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Year 13 Mocks - Tudors > Henry VII - Foreign Policy > Flashcards

Henry VII - Foreign Policy Flashcards

1
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2
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3
Q

What were Henry VII’s aims in Foreign Policy?

A
  • maintaining good relations and defence to ensure national security - recognition of the Tudor Dynasty - protect English trading interests. - Wanted to avoid another Hundred Year War.
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4
Q

What was Henry VII not interested in regarding his foreign policy?

A
  • asserting England as a power in Europe
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5
Q

Which truce happened in 1488?

A
  • the Anglo-French Truce
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6
Q

What happened in 1487?

A
  • French invasion of Brittany by Charles III
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7
Q

What Treaty occurred in 1489?

A
  • Treaty of Redon between England and Brittany
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8
Q

What was the Treaty of Redon?

A
  • Agreed that Anne would pay for a small English army (6000 troops) to defend Brittany from French threat
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9
Q

Why did Henry VII feel strongly towards Brittany?

A
  • Felt a sense of obligation towards the Bretons as he had been exiled there in his youth. - Feared direct French control of Brittany would pose a greater threat to England.
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10
Q

What consequences of the Treaty of Redon did Henry fear and what did he do to combat this?

A
  • worried his support for Brittany would anger the French - Henry needed allies against French power - Treaty Medina del Campo signed with Spain
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11
Q

What Treaty was also signed in 1489 regarding Spain?

A

Treaty of Medina del Campo

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12
Q

What were the Medina del campo terms?

A
  • Agreed neither side would harbour rebels or pretenders. - Both states would help each other to defend themselves. - Customs duties would be reduced. - Neither side would sign any Treaty with the French without the agreement of the other. - Marriage negotiations would take place between Arthur and Catherine.
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13
Q

What did the treaty of Medina del Campo achieve?

A
  • Treaty gained security (an ally and prevention of Spain as a Yorkist stronghold) and financial gain.
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14
Q

What marriage happened in 1491?

A
  • 1491- Anne of Brittany marries Charles VIII
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15
Q

What were the effects of Anne of Brittany marrying Charles VIII?

A
  • Leaves English troops stranded and Henry VII looking weak.
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16
Q

What did Henry do with troops stranded after marriage?

A
  • He invaded France (Boulogne) in the October of 1492 with a limited number of troops (having raised money by parliament) - Charles, eager to invade Italy, sought peace, which resulted in the Treaty of Etaples 1492. He agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745 000 gold crowns and swore not to support any rebels like Warbeck or the de la Poles
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17
Q

What were the terms of the Treaty of Etaples?

A
  • Charles agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745,000 crowns - promised not to support pretenders
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18
Q

How did Henry VII secure the money to invade France?

A
  • through parliament and extraordinary revenue
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19
Q

On which two occasions did Henry VII raise revenue through extraordinary measures for war?

A
  • 1 - The Breton Crisis - 2 - War with Scotland
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20
Q

What did Henry achieve by invading Boulogne in 1492?

A
  • peace - improved financial position - security against pretenders
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21
Q

How did he demonstrate to France he did not want a drawn out battle?

A
  • invaded late on in the year, winter was harder to fight in. - Charles, eager to invade Italy, sought peace, which resulted in the Treaty of Etaples 1492.
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22
Q

What was the Treaty of Etaples?

A
  • 1492 - He agreed to pay Henry a pension of 745 000 gold crowns, and swore not to support any rebels like Warbeck or the de la Poles - This achieved peace, improved financial positions and security against pretenders.
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23
Q

Where did Henry’s power extent to in Ireland?

A
  • The Pale district
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24
Q

Who was the dominant figure in Ireland?

A
  • Earl of Kildare
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25
Q

Why was the earl of Kildare feared by Henry?

A
  • he had Yorkist sympathies
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26
Q

How was the fear of Kildare’s Yorkist sympathies supported?

A
  • When he crowned Lambert Simnel king of Ireland in 1486 and supporting Perkin Warbeck in 1491.
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27
Q

What did Kildare’s actions of supporting pretenders force Henry to do?

