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Anatomy II > Endocrine > Flashcards

Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha cells are linked to?

A

pancreatic cells that produce glucagon to increase sugar levels

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2
Q

Beta cells are linked to?

A

pancreatic cells that produce insulin to decrease sugar levels

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3
Q

nervous system vs endocrine system when delivering hormones

A

nervous system is fast/rapid at cell site
endocrine is slow and can affect many cells

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4
Q

endocrine gland/ cells

A

modified epithelia
make hormones to exocytosed from cell to interstitial fluid +
can affect multiple all at once

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5
Q

WBC/ Leukocytes can be found where

A

spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, tonsils, and CT proper or organs of lymphoid system

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6
Q

What do WBC do to bring other WBC’s

A

release chemical messages

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7
Q

WBC’s move from what concentration to what concentration?

A

known as chemotaxis, WBC’s move from higher chemical concentration to lower chemical concentration

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8
Q

What WBC’s phagocytose/endocytose?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, monocyte/ macrophage

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9
Q

neutrophil

A

WBC that is usually first to the site of injury or infection.

highly mobile

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10
Q

phagocytic

A

has a lot of lysosomes and engulfs material or debris

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11
Q

Esinophils

A
  • high numbers of this cell means a parasite
  • phagocytic
  • can only attack when something is coated with antibodies
  • late in the immune response if first exposure
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12
Q

monocyte/macrophage

A

-most aggressive
-largest WBC
-phagocytic ( looks for broken viruses and debris

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13
Q

lymphcyte

A

-long life span
- has memory cells
-cell with plasma ring
- are T-cells, B-cells (factory of antibodies , and NK cells
- smallest white blood cell

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14
Q

basophils

A

-produce histamine
-can cause clotting
- produces heparin( prevents clotting)

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15
Q

heparin

A

hormone that prevents clotting

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16
Q

local inflammation will produce what symptoms or signs?

A

heat, swelling, and redness

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17
Q

Spleen

A

-removes pathogens by filtering blood to prevent septic blood
- removes broken and old cells

  • makes platelets that form clots to plug holes in blood vessels
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18
Q

thrombocyopoiseis

A

platelet production ( made in Red bone marrow)

  • hemocytoblast➡️myeloid stem cells➡️megakaryocytes (flake apart)➡️platelet( cell fragments)/thrombocyte
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19
Q

another name for platelet

A

thrombocyte

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20
Q

TPO

A

peptide hormone from kidneys targets red blood cells to initiate thrombopoiesis

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21
Q

What motion does smooth muscle make?

A

twist and contract

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22
Q

Hemostasis

A

injured blood vessels formation of a clot

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22
Q

vascular phase

A

1.)vascular spasm allows smooth muscle in wall of damaged BV to contract

2.)cause injury/hole to get smaller

3.) endothelium cells/PM cells lining vessel of injury site become sticky

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23
Q

fibrinogen

A

soluble protein in plasma

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24
Q

What enzyme breakdown fibrinogen?

A

thrombin

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25
Q

albumins

A

transports molecules that are not water soluble such as hormones and fatty acids
- contributes to osmotic pressure
- resides in the capillaries only

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25
Q

What is the final result of thrombin breaking down fibrinogen?

A

fibrin ( insoluble protein)
- used to form clot ( binds with platelet plug)

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26
Q

What is the average blood volume of a human?

A

5 liters

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27
Q

osmotic pressure

A

brings H20 + small solutes back inside the capillaries

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28
Q

globulins

A

attacks proteins and foreign pathogens

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29
Q

one hemoglobin can bind to how many O2?

A

4 ( has four subunits( 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains)

29
Q

hemoglobin (Hb)

A
  • pigmented protein that holds Fe ( iron) and interacts with O2
  • has 4 subunits ( Heme-Fe-O2)
30
Q

each subunit of Hemoglobin can bind to how many O2

A

one
( subunit consists of One heme- One- Fe- one O2)

31
Q

What can not be made if a subunit is incomplete?

A

ATP

32
Q

What does a subunit of Heme make?

A

ATP

33
Q

What is autoregulation/Intrinsic regulation?

A

-a way to get local parameters back into homeostatic range
-Does not use NS ( nervous system) or endocrine system
-always local

33
Q

What is another name for autoregulation?

A

Intrinsic regulation

34
Q

In what tissue does vasomotor reflexes happen

A

smooth muscle ( ex; blood vessels)

35
Q

Where is the vasomotor center?

A

upper medulla oblongata/ lower pons of brainstem

36
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

Blood vessels slightly constricted

36
Q

What innervation do blood vessels receive?

A

given they have vasomotor reflexes, they have only sympathetic innervation (single innervation)

37
Q

If blood PH is ⬇️(low), what does this mean?

A

the blood is more acidic/ likely to to high levels of CO2

38
Q

What receptors detect changes in Blood vessels?

A

baroreceptors and chemoreceptors ( detect changes in stimuli)

39
Q

What do baroreceptors do?

A

detect changes in blood pressure (BP)

40
Q

What cells make up the thyroid?

A

C-cells

41
Q

What hormone does C- cells of the thyroid make ?

A

calcitonin

42
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

reduces Ca2+ in the blood

43
Q

Exocrine Cells make what?

A

digestive enzymes

44
Q

Endocrine cells make?

A

insulin and glycogon

44
Q

What type of cell is insulin?

A

Beta cells

45
Q

What type of cells is glycogen?

A

Alpha cells

46
Q

What are the different zones of the adrenal cortex?

A
  1. Zona glomerosa
47
Q

expiration and pressure relationship

A

compression in the lungs created higher pressure in alveloi than atmospheric pressure

48
Q

inspiration and pressure relationship

A

air outside the lungs is lower and pressure in the alveoli than atmospheric pressure

49
Q

What cells make calcitonin?

A

c- cells ( parafollicular) of the thyroid

50
Q

What cells make digestive enzymes?

A

exocrine cells of the pancreas call Acinar

51
Q

What cells make glucagon?

A

Islet cells of the pancreas know as alpha cells (Regulate low blood sugar)

52
Q

What cells make Insulin?

A

Islet cells of the pancreas know as Beta cells
(regulate high blood sugar)

53
Q

What cells make PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

A

Chief cells of parathyroid gland

54
Q

what gland makes melatonin?

A

pineal gland

55
Q

Define hormones

A
  • chemical messengers that regulate functions
  • can interact with organs
  • travels through the blood
  • either water soluble (amino acid) or lipid soluble ( cholesterol based/steroid)
56
Q

Define a gland

A

a clump of cells that secrets hormone

57
Q

What are two pancreatic enzyme and their cell type?

A

glucagon (alpha cells) and Insulin (beta cells)

58
Q

What cells are known as Islet?

A

alpha and beta cells of the pancreas ( makes glucagon + insulin)

59
Q

What cells are know as Acinar?

A

digestive cells of the pancreas

60
Q

What is the function of the hypothalamus?

A

to coordinate the endocrine system and nervous ( sympathetic system)

61
Q

Describe the functions of sympathetic nervous system

A

increase heart rate, divert blood from digestion to parts of the body that need it most.
-inhibits secretion of needed fluids
- suppresses hunger

62
Q

What are some of the issues with autoimmune disorders?

A

autoimmune disorders are a malfunction in the immune system
- antibodies are created and mimic hormones and chemical signals that would normally be transmitted by a different chemical.
-prevents normal function and attachments at receptor sites

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Anatomy II (9 decks)

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