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Anatomy II > Capillary Pressure > Flashcards

Capillary Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

filtration

A

H20 pushed out of the capillaries into the interstitial/ extracellular fluid

CHP>BCOP

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2
Q

What plasma proteins are found in the capillaries?

A

albumins ( should never be outside of capillary)(stays in plasma)

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3
Q

Reabsorption

A

H20 being drawn back into the blood/ capillaries

also known as opposing filtration
BCOP> CHP

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4
Q

What blood vessels bring blood to the capillaries from the heart?

A

arterioles

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5
Q

What blood vessels bring blood out of the capillaries and to the heart?

A

venules

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6
Q

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) Equation

A

NFP= CHP - BCOP

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7
Q

Net Filtration Pressure (NFP)

A

pressure at the end of an arteriole or at the end of a venule

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8
Q

What ions and molecules diffuse through channels of the capillaries?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca2+

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9
Q

What freely diffuses across plasma membrane(PM)?

A

lipids, hormones, CO2, O2, (fat soluble)

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10
Q

What is the driving force for filtration?

A

hydrostatic pressure

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11
Q

Hydrostatic Pressure

A

caused by the force of gravity acting on all the particles within a fluid

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12
Q

**How much fluid is forced out the capillary/blood( via filtration)

A

24 liters /day

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13
Q

Name a type of hydrostatic pressure?

A

blood pressure ( pushing against the walls capillaries etc..)

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14
Q

What does CHP stand for?

A

capillary hydrostatic pressure

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15
Q

What does BCOP stand for?

A

Reabsorption driving force ( high suspended proteins)

mainly due to suspended proteins

AKA: blood colloid osmotic pressure

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16
Q

What is opposing filtration?

A

net effect @ venule end of capillaries reabsorption

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17
Q

What determines how fast ions or molecules diffuse?

A

the higher the concentration difference and the shorter the distance, molecule size( small and water soluble) ( thus happens in capillaries)

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18
Q

What cells are ions and molecules diffusing through?

A

simple Squamish endothelial cells

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19
Q

What is small enough to diffuse through a fenestrated capillary

A

ions, water soluble , small molecules like glucose

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20
Q

Where are albumins made?

A

liver ( the only place you will find plasma proteins such as albumins in the blood)

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21
Q

What is osmosis?

A

⬇️solutes means suspended plasma proteins /albumins⬇️and vice versa

happens during reabsorption

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22
Q

What are the effect of liver damage related to alcohol?

A

alcohol filtration will be ⬆️ but reabsorption will be less causing edema

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23
Q

What is edema?

A

H20 stuck in intestinal tissue outside the capillary

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24
Q

Process of filtration and absorption

A

24 L filtered ( pushed out of capillary), reabsorbed (fluid moves back into capillary) 20.4

more fluid is moved out of capillary then what comes back in due to net fluid going to lymphatic capillaries

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25
Q

Where is hydrostatic pressure highest?

A

at the end of a capillary

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25
Q

No net movement

A

NFP = 0
and CHP=BCOP

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26
Q

What happens to the net fluid that goes to the lymphatic capillaries?

A

becomes lymph and drains back into subclavian vein

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26
Q

What conditions affect hydrostatic and osmotic pressure in blood vessels (BV)?

A

dehydration
edema ( build-up of fluid in interstitial fluid)
hemorrhage ( loss of blood)

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27
Q

Vasomotor reflex control center is found where?

A

upper medulla and lower pons
continually transmits AP’s to sympatric vasoconstrictor fibers

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28
Q

Where can Vasomotor reflexes and and receptors be found?

A

only in smooth muscle (in wall of most blood vessels) also in visceral sensory neurons and organs ex: kidneys

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29
Q

What effects does vasomotor tone have on blood vessels?

A

⬇️ of vasomotor tone and BP goes down due to BV dilation

⬆️ of vasomotor tone and BP goes up due to BV constriction/squeezing

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29
Q

What is vasotone?

A

blood vessels in a continuously in a partially constricted state

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30
Q

What Blood Vessels (BV) are not innervated by sympathetic vasoconstrictor fibers (single innervation)?

