglo burgundina oncemore became a priority to henry when in 1504 isobella queen of castilla died and on eof the outcomes of the resulting treaty of windsow was a new trade agreement that was intrcurus malus where henry ws now beig forceuful in hi sfinancila affairs sinc ehe no longer had to worry as much about national security lots of the yorkist threats were killed off, he demanded a trade deal giving england a much stronger deal [ if it was implemented] phillip and maximmillion also handed over the yorkist fugitive earl of suffolk who was imprisoned i the tower, henry improved neglands traidng position and its security he had ahcieved both

Question 24

what wad the intercusus malus

Answer 24

the new even better trading agreement for england whihc wa snegotioated in 1506 but was never actually put into affect and the follwing yar trade restored uopon the terms of the initial agreement

Question 25

who ruled spain in this time period and why did henry hope to develop good relations with them

Answer 25

ferdinand and his wife isabella who had united th etwo kingdoms and they were a powerful state that henry therefore hoped to get along well with and wanted to unite them with a politcal alliance of sorts

Question 26

what did the treaty of medina del camp entail why was it signifacnt

Answer 26

this occured n 1489 and aswell as helping with freer trade it also entialed three significant clasues,; 1. the two monarchs offered mutual protecton incas of attack. 2. they agreed not to harbour rebels or pretenders whihc was helpfyul for hery as pretenders like warbeck were hiding in foreig european courts. 3. a marriage alliance beeetween prince arthur of and catherine princess of aragon

Question 27

what were the problems with implementing the treaty of medina del campo

Answer 27

the treaty had problems as ; > arrangments for the marriage didnt go too smoothly > ferdinand was reluctant ot go ahead with the marriage agreement as long as henry was still being threatend and imposed by perkin warbeck the two monarchs argued over the size of catheirnes dowry[how much she was worth incase of marital breakdown or infedelity] > the details o fthe marriage agred in 1499 and took place in 1501

Question 28

compliactions brought about with ferdinand upon arthurs death in 1502

Answer 28

. henry suggested that cahterine was to marry his second son henry but ferdinand disagreed as he had little need for an english alliance and he didint want to pay for a papal dispensaition for it to go ahead . in 1504 hnerys enthusiasm for the marriage allianc eihmself died down becasue isobella died and her daughter and cofas siter juanna made stuggle for the throne of spain with ferdiand

Question 29

who was juanna of aragon married to and how did this realte to henry

Answer 29

she was married to philip of burgandy the leader of netherland and the two were supoorted by henry and had to refuge there hwne their ship crashed whilst they were attwmpting to mak their way towards france,

Question 30

what happened in regard with spain to the treaty of windsor 1506

Answer 30

henry took advantage of his guests situation during the 1506 trety of windsor where henry secured a stronger relation with juanna and phillip by the intercursus malus and the return of the erl of suffolk henry recgonising the aier as rulers of castille strenthened their claim to the throne of spain

Question 31

how did henrys alliance with juanna and philip amid the treaty of windsor backfire heavily and what did it result in for henry

Answer 31

soon after the couple arrived in spain phillip died wich sent juanna into a spiral of deppression and led ot her beingt described as having gone mad by ferdinand whihc aloowed him ot regain the regency of castil and henry was left diplomatically ouatmarted and isolated and ferdinand ensured that henry qwouldnt get the marriage alliance for the rest of his life.

Question 32

scotland and england from 1485-95

Answer 32

anglo scottish relations were often tense tohugh remained relativly cordial

Question 33

what happened in 1495-96 that became a problem and a turning point for anglo scottish relations

Answer 33

james iv offered perkin walbeck hospitality and warbeck stayed at the scottish court for two years and recieved a pension and an aristrcatic marriage to the kings cousin lady catherine gordon , this wa s threat to henery and james encouraged him to cross thw border with an army of few men but they retreated whe they realised they woul dget little northumblerand support and an english army was making its way north from newcastle

Question 34

what did warbecks scottishinfluenced invasion cuase henry to do

Answer 34

he launched a larger invsion to scotland and this had important urepeucssions as it launched a tax rebellion the following year.

Question 35

what affect did the cornish rebelion have on anglo scottish relations

Answer 35

a laege scale cornish rax rebellion shook henry and it waa evident that it wa sin hte interests of england and scotland to secure an immedfiate truce whuhc tok place at the treaty of Ayton

Question 36

what happened with cotland and england from 1498 onwards

Answer 36

anglo scottish relations imporved and james had no more use for walbeck so he was handed over to henry and executed in 1499

Question 37

what happened with scorland and england from 1501-3

Answer 37

it was agrred that james marry henrys daughter prcness margeret and in 1502 this was sanctioned a sa formal peace treaty or the treaty of perpetual peace in terms of anglo scottish relation shenry was very successfull

Question 38

james iv fact file

Answer 38

succeeded scottish throne at 15 in 1488 and he married henrys duaghter margete responsible for the invasion of 1496 but called off

Question 39

how far did henrys power in ireland extend

Answer 39

only existed as far as the pale whihc wa sthe area of land surrounding dublin power in hte rest of ireland lay with the descendednts of the anglo norman barons who settled in the 12th century of whom the most important where the fitzgeralds and the butlers.

