Hematology Flashcards
Factor 5 Leiden is a mutation in ______ rendering it ________ resulting in ______
Factor V; unable to be broken down by protein C; hyper-coagulability
Burkitt’s Lymphoma is translocation ______. It is characterized by ______ on histology.
t(8;14); starry sky appearance due to macrophages dispersed between lymphocytes.
Burkitt’s Lymphoma is associated with _____ virus.
Ebstein-Barr Virus
Mantle Cell Lymphoma is translocation _______. The cell marker is
t(11;14), CD5 positivity on B cells (CD20)
Follicular Cell Lymphoma is translocation _______. It is a mutation in _______ which causes _______.
t(14;18), Bcl-2 (normally inhibits apoptosis); over-expression leads to proliferation.
Howell Jolly bodies are _______ seen in _______.
Nuclear remnants; splenectomies (treatment for hereditary spherocytosis)
Hereditary spherocytosis is due to _______.
Cytoskeletal abnormalities that make RBC rigid.
Hereditary spherocytosis is an (extrinsic/intrinsic) hemolytic anemia resulting in (extravascular/intravascular) hemolysis
Intrinsic; extravascular (by the spleen)
Heinz bodies are _______.
Oxidized remnants of Hgb
G6PD Deficiency has _______ and _______ on peripheral blood smear
Heinz bodies and bite cells
Describe the presentation of G6PD deficiency
Sudden episode of jaundice, dark urine and anemia
Inheritance of G6PD deficiency
X-linked recessive
G6PD deficiency pathology
G6PD is necessary in RBC because it is the only mechanism to produce NADPH. NADPH is needed to reduce H2O2, otherwise oxidative damage occurs
Triggers for G6PD deficiency attack
Anti-malarials, antibiotics, sulfa drugs, fava beans, infections
G6PD is an (extrinsic/intrinsic) hemolytic anemia resulting in (extravascular/intravascular) hemolysis
Intrinsic; extravascular (by spleen)
Smudge cells on peripheral smear are indicative of _______
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
In clinical doses of Warfarin, _______ (Factor) is affected and (PT/PTT) is abnormal.
Factor VII (7); prolonged PT
How does warfarin overdose affect clotting time?
Prolongs PT and PTT. Warfarin is an antagonist of Vitamin K and at an high doses, it blocks Factors 7, 9, 10, 2 - affecting both the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways.
Vitamin K Dependent clotting factors
SNoTT (Seven, Nine, Ten, Two)
Warfarin’s impact on platelets
Warfarin does not affect platelet count or function
Feeling itchy after a hot shower is indicative of ______ (disease)
Polycythemia Vera
In Polycythemia Vera, there is an ______ in Epo
Decrease
In Polycythemia Vera, the ESR is ______. ESR is a measure of ______
decreased; how fast RBC settle
Haptoglobin is responsible for ______ and in hemolytic anemia, levels are ______
Binding free hemoglobin; decreased because it has bound so much Hgb
The TTP pentad consists of
Fever, neurologic, MAHA, thrombocytopenia with purpura and acute renal failure
Enzyme problem and pathophysiology in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura (TTP)
Defect in ADAMTS13. This enzyme is responsible for “cutting and maintaining” ultra-large VWF. Without it, increase in VWF causes platelets to get stuck there (thrombocytopenia) and hemolysis as RBC get stuck and cut.
CLL is commonly caused by ______ cells and has cell markers
B cells; CD19 and CD20
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by ______ virus and presents with ______
Ebstein-Barr Virus; sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, possible splenomegaly
The PT and PTT time in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura show _______
Normal times
In thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, there may be signs of liver or kidney dysfunction. Why?
The formation of microthrombi can occur anywhere - including liver and kidneys.
In DIC, PTT is ______, PT is ______, Bleeding time is ______ and D-Dimer is ______
All increased. Consumption of clotting factors leads to increase in PTT and PT; consumption of platelets leads to increase in bleeding time; Clot formation and breakdown leads to increase in D-Dimer
Idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is caused by ______
antibodies to platelets
In ITP, individuals typically present ______ and on labs ______
Bleeding, bruising for several months but otherwise healthy; low platelet count with other normal values
In ITP, the antibody is targeted towards
GPIb or GPIIb/IIIa
DIC develops as a result of release of ______
Tissue factor