A

All blood vessels except capillaries and pre-capillary sphincters

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31
Q

define dual innvervation?

A

When organs can receive fibers from both the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems.

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32
Q

What are the affects of a blood vessels dilating down?

A

⬇️ BP

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33
Q

What’s the difference between baroreceptors and chemoreceptors?

A

Baroreceptors sends signals to vasomotor center ( increase BP, increase vasomotor tone, increase or an increase in AP to vasomotor center to dilate blood vessels and decrease BP

Chemoreceptors activated by decrease or increase in chemical changes such as low O2 or high CO2 and PH changes ( increase BP and vasomotor tone)

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34
Q

What affect does high CO2 have on PH?

A

more acidic

35
Q

What happens when 🔺in PH activates visceral sensory neurons?

A

sympathetic activity goes ⬆️, contractility⬆️, vasoconstriction⬆️, BP goes, O2 goes ⬆️, blood flow goes ⬆️, CO2⬇️, blood PH goes ⬆️(more basic), ⬆️ vasomotor tone

=
Back to homeostatic range

36
Q

Hormonal control vs. Vasomotor center

A

hormonal control kicks in ONLY if vasomotor and cardiac reflex does not correct the problem

  • hormonal control takes longer to correct than cardiac and vasomotor
37
Q

Describe the hormonal control process

A

hormones enter the blood and acts on the smooth muscle

38
Q

What effect does hormone control have on Kidneys?

A

1.) If BP ⬇️ hormones released will cause:
vasoconstriction goes⬆️, retention of Na+ goes⬆️/ loss of Na+⬇️,
retention of H20 goes⬆️/loss of H20 ⬆️,
blood volume⬆️, and urine output goes⬇️

vice versa
if BP goes ⬆️ (vasodilation instead of constriction) and( flip all arrows)

39
Q

What does the lower respiratory consist of?

A

larynx ( voice box), trachea ( wind pipe), and bronchi

40
Q

What does the upper respiratory consist of?

A

nose, nasal cavity, and pharynx
( filter, warm and humidify incoming air, cool and dehumidify air)

41
Q

What is the difference in cartilage and smooth muscle in the trachea?

A

cartilage is higher( limits how much trachea🔼in diameter) prevents collapse

42
Q

Respiratory Vessel Order

A

Air———- Nose
⬇️
mouth————-oropharynx
⬇️
food + liquid ( mouth) ———laryngopharynx ➡️⬇️esophagus (posterior to trachea)⬇️respiratory diaphragm⬇️STOMACH
⬇️
⬇️
larynx (glottis = hole)
⬇️
trachea
⬇️
Bronchi
⬇️ (SMALLER DIAMETER + MORE NUMEROUS
⬇️
Bronchioles
⬇️
Alveoli

43
Q

Tissue Cells of respiratory from top to bottom

A

nasopharynx —-(ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
⬇️
Oropharynx (stratified squeamish)
⬇️
Laryngopharynx ( stratified squeamish)➡️⬇️esophagus ( ciliated [pseudostratified columnar + goblet(mucus cells) ⬇️respiratory diaphragm⬇️stomach

⬇️
Larynx (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
⬇️
trachea (ciliated pseudostratified columnar)
⬇️
bronchi (ciliated simple columnar)
⬇️(Smaller diameter + more numerous)
⬇️
bronchioles (ciliated simple cuboidal)
⬇️
⬇️(bronchi+ bronchioles+ alveoli found within lungs)
⬇️
terminal bronchiole (simple squamish)
⬇️
respiratory bronchioles (simple squamish)
Alveoli ( simple squamous for gas exchange)( NO smooth muscle or NO cartilage)

44
Q

what helps prevent liquid + food from getting into the wrong spaces?

A

epiglottis and vocal folds

45
Q

What is one issue that can occur if food or liquid gets into/ goes through the glottis?

