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Anatomy II > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What does blood do?

A

Regulates PH, Ion composition, body temp, and defense against toxins

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2
Q

Average Blood Volume of a human

A

5 liters

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3
Q

Name four major tissues

A

epithelial, nervous, muscular, and connective

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4
Q

What type of tissue is blood?

A

connective tissue (a gel-like substance (matrix) with dissolved solutes (ground substance)

Blood DOES NOT contain collagen and elastin

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5
Q

Name the two whole blood parts

A
  1. plasma (approx 55%/a little MORE than half)
  2. formed elements (approx 45%/ a little LESS than half)
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6
Q

What do the blood’s formed elements consist of?

A

Cells + Cell Fragments (Red blood cells, White blood cells, and platelets)

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7
Q

What type of cells does the human body MOSTLY consist of?

A

Red Blood cells (99 - 99.9%)

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8
Q

What does plasma consist of?

A
  • 92% water
  • 7% plasma proteins
  • 1% other dissolved solutes/ions ( Na+, Ca2+, K+, nutrients: glucose, Amino Acids, vitamins, Waste: urea, and lactic acid
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9
Q

Name the 4 plasma proteins

A

Albumin, Globluins, Fibrinogen, and Remainder

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10
Q

Plasma Protein: Albumin

A
  1. Transports molecules that are not water soluble (fatty acids and cholesterol hormones (steroid hormones: testosterone, progesterone)
  2. Contributes to osmotic pressure ( brings water/diffusion + small solutes back inside the capillaries
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11
Q

Plasma Protein: Globulin

A
  1. Transports ions that are not water solubles
  2. An antibody protein
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12
Q

Plasma Protein: Remainder

A
  1. protein-based hormones/circulating enzymes: ex: calcitonin and parathyroid
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13
Q

Plasma Protein: Fibrinogen

A

forms blood clots

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14
Q

What is the smallest blood vessel?

A

capillaries

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15
Q

What do red blood cells do?

A

carries oxygen

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16
Q

what are some unique qualities of red blood cells?

A
  1. binds to hemoglobin
  2. has no DNA in the nucleus (can’t replicate)
  3. 120-day/4-month life-span
  4. biconcave disk structure (thick on the outside and think in the center
  5. large surface area to volume (does not take up a lot of space)
  6. can form cell stacks (rouleau) for twisting and binding in capillaries
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17
Q

Where are the pulmonary capillaries found?

A

lungs (oxygen diffuses INTO the blood)

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18
Q

Where are systemic capillaries found?

A

throughout the body (oxygen diffuses OUT of the blood)

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19
Q

What is Hemoglobin (Hb)?

A

Red-pigmented protein holds iron (Fe) and interacts with Oxygen

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20
Q

What does a mature RBC look like?

A

Heme-Fe ( allows it to bind to oxygen)

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21
Q

How many subunits does a Hemoglobin (Hb) have?

A

4 (Heme-Fe- Oxygen (O^2))
* 4 oxygen, 4 heme(protein), and 4 Fe

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22
Q

Each subunit of Hb can bind to how much Oxygen?

A

1 oxygen

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23
Q

What is the relationship between and immature Hemoglobin, RBC, and ATP?

A

immature hemoglobin means an immature RBC that cannot bind to oxygen for ATP production

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24
Q

what is another name for a RBC?

A

Erythrocyte

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25
Q

What condition or disease creates an abnormal RBC?

A

sickle cell

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26
Q

Viscera

A

abdomen + intestines ( internal organs in the main cavity of the body)

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27
Q

Veins

A

oxygenated blood (goes to the heart)

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28
Q

arteries

A

deoxygenated blood (goes away from the heart)

29
Q

What happens when hemoglobin does not have a complete subunit of Heme-Fe?

A

Cannot take on oxygen (O2) and cannot make ATP

30
Q

What disease is know for it’s abnormal hemoglobin?

A

sickle cell

31
Q

What is sickle cell?

A

point mutation affecting a single amino acid of the beta chain (see subunit example)

32
Q

hemolysis

A

red blood cells bursting in circulation

33
Q

What cell phagocytoses cell fragments, broken viruses, and debris/ waste?

A

Free and fixed macrophages

34
Q

What organs removes most of cell debris from blood?

A

spleen + liver

35
Q

What are the two types of macrophages?

A

fixed and free

36
Q

Where are fixed macrophages found?

A

liver + spleen

37
Q

What are the subunits of Hemoglobin?

A

2 beta chains (β) and 2 alpha chains (α)

38
Q

proteins in RBC breakdown becomes what?

A

amino acids (A.A.) that get recycled

39
Q

Heme in RBC breakdown becomes what?

A

Converted into other pigmented molecule( bilirubin/yellowish)

40
Q

bilirubin is filed by what organ?

A

kidneys via blood as urea/urine

41
Q

What organ converts Heme?

A

liver via blood to make bile

42
Q

If bilirubin becomes bile where does it travel to?

A

through bile ducts and ends in small intestine

43
Q

What is the purpose of bile?

A

help digest + absorbs fats/ lipids

44
Q

Wat is Hemopoiesis?

A

formation of formed elements such as myeloid stem cells, RBC, WBC, megakaryocytes/platelets, and lymphoid stem cells

45
Q

Where does Hemopoiesis take place?

A

in cancellous bone( red bone marrow)

46
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

stem cells that have the ability to divide and create specialized cells/differienciate

47
Q

What is another name for red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes

48
Q

what are the four types of white blood cells (WBC)?

A
  1. Basophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Neutrophils
  4. Monocyte
49
Q

Megakaryocyte

A

flakes apart to become platelets (cell fragments)

50
Q

lymphoid stem cells

A

divide to become WBC called lymphocyte

51
Q

What cells after the hemocytoblast stage become RBC?

A

myeloid stem cells

52
Q

Erythropoiesis

A

the formation of RBC

53
Q

What are the 5 stages of Erythropoiesis?

A
  1. hemocytoblast
  2. myeloid stem cells
    3, normoblast
  3. reticulocyte
  4. mature RBC
54
Q

what is the most basic cell that will eventually become a RBC?

A

hemocytoblast

55
Q

Normoblast

A

cells that loose its nucleus and other organelles (day 4)

56
Q

What day/s does a cell spend as a reticulocyte

A

day 5-7

57
Q

what is a reticulocyte?

A

immature red blood cell that is release d from red BM into the blood stream (peripheral blood)

58
Q

How long does it take a RBC to mature once in the blood stream?

A

about 24 hours

59
Q

How long does it take to make a RBC?

A

a week

60
Q

how many amino acids to make RBCs?

A

all 20 amino acids

61
Q

Which vitamins act as coenzymes to make RBCs?

A

B- vitamins

62
Q

What hormones are responsible for making RBCs?

A

androgens, GH, thyroxine

63
Q

What main hormone regulates Erythropoiesis in Red BM?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

64
Q

Where is EPO made?

A

kidney and liver

65
Q

What type of hormone is EPO?

A

Glycoprotein

66
Q

What are the functions of EPO?

A
  1. allows more oxygen (O2) to be transported
  2. increases cell division/ erythropoiesis
67
Q

What circumstances or conditions is EPO released?

A
  1. released in hypoxic conditions
  2. damaged respiratory surfaces
  3. blood flow decline to kidneys
68
Q

What’s the downside of high levels of EPO in the blood?

A

oxygen (O2) levels within the rest of the body can be to high

69
Q
A

Anatomy II (9 decks)

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