Henry VII relations with other countries

Question 1

What was the HRE?

Answer 1

The Holy Roman Empire was a large part of Central Europe, many states under the rule of The Holy Roman Emperor. Included Germany, Flanders, Burguny and Antwerp port which was highly important for trade.

Question 2

What was happening with Italy during Henrys rule?

Answer 2

Italian wars- the seperate states were at war with eachother and invaded by Charles VIII in 1494.

Question 3

What was important for Henry in the early part of his rule (in relation to foreign powers)?

Answer 3

He had to establish his legitimacy as a ruler and gain acceptance from other monarchs to gain credibility among European powers.

Question 4

What was Henry primarily focusing on in 1485-1492?

Answer 4

Building a series of truces with significant European powers.

Question 5

What truces did Henry make between 1485-1492?

Answer 5

1485-France
1486-Scotland
Hapsburg Empire-1487

Question 6

When did henry make a truce with France?

Answer 6

1485

Question 7

When was the treaty of Medina del Campo? (think about the order of the treaties/truces)

Answer 7

1489

Question 8

What was the treaty of Medina del campo in relation to French policy?

Answer 8

England and Spain decided to work together to defend their lands, and not make agreements with France without consulting eachother first.

Question 9

What was the treaty of Medina del campo in regards to customs duties and trade?

Answer 9

Fixed customs duties were set and merchants from both countries had equal trading rights.

Question 10

Who was involved in the treaty of Medina del campo?

Answer 10

England and Spain

Question 11

What marriage further instilled the good relations between England and Spain in 1501?

Answer 11

The marriage of Prince Arthur to Catherine of Aragon

Question 12

When did prince arthur marry catherine of aragon?

Answer 12

1501

Question 13

When was the ‘Breton crisis’?

Answer 13

1488-1492

Question 14

Why was Henry hesitant to go to war with France during the Breton crisis?

Answer 14

Pretenders to the throne were still active, Perkin Warbeck threat wasn’t out of the picture, also henry was lacking the funds to invade france.

Question 15

Who were Henry’s loyalties torn between in the Breton crisis?

Answer 15

France-they had supproted him in his fight for the throne. But Brittany also gave him Sanctuary during his 14 year exile.

Question 16

When did France move to absorb Brittany?

Answer 16

1488-1492

Question 17

Why did Henry not really want France to absorb Brittany?

Answer 17

Because it threatened the security of the coastline across the channel, trade could also be disrupted

Question 18

How did Henry finance a small army for fighting in Brittany?

Answer 18

A parliamentary grant of £100,000

Question 19

How many men were in the British troop of 1489 that was sent to Brittany?

Answer 19

between 3000-6000 men

Question 20

What were relations between england and france like when the english were in brittany?

Answer 20

Henry reassured the french they had no intention of invading france and were only defending brittany. France did not respond well and sent more of their troops to Brittany, they also decided to support Perkin Warbeck during this time.

Question 21

How did Henry respond to France sending more troops into Brittany?

Answer 21

He led a force of 12,000 men into Brittany, banking on the assumption that France wouldn’t be willing to fight a large war as they were beginning to take interest in Italian affairs

Question 22

How did the war in Brittany end?

Answer 22

The Treaty of Etaples of 1492 was established. France took Brittany, Henry withdrew the troops in exchange for 750,000 crowns and an agreement from Charles VIII not to support Perkin Warbeck or any of the kings enemies.

Question 23

What were negative and positive outcomes of the war in Brittany?

Answer 23

Positive- Charles VIII agreed not to support of the Kings enemies
Positive- Treaty of Etaples resulted in a large sum of money
Positive- Medina del Campo came as a result meaning relations with Spain were also improved.
Negative- France were in control of the whole coastline including Brittany and Calais, so England hadn’t really established its place as a major European power.

Question 24

What were Henrys aims with regards to trade?

Answer 24

To break up the Hanseatic league, to develop trade to increase wealth and establish England as a major European power.

Question 25

What was the Hanseatic league?

Answer 25

A league of German towns dominating trade in the Baltic

Question 26

What were the Navigation acts? (1485-1486)

Answer 26

Encouraged the use of English ships to carry goods rather than foreign ships, e.g. french wine could only be imported in english ships

Question 27

when were the navigation acts?

Answer 27

1485-1486

Question 28

What did the act of 1489 do?

Answer 28

limited the export of english wool, to support the english cloth trade. At the end of his reign, wool exports were 30% lower than 1485.

Question 29

What. was the intercursus magnus of 1496?

Answer 29

allowed english merchants to freely trade with all parts of burgundy except flanders

Question 30

when was the intercursus magnus?

Answer 30

1496

Question 31

give a statistic about english cloth exports

Answer 31

By 1509, 60% more cloth was being exported to Europe than at the start of henrys reign. England was also shipping half of all the cloth in Europe at this time.

Question 32

What trade developments did Henry make?

Answer 32

Intercursus magnus allowed free trade with Burgundy (except Flanders)
Wool exports were reduced by 30% at the end of his reign in order to support cloth industry
By 1509 cloth exports had increased by 60% and England was providing half of the cloth in Europe
Navigation acts meant English ships had to be used for certain imports/exports.

Question 33

What was the ‘new world’?

Answer 33

The continent of America being discovered by Spanish sailors during Henrys reign.

Question 34

Why was the newfound alliance and friendship between England and Spain positive for trade?

Answer 34

It may have encouraged trade throughout southern Europe and the new world

Question 35

What significant trading power in the med did Henry want to trade with?

Answer 35

Italy, especially Venice which was central for trade and England main rivals.

Question 36

How did Henry get to trade with Venice?

Answer 36

He encouraged English merchants to trade there
Venice retailiated by imposing heavy import tarrifs to discourage trade, so Henry restricted the sale of wool to Venice
1490 trade agreement was signed with Florence
Fearing they would lose trade, Venice gov lifted the import tarrifs.
In the end, Henry was trading with the wealthiest state in the west med

Question 37

What events occured in 1489?

Answer 37

England intervened in Brittany to help them remain independent from France, Medina del Campo was signed

Question 38

When was the Breton crisis resolved?

Answer 38

1492 in the treaty of etaples

Question 39

when was the league of cambrai establishd?

Answer 39

1508