A

It can get into the lungs

46
Q
A
47
Q
A
48
Q

Describe ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

single layered with hairs in a column shape

49
Q

One word to describe stratified squamous epithelia

A

toughest epithelia

50
Q

Thyroid cartilage

A

“Adams apple” in males ( Growth hormone helps make it)

51
Q

How does thickness and length affect vocal cords?

A

thicker and longer ( deepens voice + lower tones)

52
Q

True vocal cords ( ligaments/dense CT)

A

produces speech + sound

53
Q

beta 1 adrenergic receptors vs beta 2 adrenergic receptors

A

found in heart + adipose
vs smooth muscle (respiratory)

54
Q

Which cells are affect by smoking?

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar in trachea change to stratified squamaous

55
Q

What are the effects of losing the ciliated pseudostratified columnar?

A

no cilia
can’t clear mucous
inflammation and irritation
increase microorganism growth
etc….

56
Q

What is beta 2 adrenergic receptor affect on contractility?

A

when activated less contractility cause ⬆️ in bronchodilation

57
Q

goblet cells do what?

A

create mucus

57
Q

what does mucus do in the respiratory tracts?

A

traps dirt. debris. and protects surfaces like Cilla

58
Q

rings of cartilage do what?

A

prevents collapse and limits diameter change /contractility

59
Q

which lung is bigger?

A

right lung because of heart sitting off center to the left

59
Q

which lung has a cardiac notch?

A

left lung

60
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity?

A

respiratory diaphragm

61
Q

how many segments does the left lung have?

A

9 segments

62
Q

how many segments does the right lung have?

A

10 segments

63
Q

Where does majority of gas exchange happen in the respiratory system?

A

alveoli (due to the majority of pulmonary capillaries being found here)

64
Q

How many lobes do the left and right lungs have?

A

the left lung has two lobes and the right has 3 lobes

65
Q

What kind of muscle is the respiratory diaphragm?

A

skeletal muscle

66
Q

What is the name of the cavity each lung sits in?

A

thoracic cavity

67
Q

Name the respiratory structures from the tracheal to the alveoli

A

trachea—- primary bronchi (1°)(one left and one right in each lung)
secondary bronchi(2°) ( smaller diameter and more numerous into each lobe/ 3- right and 2 -left)———–tertiary bronchi(3°) (into each bronchopulmonary segment/ 10 on the right and 9 on the left )———bronchioles——-terminal bronchioles——-respiratory bronchioles——-(thin-walled -simple squamish)alveolar ducts(thin-walled -simple squamish) ———-alveoli (thin-walled -simple squamish)

68
Q

What passageways constrict during an asthma attack?

A

bronchioles and terminal bronchi (small passage ways)

69
Q

Give an example of a neurotransmitter that binds to a beta-2 adrenergic receptor and where it can be found in the respiratory system

A

epinephrine in bronchiole

70
Q

name the two pleura (linings) from the most internal to external that can be found in the lungs

A

visceral —–parietal

71
Q

Define inspiration

A

inhalation (air into the lungs)

72
Q

Define expiration

A

exhalation (air out of the lungs)

73
Q

Where can pleural fluid be found?

A

in the space between the pleural cavity space = pleural pressure

74
Q

Define respiratory cycle

A

1 inspiration and 1 expiration

75
Q

Inspiratory Capacity (inspiration or amount of air that can maximally be inspired after expiration)

A

TV + IRV

76
Q

Functional Residual Capacity (expiration or amount of air remaining in lungs) equation

A

ERV + RV

77
Q

Vital Capacity ( max volume expelled after max inspiration (inhalation))

A

IRV+TV+ERV

78
Q

Total lung capacity( sum of everything/total capacity of the lungs)

A

IRV+TV+ERV+RV also VC+ RV

79
Q

Tidal Volume

A

air inspired or expired during quiet breathing

80
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after the inspiration of normal TV

81
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

amount of air that can be inspired forcefully after the expired after expiration of normal TV

82
Q

Residual Volume

A

Volume of air remaining in respiratory passageways
and lungs after maximum expiration

83
Q
A
83
Q

Spirometry

A

process of measuring volumes
of air moving in and out

84
Q
A
85
Q
A

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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