A
  • nstead of relying on the established aristocracy who were cheap and unreliable, he attempted the more costly approach of rile through an Englishman - appointed Henry VIII as Luitenant of Ireland and Poynings and his deputy
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28
Q

What happened in 1496 in Ireland?

A
  • Kildare decided that there was no benefit in supporting Yorkists anymore, so decided to be loyal to Henry
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29
Q

What happened in 1493?

A
  • England establishes a trade embargo with Burgundy
30
Q

Who is Margaret of Burgundy?

A
  • Widowed duchess of Burgundy and sister to Richard III and Edward IV.
31
Q

Why was trade embargo with Burgundy established?

A
  • Margaret of Burgundy was a strong supporter of Warbeck (gave him 2,000 mercenaries to aid his battle against English)
32
Q

What were the negative effects of trade embargo?

A
  • Most of England’s exports go through ports in the Netherlands (Antwerp, Bruges) which are under Burgundy’s jurisdiction. - Therefore establishing a trade embargo with Burgundy sacrifices the commercial success of London and east coast merchants making him v unpopular.
33
Q

How is the Burgundy crisis dealt with?

A
  • Relations improved after Warbeck leaves burgundy- agree to Magnus Intercursus in 1496 - Henry loses popularity but gains strength due without completely sacrificing the English economy.
34
Q

What was the Intercursus Magnus?

A
  • 1496 - ended trade embargo
35
Q

What does Scotland do to antagonise England?

A
  • 1496- Scotland invades England - King James IV came of age and offered hospitality to Warbeck - Warbeck stayed in court for 2 years and married the king’s cousin, making him more legitimate. James encouraged Warbeck to take an army to England.
36
Q

Why was the intercursus magnus signed?

A
  • Margaret of Burgundy’s influence faded (she was threatened with the removal of her dowager lands if she did not stop supporting English rebels) -r ealised that this embargo was helping nobody - Phillip of Burgundy was keen to secure English help against France
37
Q

When did Scotland invade England?

A
  • 1496.
38
Q

Who did Warbeck marry to become more legitimate?

A
  • married the king’s cousin Lady Catherine Gordon
39
Q

How did Henry respond to Scottish antagonism?

A
  • With a larger army to invade Scotland. In the interests of both England and Scotland to secure a truce (England can’t risk an Auld alliance and war on two fronts) - 1497- Truce of Ayton between England and Scotland
40
Q

What was the Truce of Ayton?

A
  • 1497 - Relations improve - James IV no longer has any use of Warbeck and he is executed in 1499
41
Q

When was the Treaty of Perpetual Peace?

A
  • 1502
42
Q

What did the treaty of perpetual peace mean?

A
  • James should marry Henry’s daughter Margaret
43
Q

When was Marriage of Prince Arthur and Catherine of Aragon

A
  • 1501
44
Q

What were the problems with marriage alliance?

A
  • Marriage arrangement did not go smoothly- Ferdinand did not want to marriage to go ahead while dynasty was threatened by Warbeck. - Argued over Catherine’s dowry.
45
Q

When was the death of Prince Arthur?

A
  • 1502 of sweating sickness
46
Q

What were the effects of death of price Arthur?

A
  • Causes further complications with relationship with ferdinand - Henry initially wanted Catherine to marry his second son Henry - Henry lost interest after the death of Queen Isabella of Castile in 1504 and the resultant succession struggle between Ferdinand and Philip and Juana.
47
Q

When was the Death of Queen Isabella of Castille

A
  • 1504
48
Q

What happened in 1506?

A
  • Juana and her husband set sail for Spain but are Shipwrecked in England.
49
Q

What happens because of this shipwreck?

A
  • Henry takes advantage of this. - Chooses to side with Juana - Sign treaty of Windsor to secure strong relationship and restore trade with Burgundy through Intercursus Malus
50
Q

What was the Treaty of Windsor?

A
  • this was signed to secure a strong relationship and restore trade with Burgundy through the Intercursus Malus - Signed due to the shipwreck
51
Q

What is the Intercursus Malus?

