Hemostasis

Question 1

Hemostasis

Answer 1

injured blood vessels formation of a clot

Question 2

stages of hemostasis

Answer 2

1. vascular phase ( vascular spasm/ smooth muscle contracts to make hole smaller (twist and turn) PM of cells become sticky
2. platelet phase
   platelets stick to sticky cells creating a plug and releases chemicals
3. coagulation phase
   chemical reactions in vessel wall and outside of blood stream( depends on Ca+, Vit- K, and various proteins/ clotting factors

Question 3

vitamin k

Answer 3

made by colic bacteria + food

Question 4

TPO

Answer 4

thrombopoietin ( peptide based hormone )
made in kidneys and responsible for platelet formation and production of megakaryocytes

Question 5

clot retraction

Answer 5

1. after clot is formed , platelets of clot shorten using actin and myosin to contract
2. stabilizes clot by pulling edges of damaged blood vessel closer together to heal

Question 6

Fibrinogen

Answer 6

soluble plasma protein

Question 6

clotting enzyme during coagulation phase

Answer 6

thrombin which produces fibrin

Question 7

fibrin

Answer 7

insoluble plasma protein

Question 8

fibrinolysis

Answer 8

removal of clot using plasmin (enzyme) (protease)

Question 9

plasmin

Answer 9

enzyme used to remove clots

Question 10

fibrinolytic drugs

Answer 10

drugs used to break down blood clots

Question 11

pulmonary circuit

Answer 11

blood picks up O2 and get rid of CO2

Question 12

RV ( right ventricle) has low or high resistance?

Answer 12

low resistance and moves 80 mil of blood

Question 13

LV ( left ventricle) has low or high resistance?

Answer 13

high resistance/ more work/ more force to pump and moves 80 mils of blood

Question 14

what vessel can carry more blood, veins or arteries?

Answer 14

veins

Question 15

what cells make up the heart wall (inside heart)?

Answer 15

1. 99% contractile cells ( mostly myocardium ( cardiac muscle tissue, BV, and nerves) also middle layer of heart wall( interventricular septum + atriums)
2. endocardium ( most inner layer of cell wall) (simple Squamish cells + serous membrane)
3. Gap junction ( allows action potentials to move from cell along with ions (Na+ and Ca2+) to reach threshold for AP

Question 16

Outer surroundings of heart form the most inner to outer layer

Answer 16

visceral pericardium (epicardium), pericardial cavity (space) with fluid, parietal pericardium ( lines the cavity surrounding the heart)

Question 17

pace maker cells

Answer 17

conducting cells do not contract.
generates AP

Question 18

contractile cells

Answer 18

99% of cells in cell wall of the heart
have excitable membrane= sarcolemma (plasma membrane)

Question 19

internodal pathway

Answer 19

communication path for which action potentials move across the membrane to other sites using the SA to generate an AP

moves to AV node and branches across both atriums to

Question 20

SA node

Answer 20

1. pace maker cell/ node
2. don’t maintain resting membrane potential

Question 21

AV node

Answer 21

1. slower than SA node (to slow for resting
2. heart rate)
   don’t maintain resting membrane potential
3. pauses for 100 msec/AP pause to prevent atria and ventricles from contracting at the same time

Question 22

absolute refractory period

Answer 22

time in which create more tension or AP due to the heart needing to rest after atrium and ventricles contact separately

Question 23

EKG

Answer 23

1. electrocardiogram
   ( sum total change from the surface of the body of electrical activity
2. measures transmembrane potential

Question 24

hypertrophy

Answer 24

high pressure on the outside of heart causes ventricles to pump with more force due to outside pressure (ventricles get bigger)

Question 25

P-wave (EKG)

Answer 25

atrial depolarization ( p to p increases/ longer heart beat/ slower heart beats

Question 25

resting heart rate

Answer 25

70-75 bpm

Question 26

What neurotransmitter is used in sympathetic fibers?

Answer 26

norephenphrine

Question 27

What neurotransmitter is used in parasympathetic fibers?

Answer 27

acetylcholine

Question 28

What receptor is used in parasympathetic fibers?

Answer 28

muscarinic cholinergic and g-protein coupled receptor

Question 29

What receptor is used in sympathetic fibers?

Answer 29

beta-1 receptors and g-protein coupled receptor

Question 29

relaxation

Answer 29

Ca2+ is put back into terminal cisterna in the sarcoplasm reticulum (SR)

Question 30

contraction uses Ca2+ from where?

Answer 30

extracellular Ca2+ used for contraction and from SR (sarcoplasmic reticulum)

Question 31

systole

Answer 31

when heart muscle contracts/ pressure goes up

Question 32

diastole

Answer 32

when heart muscles relax/ pressure goes down

Question 33

blood flows from what pressure to what pressure?

Answer 33

high to low ; no pressure no movement

Question 34

What number what read at high blood pressure?

Answer 34

180-200 bpm
( atrial and ventricular times are shorter)

Question 35

passive blood flow during relaxation for ventricles is how much?

Answer 35

70% due to blood from previous cycle

Question 36

How many msec is the pause for the av node?

Answer 36

100 msec

Question 37

how much time do ventricles spend in systole?

Answer 37

250 msec

Question 38

Isovolumetric contraction

Answer 38

ventricles are in systole/ contract but volume stays the same. (valves haven’t opened yet)

pressure is greater in the ventricles than in atrium