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Year 13 Mocks - Tudors > Henry VII - Sources of Royal Income > Flashcards

Henry VII - Sources of Royal Income Flashcards

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What was the Star Chamber?

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  • a court that was responsible for prosecuting anyone who behaved in a rebellious or lawless manner
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5
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When was the Star Chamber created?

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  • in the Star Chamber Act in 1487
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6
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Who sat on the Star Chamber?

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  • the King’s most favoured advisers
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Why was did the King’s advisers sit on the Star Chamber?

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  • this meant that it was possible to haul even the greatest noblemen before it
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8
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What else was the Star Chamber used as?

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  • a court of appeal
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9
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Why is the Star Chamber’s importance debated?

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  • there are a shortage of records
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10
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What are the arguments on the importance of the Star Chamber?

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  • some argue that Henry made little use of it - the definite truth is that it became more organised and significant under Wolsey
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11
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What two committees were established in Henry’s reign to deal with royal finances?

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  • the Star Chamber - the Council Learned in Law
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12
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How did Henry change personally with his dealing of finances?

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  • at first, when he was less experienced, he left the finances to the control of the Exchequer and the Treasury - By 1487, he took more direct control
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13
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How did Henry take more direct control over finances in 1487?

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  • moved financial administration to his private rooms in the palace, the Chamber and the Privy Chamber - this, like under Edward IV, was the most important area for financial administration
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14
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What new post did Henry create to investigate money owed from wardships?

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  • Surveyor of the King’s Wards
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15
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What did Henry create to monitor government spending?

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  • the Court of Audit
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16
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Why did Henry avoid an aggressive foreign policy?

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  • because this was the mistake of past kings financially and was expensive
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17
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What did contemporary writer Polydore Vergil write about people under Henry VII?

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  • ‘considered they were suffering not on an account of their own sins, but on account of the greed of their monarch’ - this established Henry’s reputation for being a greedy king
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18
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What are the two arguments on Henry’s methods of gathering finances?

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  • some argue that he was a miser, obsessed with hoarding money from every source he could find - others argue that Henry’s methods were normal, but just extremely effectively carried out
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19
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When did Henry appear to become more obsessed with his finances?

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  • after the death of his son and wife in the early 1500s
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20
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Why do people think that Henry became so obsessed with finances in the last years of his reign?

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  • his succession was not completely secure, so he wanted to ensure the Tudor dynasty was recognised as a prosperous and affluent time
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21
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How did Henry’s finances compare to other Kings in Europe at the time?

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  • he was nowhere near as affluent (with £113,000) as other kings - for example, the King of France had £800,000
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22
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What were Crown Lands and how did Henry increase these?

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  • Henry inherited all the lands held by the Houses of York and Lancaster, the Earldoms of Richmond and Warwick the Duchy of Lancaster and the Principality of Wales - Henry increased these through attainders and escheats
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23
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How did Henry VII develop Edward IV’s use of Crown Lands?

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  • Edward IV had improved the administration of Crown lands by introducing techniques of estate management - Reginald Bray developed these further and applied them to other lands
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24
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How did Henry’s use of Crown lands differ to Edward IV?

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  • he was more reluctant to grant lands to family and friends than Edward - he instead held onto them to maximise his influence and his income from leases and rents
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25
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What was the Act of Resumption?

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  • 1486 - this act reclaimed all Crown lands that had been granted away since the start if the Wars of the Roses - this was also sometimes used as a potential threat to noble families to keep them under control
26
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What were feudal dues?

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  • these were traditional rights held by the Crown to demand money, deriving from the principle that the King was the sole owner of all the Kingdom’s land and that others held it as tennants
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What were the 4 main types of payments that the King could demand from the nobility?

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  • Relief - Marriage - Wardship - Livery
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What were relief feudal dues?

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  • this was paid by an heir to the King when he received his inheritance
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What was marriage feudal due?

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  • the King’s right to arrange marriages of the daughters of tenants at a profit
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What was wardship feudal due?

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  • this was the control of the estates of heirs under adult age, which the king was allowed to manage for his own profit
31
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What was livery feudal due?

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  • this was a payment made by a ward on reaching adulthood who wanted to take control of his land
32
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In which two ways did Henry benefit from feudal dues?