A
  • 1506 - - Trade was restored to benefit England. Burgundy is to return the Earl of Suffolk (Edmund De La Pole) and proposed marriage between Henry VII and Philip’s sister Archduchess Margaret (although doesn’t happen).
52
Q

What are the consequences of the death of Philip of Burgundy?

A
  • Ferdinand becomes regent of Castile - Ferdinand refuses to approve of marriage between Catherine and Henry while Henry VII lives (although it happens when he dies) - This is because Henry backed Juana over him, so the alliance they had made was broken.
53
Q

What happened to Juana in 1506?

A
  • Her husband, Phillip of Burgundy, died which is said to have left her ‘wrecked with grief’. - This meant that she was no longer an ally to Henry and her power was given to Ferdinand.
54
Q

Evaluation the late Spanish Policy.

A
  • Henry has arguably had bad luck, as his success has fallen due to the death of Phillip. - However, this could not have been predicted but leaves Henry politically isolated.
55
Q

When did Henry VII die?

A
  • 1509
56
Q

Why did Charles VIII lead an invasion into Italy?

A
  • He had a (weak) claim to Naples, and controlling this became his priority in the 1490s. - This is one of the reasons he created the Treaty of Etaples in 1492.
57
Q

What coalition formed against Charlies and what were they called?

A
  • the ‘Holy League’ or ‘League of Venice’ this included Ferdinand and Maximillian
58
Q

When did England join this coalition and why?

A
  • 1496 - Henry wanted to counter-balance the power of France
59
Q

What was Henry exempt from?

A
  • Henry was made exempt from financial and military obligations. This meant he did not have to pay or send soldiers.
60
Q

Why was Henry being exempt from financial and military obligations a good and a bad thing?

A
  • good - he allowed his economy to sustain itself and not go into debt raising revenue for the war - bad - he had less power and was not respected as much as the other members of the coalition.
61
Q

What did the League of Venice eventually achieve?

A
  • The League did eventually force Charles out of Italy - He died soon after having pushed France into enormous debt due to his campaigning.
62
Q

Who was in the league of Cambrai? When was it active?

A
  • 1508-1510. it was an alliance of; Pope Julius II, the Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian I, Louis XII of France and Ferdinand II or Aragon.
63
Q

What was the League of Cambrai’s aim?

A
  • supposedly their aim was against the Turks, but it was actually to attack the republic of Venice and divide its possessions amongst the allies.
64
Q

Why did the League of Cambrai’s aim fail?

A
  • this aim failed as each ruler was too focused on securing their own ambitions.
65
Q

What is the one major flaw in the league of Cambrai for Henry VII?

A
  • He wasn’t in it! - This showed that he had become politically isolated himself in his later life.
66
Q

what was Henry’s relationship with Maximilian of the HRE?

A
  • In 1489 Maximilian had promised to support Brittany against France but then made a deal with France
67
Q

what was the Treaty of Dordrecht?

A
  • 1489 - Maximilian agreed to send 3000 troops to help release a garrison obvious that was under siege French forces - Maximilian did hold his side of the bargain
68
Q

what was the result of Henry raising an army against Scotland?

A
  • it led for the taxation rebellion in Cornwall in 1497
69
Q

what was the issue with Maximilian’s relationship with France?

A
  • the force of Habsburg Empire united with France had the power to threaten England’s national security
70
Q

how did France’s invasion of Italy in 1494 help Henry?

A
  • it captured Europe’s attention and distracted them from the devoting any more time and support to Perkin Warbeck, so actually helped Henry maintain dynastic a security
71
Q

what dilemma did Henry face in 1492 regarding France?

A
  • he had raised £181,500 for fighting France but he was worried that if he got embroiled in a war he may have to go abroad and destabilise his new stability in England which could leave him dynastically insecure and open to ursurpation
72
Q

what did the Yorkshire tax revolt show?

A
  • although it did not aim to dethrone Henry it did to show that people in England were unhappy with Henry’s policies and laws which could become a dynastic threat

Year 13 Mocks - Tudors (17 decks)

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