Question 40

who was the dominat figure in ireland and why did henry not like him

Answer 40

the earl of kildare [leader of geraldines] and he was lord depuuty since 1477 but feared by hery due to his yorkist sympathys, he suported lambert simnel and crowned him king of ireland1486 and henrys suspicion was compounded by his supprt of perkin warbeck in 1491 gerald fitzgeralnd leader of the geraldines

Question 41

what action did henry thus take in ireland

Answer 41

instead of reying on the cheap but unreliable irish aristrocacy he attempted a more beneficail to the english but costly apporach to managin ghte pale of an engliamne backed arm force . he appointed his son henry as leitenant of ireland and sir edward poynings as deputy

Question 42

how succesfful were henrys actions in ireland

Answer 42

was successful at establising royal authority by means of threat and bribery and force required the irish to pass the poinings law which laid down that the irish parliament couldt pass laws without english apporval however thi senforcement was too expensive for henry when warbeck arrived back in ireland in 1495 and seiged the town of waterford and henry was out of money due to scotland and was oncemore forceed to rely on letti gkildare fuflifll law enforecmenet as a cheap option

Question 43

what happened with england and ireland by 1496

Answer 43

kidlare decided that suporting the tyorkists any longer was actually pointless and and decided to be henrys loyal serivent whihc allowed henry to essentailly gain cheap and effective contol over the feifdom of ireland and rthe submission of the irish cheifdoms , he was undoubatlbe fortuntate that kildare proved so amenable and the fact that kildare was able to rebuild his family fortunes doubtless made him eager to supoort his former enemy in the king

Question 44

evaluate the success of henrys foreignpolicy with brittany and france under the three key iiital aims

Answer 44

national securtiy; reached agreement to key negotionations and a reudced threat of invasion by the end . dynastic regocnition; henry got embaraased by frnce in brittanny but was able ot get them to no tsupoort the yorkists defence of trade englands maintnecen of a french relationship at treaty of etaples secured there afatey of trade thorugh the neglish channel

Question 45

evaluate the success of henrys foreignpolicy with burgundy and the hre under the three key iiital aims

Answer 45

ns; henrys trade mebargo works at proteecting national interests but for the short term effects of a weakened trade deal dr; threat of mofb and the interurusus malus failed due to phillis death trade; magnus intercursu managed to secure security aswell as keeeping trade open thorugh antwerp and brudges

Question 46

evaluate the success of henrys foreignpolicy with spain under the three key iiital aims

Answer 46

ns; treaty of medina del campo but henrys uspport of phillip failed wiht dynastic fecognition as he suported phillip and juannaa and philip dide dleavng ferdinand to punish henry by dissalowing the marriage of henry viii and cofa the equal trade was however protected

Question 47

evaluate the success of henrys foreignpolicy with scotland under the three key iiital aims

Answer 47

treaty of ayton ensured certain level of secuity as scotland promised to ot invade the execurion of perkin warbeck was a key ilstone in xing all of the remaining yorkist pretenders and henry could fisnlly be smi confident in a dynasty being established, a marriage agreement beetween margeret and james iv of scotland he stablised the norhtern border ot in theory trade with scotland but didnt choose to nontheless

Question 48

evaluate the success of henrys foreignpolicy wirth ireland hre under the three key iiital aims

Answer 48

poynnng slaw established suecity as the king could baisclly control ireland to an extent prince henry was the leutenant of ireland didnt impact potential trade as the two countires were in hteory semi stble and the earl of kildare decided to be loyal

Question 49

facts to know about henry and the succession pre 1502

Answer 49

henry had four children who survived through childhood and they wer called arthur margrt mary and henry and arthur was in track for successiion before dying it went to henry

Question 50

who was concerned about what coul happen after henrys death and what were the concerns

Answer 50

there were fears from bishop fox empson and dudley about what woul dhppen with the duke of suffol and his brother richard de la pole and the duke of buckingham also attemtping to sease the throne whih waseven scarier as henry viii was still a child .

Question 51

arhturs marriage to cof aragon foreign pol objective success or fail

Answer 51

did it to make allianc with spain successful in short term but resulted in failure as arthur died and ferdinand didnt let henry the other child of henry marry catherine