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  • both politically and financially - he used them for good behaviour by also benefitted from wardships of certain powerful families
33
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How much did Henry’s income from feudal dues increase from 1487 to 1507?

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  • £350 to £6,000 per year
34
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Give an example of Henry’s use of feudal dues to gain power.

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  • Earl of Northumberland was killed in 1489, leaving a 10 year old son - Henry was able to control and have power over this family through wardship
35
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What position did Henry create in 1503 to help administer wardships?

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  • Master of the King’s Wards - This was given to John Hussey first in 1503
36
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What were customs duties?

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  • these were taxes paid on goods entering or leaving the country - by the 15th century, it was traditional practice for Parliament to grant these revenues to a monarch for life
37
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Where did money mainly come from for custom duties?

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  • tunnage and poundage, particularly on the sale of wool, wine and leather
38
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What was tunnage and poundage?

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  • tunnage = taxes on exports - poundage - taxes on imports
39
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How did custom duties change from Edward IV to Henry VII?

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  • Henry largely continued to work of Edward - he introduced certificates for coastal trade - twice updated the Book of Rates
40
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What was the Book of Rates?

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  • this book set out the charges on imports and exports of a wide range of items
41
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How much did custom duties rise by from the beginning of Henry’s reign to the end?

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  • start of reign £33,000 - end of reign £40,000
42
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What were legal dues?

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  • money from fines and other payments made by people appearing before the King’s courts
43
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Where did legal dues come from?

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  • payments came from both common law courts and the special courts operated by the Royal Council
44
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How did Henry change the amounts of legal dues?

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  • he increased the use fines and attainders - for example, William Stanley brought an immediate payment of £9000 in 1495 and then £1000 per year after that
45
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What were bonds and regconisances?

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  • these were payments made as a guarantee of good behaviour
46
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How did Henry administer Bonds and recognisances?

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  • he demanded from those whose loyalty was suspect, such as Yorkist supporters - he also applied this to merchants who owned custom duties
47
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How did Henry improve his finances through bonds and recognisances?

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  • he used this to both gain finances and maintain control
48
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What court was created to maintain control of bonds and recognisances?

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  • Council Learned in Law
49
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What were loans and benevolences?

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  • these were the King’s right to ask for financial help in particular emergencies
50
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Who organised the loans and benevolences and who paid them?

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They were organised by the royal council. and they were requested from both individuals and institutions, such as town corporations

51
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How much did the King raise in 1491 and for what reason?

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  • he raised £48,000 from loans and benevolences - this was for the War in Brittany - £9000 was contributed from the City of London
52
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What were feudal dues in extraordinary revenue?

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  • these were based on the same claims as in ordinary revenue, but related to a single extraordinary occasion
53
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What extraordinary forms of feudal dues was the King entitle to?

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  • gifts for special occasions, such as when one of his sons was knighted or when a daughter married - these gifts were paid for by leading nobles and parliament was also expected to make a grant on behalf of the people it represented
54
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How did Henry fully exploit the extraordinary feudal dues?

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  • he received £30,000 from parliament for the knighthood of the (then dead) Prince Arthur - he also increased his demands from nobles who had tried to save money by being ‘in distrait of knighthood’
55
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What were clerical taxes?

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  • these were special taxes which the King could levy on the Church
56
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How did Henry secure clerical taxes? What problems were there with this method?

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  • the clergy were exempt from paying taxes to Parliament, so this was the only way of getting money from the church - it often came in the form of a voluntary gift
57
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How did Henry’s use of clerical taxes change from previous monarchs?

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  • the amount of gifts he received was widely similar to previous monarchs - he used his right to appoint leading churchmen to raise money by selling offices - for example, he raised £3000 for the post of Archdeacon of Buckingham - this practice was called ‘simony’, which was banned however was widely practiced
58
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What were parliamentary taxes?

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  • these were special grants of taxes by Parliament to finance royal policies such as military action in Europe or Scotland
59
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How was parliamentary taxes administered?

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  • in either ‘tenths’ or ‘fifteenths’, and were taxes on the value of moveable property - Henry also tried a form of income tax, but this was hated and soon abandoned
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How did Henry’s use of parliamentary tax cause unpopularity?

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  • it sparked 2 rebellions, the Cornish in 1497 and the Yorkshire in 1489 - he avoided parliamentary taxes as much as possible

Year 13 Mocks - Tudors (17 decks)

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